Evaluation Of Zoning Regulations in Coastal Areas for Disaster Risk Reduction of Climate Change

The area affected by floods on the coast of Kendal Regency continues to increase. In 2022 there were 11 districts. Rowosari is one of the sub-districts that was quite badly affected by the floods. The height of the flood reached 2 meters and submerged more than 400 housing units. Regulations on land use and activities in Kendal are regulated in Regional Spatial Plans, which contain land use and zoning regulations. This article aims to evaluate zoning regulations to reduce the risk of disasters, especially floods in the Coastal Area. The approach method used is deductive with content analysis, using 2 variables from the main parameters of disaster-resilient cities RC-3B, namely land use based on multiple disasters and infrastructure design improvement. The analysis technique uses a comparison of literature reviews. The results of this research show that the arrangement of zones on the coast has not considered disaster risk reduction. This is because spatial utilization and activity arrangements have not considered the upstream and downstream concepts and disaster resilience areas. Evaluation of this zoning regulation is useful for revising regional spatial planning in the future, to create a disaster-resilient space.


Introduction
Rowosari District is part of the coast of Kendal Regency which borders directly on the Java Sea.This sub-district is in the lowlands with a height of around 0 -10 m above sea level (DPL), so it is vulnerable to rising sea levels [1].This sub-district has 2 villages directly bordering the sea and downstream of the Kuto and Ludud rivers.This area, which directly borders the river and sea, is designated in the Kendal district spatial plan as a local protected area for coastal and water conservation purposes [2].
Increasing flooding damage has led the importance of land use in flood risk management.This is a policy, which is usually called spatial change in flood risk management [3].Disaster risk reduction in disaster-prone areas is very necessary to reduce the impact on society.One effort to reduce disaster risk can be done through implementing spatial planning.In Indonesia, the implementation of spatial planning is carried out through three sequential stages starting from planning, implementation and control of space utilization.At this final stage, the implementation of land use control requires a preventive tool called zoning regulations [4] This zoning regulation functions as a technical reference for providing suitability for space utilization activities and controlling them [5].The zoning plan is stipulated in regional regulations with procedures that have been stipulated in the applicable laws and regulations [6].In Kendal Regency There are a number of policies and regulations regarding land use, but these have not been able to approach the goal of spatial planning.This is largely because these regulations and policies are inefficient, inconsistent, and sometimes even contradictory [7] IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1321/1/012004 2 Zoning regulations, as part of the policy for regulating space use, should be sufficiently standardized and include certain characteristics to ensure the effectiveness of land use implementation in an area.When these provisions do not clearly follow a specific regulatory basis or do not exist, then difficulties often arise in enforcing the regulations or implementing them [8].This problem then gives rise to spatial planning conflicts, which are triggered by several factors such as the tendency to favor local government regulations on investors (capital owners) and clashes of interest between sectors with different interests, due to the low level of commitment in placing investments according to the zoning that has been determined [9] In many cases in Indonesia, disaster risk reduction efforts have not been given attention.Efforts to create a disaster resilient city often hampered by many things.When these happens, then the successful implementation of the Land use planning is greatly influenced by many factors and sectors and many interests are very dynamic [10].This condition is why in the Law on Spatial Planning Article 26 Paragraph (4) there is a clause that spatial planning plans can be evaluated (reviewed) once every 5 years [11].This paper aims to examine the quality of zoning regulations, through an evaluation method based on standard and the concept of disaster resilient cities with a rebuilding better approach.

Literature review
Land use planning is a set of regulations from an authority (often the government) to manage land use and guide future development.Land use planning is one effort things that can be done to reduce the effect of flooding naturally [12].Land use planning is a good approach and is the main instrument in mitigating disasters and competing interests over land between usage and between ownership.Integrated land use planning is able to overcome problems such as population growth, increasing competition for the use of limited resources, land degradation and unsustainable urban development.Land use planning is not a goal, but an instrument for achieving beneficial and sustainable land use.Therefore, land use planning must begin with thorough consideration and discussion for its implementation (Zucaro, Z., Morosini, R., 2023).
Urban resilience generally refers to the capacity of a city or urban system to withstand various shock and pressure.In this context, climate change understood as part of the many pressures facing cities. (Leichenko, 2018).Climate change poses an additional challenge to increasingly complex land use planning.Integrated land use planning that fully recognizes climate change can help prevent the impacts of a changing climate.(Zucaro, Z., Morosini, R., 2023).This condition makes Lots attention in the world to evaluating and improving the quality of cities that are more able to withstand disasters.There are many models/concepts already created to create disaster resilient cities, such as cities endurance disasters released by the world bank in 2013.In this concept the four important components for building a disaster resilient city are infrastructure resilience, institutional resilience, economic resilience, social resilience [15].In other concepts, we have also thought about how to build a city endurance disaster through building better and safer post-disaster cities [16]- [18] as well as considering critical networks for post-disaster rehabilitation [19] Learning from disaster cases and handling after the earthquake and tsunami, in Banten, Palu, Sigi and Donggala, the implementation of the concept of disaster resilient cities in these areas still leaves many problems.the results of the evaluation of post-disaster handling of the area and then using a new approach combine three previous concepts.This approach emphasizes efforts to create a disasterresilient city through a reconstruction process that takes into consideration multi-disaster-based land use and improving infrastructure design to reduce disaster risk.This concept was later named with Resilience City with Build Back Better (RC-BBB) [20] In this model, multi-disaster-based land use planning is considered joined by establishing a zoning plan based on the characteristics of coastal zones, followed by recommendations for preparing provisions for implementing disaster-resistant buildings.Zoning for Land use planning is the most important method of land use regulation carried out by local governments [21].Zoning is a process distribution Village/city spaces become designated zones and are accompanied by regulations for 3 controlling their use with certain different legal provisions [5] where certain land uses are allowed or prohibited [6].
Zoning is also known as a method of grouping an urban's land into functional zones.Zoning is a tool for controlling land use.Zoning serves as the basic structure for efficient and effective land use regulation [22].Zoning helps reduce the estimated impacts arising from activities that are not appropriate with in the main zone.Zoning is currently still one of the accepted ways to regulate land use [6] The application of zoning regulations certainly requires zoning techniques in its implementation.One of the zoning techniques for flood disaster areas is the flood plain zoning technique.This Zoning technique is a procedure used to identify zones with varying levels of flood hazard and has occurred widely used as a precursor to land use regulations [23].This zoning technique is an effort to manage non-structural flood plains.Traditional floodplain zoning is based on analytical techniques hydraulics and hydrology, however, its implementation causes problems.So, in its development many have developed and implemented alternative ecological approaches, using biophysical features as flood indicators [3].

Study Area
The study area is in the village Gempolsewu and village Sendang Sikucing Rowosari District, Kendal Regency.These two villages directly border the Java Sea River and Beach.Village Gempolsewu flows through the "Kuto River" and the village of Sendang Sikucing is crossed by the Ludut River.The characteristics of disasters and existing land use in these two villages can be seen in detail in table 1.   Approach Method Evaluation in this article is defined as an action taken to determine the level of conformity of the important points of zoning regulations in the Regency Regional Spatial Plan to standard-standard the size desired in the criteria for disaster resilient cities which are based on multi-disaster-based land use criteria and improving the structural design of infrastructure [24].This evaluation is part of the planning process cycle, the results of which can be used for enter revision of land use and regulations as well as other decision-making considerations [25].
Evaluation of the implementation of spatial planning includes activities description, collecting data and information, assessing, providing consideration of impact analysis, and providing recommendations for improving land use planning products if there are errors [26] Evaluation principles for planning have existed since the emergence of comprehensive rational planning models in the 1950s and early 1960s.These principles were then developed for planning evaluation of the process and product plans [27].Focus Evaluation in this article it is evaluation for products Land Use Plan and Regulations (zoning).The evaluation process will be carried out in two stages.The first stage is evaluating zoning regulations in land use plans for river border and beach areas standard-standard utilization that zone.Secondly, evaluation of zoning regulations in coastal and river border areas with consideration of evaluation criteria for multi-disaster-based land use directions and directions for improving the structural design of infrastructure from the main parameters of the RC-BBB concept.1. Land use consideration criteria based multiple disasters.This consideration is used to assess whether land use plans and control regulations (zoning regulations) have taken into account potential disasters or not; 2. Criteria improved structural design of infrastructure.These criteria used to assess in the regulations its zoning There have been efforts to direct the construction of buildings and infrastructure that are permitted in vulnerable areas to be carried out with compliance requirements standard whether the building is disaster resistant or not.

Types of Data and Data Acquisition
Techniques.The evaluation in this article is evaluation product planning in particular on the space utilization control tool in the form of zoning regulations from the Kendal Regency Regional Spatial Plan.Data and information acquisition techniques for this study come from secondary data sources as follows: are dominant livelihood as fishermen, their needs and access to rivers and beaches have not been considered.Consideration of the increasing risk of disasters and repeated property losses has not been a concern.
h.The border line for small rivers without dike outside the city are set to be at least 50 (fifty) meters from the left and right banks of the riverbed along the river channel.
i.The river border line with the outer city dike is set at least 5 (five) meters from the outer edge of the dike along the river channel.
Examples: regulation of the use of river water bodies as boat parking spaces and use of river border spaces for capture fisheries-based economic activities *Source: 2023 Analysis Results Table 6.In this round, zoning regulations as a control tool are really needed.Preparation of zoning regulations and its utilization Controlling space utilization is not easy.There are many obstacles to implementing this control due to differences in interests in space and resources (Hakim et al., 2017).Efforts to control space utilization in the region often enforcement is not carried out, but is limited to revising land use in spatial planning [28].It is not uncommon for this revision process to also be intervened by space utilization interests that do not pay enough attention to sustainability and disaster risk reduction.Revision of Regional Spatial Plan Kendal Regency 2011-2031, was only determined in 2020.In this revised document, the Rowosari coastal area which is directly adjacent to the sea and river is designated as a local protected area in the form of beach and river border space.However, the results of this spatial planning revision have not been able to reduce flood disasters.In December 2022 on the coast of Kendal there was a major flood with a height of more than 1.5 m.This flood-soaked settlement, horticultural agricultural land and ponds in several villages including in Sendang Sikucing and Gempolsewu Village.The flood disaster was caused by high rainfall (disaster hydrometeorology).In the previous year, this area was also hit by flash floods.The worst flash flood occurred in 2013 due to the collapse of the Kuto River embankment [29][30].
There are two villages on the coast of Rowosari District (Sendang Sikucing and Gempolsewu villages 1099,80 Ha. areas prone to flooding, most of them are areas prone to moderate flooding (698,12 Ha) and the rest are areas prone to high flooding (448,95Ha).This area in the spatial plan is still designated for cultivation areas such as residential areas.Horticulture Agriculture, aquaculture and rice fields, as well as river border and coastal conservation areas (table 4).

Conclusions
The results of this research show that coastal zone planning does not yet take into account disaster risk reduction.The absence of this consideration can be seen from: a) Land use plans that are still normative, only describe spatial patterns (in land use planning maps) without considering mitigation efforts for existing community activities.This is because the regulation of space use and activities does not yet take into account the concept of upstream and downstream areas as well as disaster resilient areas b) Regulatory points in land use control tools (zoning regulations) generally do not refer to the development of regulations/standards those set nationally, and in detail also do not consider the estimated impact of activities on areas planned to be protected, by determining disaster risk reduction by considering various disaster threats and efforts to prevent them

Recommendation
Recommendation that can be provided to increase the resilience of the Kendal coastal area against disasters are: a.In evaluating and revising land use plans, multi-disaster considerations and efforts to strengthen disaster-prone areas must be taken into account supported with design improvements structure from infrastructure in flood-prone areas b.Needs fixing get the general plan for zoning provisions becomes zoning regulations in the detailed spatial plan, which is accompanied by the selection of appropriate zoning techniques (floodplain zone) which is overlaid on the planned land use.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of Study Area.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Diagram concept of improving multi-disaster-based infrastructure and land use designs for coastal areas [20].

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Analysis Process.3.2.1 Criteria Evaluation.Criteria evaluate zoning regulations for abatement risk Disasters in the river and coastal border areas of Rowosari District:1.Land use consideration criteria based multiple disasters.This consideration is used to assess whether land use plans and control regulations (zoning regulations) have taken into account potential disasters or not; 2. Criteria improved structural design of infrastructure.These criteria used to assess in the regulations its zoning There have been efforts to direct the construction of buildings and infrastructure that are permitted in vulnerable areas to be carried out with compliance requirements standard whether the building is disaster resistant or not.

Table 1 .
Use of Existing Land in the Coastal Area of Rowosari Kendal District.

Table 2 .
Parameters and Variables of the RC-BBB Concept.

Table 3 .
Data and Information Acquisition Techniques.

Table 4 .
Distribution of Areas Prone to Disasters on the Coast of Rowosari District.

Table 5 .
Evaluation Provision Spatial Planning Zoning Region Kendal Regency AgainstStandard from Applicable Legal Regulations.
Table of Evaluation of the Consistency of the Zoning Plan for the Kendal Regency Area Against Disaster Risk Reduction Criteria.After 10 years of enactment of Law No. 26 of 2007 concerning Spatial Planning, Indonesia is entering a new phase in maintenance spatial planning, namely the father of controlling space utilization.