Analysis of Soil Permeability Batu Bulan Dam’s Right Secondary Irrigation Canal in Sumbawa, Indonesia

The assessment of soil and water conditions is crucial in planning and management of an irrigation system. This study focused primarily on investigating the fine aggregate flow absorption conditions of the soil from the secondary irrigation canal of the Batu Bulan Dam’s right bank in Sumbawa Regency, Indonesia. Soil permeability level was determined in a laboratory setting using standard water absorption parameters of an irrigation canal. Analysis of specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate showed that sand sample (A) had a bulk specific gravity of 2.53, a saturated surface dried specific gravity of 2.55, and a water absorption of 0.92 percent. Sand sample (B) had a specific gravity of 2.53, a saturated surface dried specific gravity of 2.56 and an absorption rate of 1.02%. According to the characteristics of fine aggregate (sand) standard, the specific gravity range is between 1.6 and 3.3. Thus, the mud content value of the sand samples follows the standards set by SNI. The sand sample (A) exhibited a water absorption rate of 0.92%, whereas sand sample (B) displayed a water absorption rate of 1.02%. As per the Fine Aggregate Inspection Standard, the upper limit for water absorption in fine aggregate is prescribed as 3% of dry weight for concrete with abrasion and 5% of dry weight for non-abrasive concrete. Thus, the mud content value of the sand samples complies with SNI standards. The results suggest that future irrigation strategies should consider the distinct characteristics of native aquifers, the routes of groundwater movement, and the conveyance of soil nutrients to ensure the sustainability of agricultural development in secondary irrigation areas adjacent to reservoirs.


Introduction
Irrigation is very important in supporting an agricultural irrigation system in Indonesia.It is imperative to consider the state of the soil and water in an irrigation network, as suboptimal conditions of these elements may result in compromised water seepage throughout the irrigation canals, ultimately leading to the disruption of agricultural irrigation systems within the vicinity.Agricultural production is heavily reliant on water as a fundamental resource.According to [1] most irrigation water, specifically 70%, is extracted from rivers, lakes, and groundwater sources.Groundwater can be a sustainable water resource for agricultural purposes, provided that its quality and quantity meet the requisite standards.It has been established that targeted extraction of groundwater has the potential to result in a decline in groundwater quality [2].The adverse impact of elevated salinity levels in water on soil quality is a well-established phenomenon [3].
The optimal utilization of irrigation canals can be evaluated through three crucial dimensions: physical state, usage, and maintenance procedures.The state of a given irrigation canal's physical condition can be ascertained by observing the presence or absence of damage throughout its operational lifespan.The efficacy of irrigation is contingent upon its capacity to adequately supply water to fulfil the irrigation requirements of local agricultural producers.The efficiency of water distribution to agricultural land or other plantations indicates farmers' irrigation requirements.The maintenance process of an irrigation canal is intricately linked to the efficient functioning of the irrigation system [4].Investigations into the soil and groundwater quality in irrigation have demonstrated that irrigation techniques can potentially increase the concentration of dissolved organic matter in shallow aquifers [5].
Additionally, these practices can facilitate the movement of ions and soil nutrients into aquifers, ultimately altering the chemical composition of groundwater.Improper management of irrigation practices may result in groundwater accumulation, leading to environmental issues.Additional research has demonstrated that the soil and water's salt accumulation can be influenced by as groundwater depth, flow, and drainage conditions [6].
A study in Alhegaina, Sudan examined the efficacy of water and soil quality in enhancing agricultural output in horticulture.The study collected data from two distinct sources, specifically by analyzing soil and water samples and administering a questionnaire to evaluate farmers' perceptions regarding the factors that influence agricultural productivity in Alhegaina, Sudan.The findings of this investigation suggest that the soil exhibits a diminished degree of fecundity, characterized by markedly deficient levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.According to [7], farmers exhibit a general lack of knowledge and education and infrequently utilize fertilizers to enhance the yield of their crops.Hence, it is recommended that the Sudanese government formulate policies to enhance farmer education, utilize specialized fertilizer inputs, and provide additional agricultural financing.
Empirical evidence indicates that a significant proportion of the irrigation canals in the Batu Bulan dam continue to experience water loss, despite the implementation of primary, secondary, and tertiary stones.The observed leakage phenomenon can be attributed to the evaporation resulting from water infiltration into the soil.The quantity of water infiltration is impacted by various factors such as the season, soil composition, state, and channel length.The Batu Bulan dam canal incurred damage due to multiple factors, including cliff erosion, the growth of wild vegetation within the canal, inadequate maintenance, and the malfunctioning of several drainage canals that failed to effectively drain the surrounding land under the planned drainage area during the operational period [8].Understanding the overall requirement for irrigation water is a crucial aspect of the strategic development and administration of irrigation systems [9].
Besides the challenges related to irrigation water, it is crucial to consider the soil conditions.According to [10], structural conditions and soil profile state might affect soil's water absorption and storage capacity.[11] conducted a case study on soil and groundwater conditions for sustainable agricultural development in Brunei Darussalam using the geoelectrical method, precisely the Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) technique.Based on multiple issues and preliminary investigations, the current study examined soil permeability in the right secondary irrigation canal of the Batu Bulan Dam in Sumbawa, Indonesia.

Methods
The present investigation examined the soil permeability of the secondary irrigation canal on the right bank of Batu Bulan Dam in Sumbawa Regency, Indonesia.We focused on assessing the specific gravity and water absorption characteristics of fine aggregate at the research location.A laboratorybased approach was employed to measure soil permeability and water absorption near the Batu Bulan dam.The determination of soil permeability involved the testing of the specific gravity and absorption of fine aggregate.We conveyed data descriptively and quantitatively.Upon analyzing the fine aggregate following the SNI standards, it was ascertained that the uppermost threshold for water absorption of fine aggregate is 3% dry weight (for abrasive concrete) and 5% dry weight (for nonabrasive concrete) in the secondary irrigation channel of the Batu Bulan dam located in Sumbawa, Indonesia.
The current study investigated the secondary irrigation flow of the Batu Bulan Dam, located in the Moyo Hulu District of the Sumbawa Regency in Indonesia.The research methodology involved collecting soil and water samples at predetermined points.This study was performed as a preliminary inquiry to ascertain the degree of soil permeability around the dam's area.This investigation's result will serve as a foundation for developing an irrigation canal scaling model to address seepage issues in the secondary irrigation canal of Batu Bulan Dam.The examination of soil permeability was conducted at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Muhammadyah Mataram.Subsequent investigations will be conducted at the, Universitas Islam Sultan Agung, Indonesia.

Results and Discussions
Results of analysis Specific Gravity and Water Absorption of Fine Aggregates of the Dam's Right Secondary Irrigation Canal.Tables 1 and 2 presents the analysis results (samples A and B) located in the right secondary irrigation canal of Batu Bulan Dam in Sumbawa, Indonesia.The investigation findings indicate that sand sample (A) exhibits a specific gravity of 2.53, a saturated surface dry density of 2.55, and a water absorption rate of 0.92%.The sand sample denoted as B exhibits a specific gravity of 2.53, a saturated surface dry density of 2.56, and a water absorption rate of 1.02%.As per the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 1970:2008, the prescribed range for the specific gravity of fine aggregate (sand) falls within 1.6-3.3.The sand samples' mud content complies with the SNI standard, indicating its significance.Sand sample (A) shows a water absorption rate of 0.92%, whereas sand sample (B) demonstrates a water absorption rate of 1.02%.As per the Fine Aggregate Inspection Standard (SNI-03-2461-1991/2002; SII.0052.80;ASTM C-33), the upper limit for water absorption of fine aggregate is 3% dry weight for concrete subjected to abrasion and 5% dry weight for non-abrasive concrete.Thus, in conclusion, the sand samples' mud content value follows the standards SNI set.
The results obtained from this investigation hold significance for a scholarly inquiry by [12], which examined the soil resistance encountered during the profiling of dam irrigation canals.[12] have documented the use of contemporary hydrological engineering technology in managing dam irrigation channels.They found that the profiling of irrigation canals of high caliber and functionality could be achieved by utilizing a work tool mechanism that is proficient in processing not only longitudinally but also across the cross-sectional area of the canal.
The calculation results suggest that the optimal approach for soil displacement on the irrigation canal's incline is to distribute it uniformly across the slope.Soil pressure greatly influences the installation of the trowel blade and the thickness of the loose soil layer that will be compacted on the side of the dam.Thus, employing this mechanism to enhance the dam profiler's stability is strongly advised.Furthermore, the materials produced in this research are suggested for implementation in establishing and maintaining an irrigation infrastructure.
Research by [11] about the resistance of irrigation canals and found that the physicochemical characteristics of the soil near pump wells exhibit higher acidity levels, lower humidity, and reduced nutrient content.These factors can negatively impact seepage in the dam section of irrigation canals.Another factor that could corroborate the results of the present investigation is the research conducted by which pertains to water assimilation by fine aggregate in dam irrigation canals.According to the report, the physicochemical characteristics of groundwater with high alkalinity and mineral content were discernible based on magnesium, bicarbonate, ammonia, nitrogen, and iron levels and the pH value.The characteristics above are responsible for salt ion leaching into near-surface aquifers through infiltration.These research findings suggest that Human activities on land and water resources have a huge impact to consider when devising sustainable resource management strategies in agricultural regions.
A study conducted by [13] involved the analysis of irrigation water sourced from the Ahungwa Yondev Dam located in Gboko, Nigeria.Water samples were obtained from the dam using hermetically sealed plastic containers.The water quality parameters were analyzed and subsequently juxtaposed against the FAO irrigation water standards 1994.The study's findings indicated that the water samples met the criteria for general irrigation, salinity, permeability, and toxicity were within the prescribed tolerance thresholds.
In contrast, [14] assessed soil salinity and the alteration of irrigation canals in the Alentiji area of the southern region of Portugal.They found that soil salinity does not pose a significant challenge; however, the likelihood of soil fertility affecting forthcoming irrigation cannot be discounted.As per their assertion, the soil salinity index indicates that the soil with the highest susceptibility exhibits a significantly reduced salinity level when the index is derived from the overall soil profile of the irrigation canal.Furthermore, alterations in climate change patterns impact the salinization and modification of soil within an irrigated region.The investigation results concerning the climate change pattern significantly correlate with the climatic circumstances in the Batu Bulan dam irrigation vicinity located in Sumbawa.During the dry season, the dam experiences a dearth of stagnant water flowing through the irrigation canals.The condition mentioned above has a significant impact on agricultural productivity in the vicinity of the dam.The findings of this research are in line with the perspective of [15] that the preservation and management of land resources within irrigation canals plays a role in ensuring the sustainability of human welfare in the surrounding area.
Another study by [16] about explored the seepage quantity of dams situated in uniform soil lacking a filter that a waterproof foundation supports.The SEEP/W software, a Geo Studio subprogram, was used for the analysis.Dimensional analysis was employed to establish empirical equations to quantify the seepage within an unfiltered homogeneous soil dam on top of an impermeable base.The findings indicate that the proposed equation exhibits a discrepancy of less than 3% compared to the artificial neural network (ANN) and less than 2% compared to the SEEP/W results.In contrast, Dupuit's solution displays an error exceeding 20%, while Casagrande's solution exhibits an error exceeding 15%.
Study by [17] the impact of irrigated agriculture on water and soil quality in the Guelma region of Algeria.The results showed that despite the high electrical conductivity of the irrigation water and an increase in the soil's organic matter, nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus content, the salinity of the soil remained low.A negative correlation exists between salinity and organic matter content, whereby an increase in salinity is linked to a decrease in organic matter content.The reduction in salt concentration can be attributed to salt leaching from the infiltrating water following extensive irrigation.Conversely, the augmentation in organic matter concentration can be elucidated by the accumulation of organic matter conveyed by irrigation water, waterlogged conditions, and the vegetation type (vegetables/cereals) present.Nitrate infiltration into groundwater is a prevalent form of nitrogen input.A significant concern is that over 45% of water sources, including springs, wells, and boreholes, exhibit nitrate concentrations exceeding 50 mg/l.The gravity of this issue is compounded by the fact that the local populace relies on groundwater as a primary source of potable water.Furthermore, the water exhibits high mineralization levels (with electrical conductivity exceeding 1000 µS/cm) attributed to the extensive application of synthetic fertilizers and the substandard quality of the irrigation water.However, organochlorine pesticide contamination below this value is approved by WHO for water resources.
Study investigated by [18] the accumulation of potentially toxic metals in soil and irrigation water along the Dambo Dam in Jigawa State, Nigeria.The results of the study revealed the accumulation of potentially toxic metals in edible plant portions, soil, and irrigation water along the Dambo Dam in Nigeria's Jigawa state.Apart from that, the results of Wahyudi's research on Evaluating Environment, Erosion and Sedimentation Aspects in Coastal Area to Determine Priority Handling (A Case Studi in Jepara Regency, Northem Central Java, Indonesia).The research results by [18] show that The are five levels of Coastal damage use in this study, namely as light damage, medium, heavy, very heavy and extremely heavy.Based on the priority assement of coastal demage, it needs tu beed to be followed up by designing in the detail and implementing through of structure example mangrove, sand nourishes and hard structure, such as breackwater, groins and revenment.

Conclusion
Fine aggregate samples were collected at two locations within normal limits and under SNI specifications to determine the specific gravity and water absorption of fine aggregates in the Batu Bulan dam's irrigation canal.Although the level of water absorption in the fine aggregates in the dam irrigation canals is within normal limits, the observations showed that there was seepage on the cliffs of the dam surface.In order to combat excessive seepage and the problem of water constraints in agricultural irrigation, it is necessary to conduct a follow-up study by enhancing the secondary irrigation network of the dam.
As per the Fine Aggregate Inspection Standard, namely SNI-03-2461-1991/2002, SII.0052.80,and ASTM C-33, the upper threshold for the water absorption of fine aggregate is 3% of the dry weight for abrasive concrete and 5% of the dry weight for concrete that has not undergone abrasion.The sand samples' mud content was found to comply with the SNI standards, indicating its significant value.The findings of this investigation suggest that future irrigation endeavors must consider the attributes of indigenous aquifers, subsurface water movement routes, and nutrient conveyance to guarantee the IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1321/1/0120286 viability of agricultural zones.The data from this study can serve as a foundation and substantiation for developing a secondary irrigation canal prototype that can effectively address seepage issues in secondary irrigation canals of dams in Sumbawa, Indonesia.

Table 1 .
Analysis of Sample A's Water Absorption and Fine Aggregates.

Table 2 .
Analysis of Sample A's Water Absorption and Fine Aggregates.