Comprehensive approach to the accounting and restoration of land resources disturbed as a result of military actions in Ukraine

The article proposes a comprehensive approach to the accounting and restoration of disturbed lands as a result of military operations in Ukraine, which requires careful analysis, planning and implementation of various measures aimed at restoring land resources and ensuring the sustainable development of land uses. The proposed approach requires joint efforts of the state, society, domestic enterprises and international partners.


Introduction
The main problematic aspects related to the military actions are the scale of the destruction and its spread over the territory of Ukraine.It is obvious that it is actually not possible to carry out classical surveys, defect detection, etc., to form the cost of restoration of objects.
For the implementation of effective, economically justified measures for the comprehensive restoration of territories as a whole and individual objects, the original information acquires special importance.There must be a clearly defined and structured amount of information that will allow for making balanced informed decisions in conditions of limited funding and time.
The development of conceptually new approaches to the formation of the structure of input data for the subsequent assessment of the cost of restoring objects should rely on the scientifically grounded use of modern geoinformation systems and assessment methods.
In general, in order to quickly resolve the above-mentioned issues, it is worth considering the possibility of choosing pilot settlements that were destroyed during military operations and using their example to develop the optimal structure of the necessary initial data, which will be the basis for the development of by-laws, and in the future will be used by territorial communities to create their own geoinformation systems.For them, it is advisable to conduct a thorough justification and assessment, which will become the basis for further use of the proposed methods.For our research, we will focus on the land resources and we clearly understand that methodological approaches for real estate objects and for land parcels are different.
The situation with agricultural land resources is illustrative.At the All-Ukrainian Forum "Ukraine 30.Land" it was stated that the area of agricultural land in Ukraine is 41.3 million hectares, which is 68.4% of its total area.According to different information, during different periods of time, data on the relevant areas vary from 41 to 42 million hectares, which is 68-70% of the total area.Considering that Ukraine has the most fertile black soils (15.6-17.4 million ha) and no country in the world can boast of such wealth, it is urgent to preserve and prevent their violation (figure 1).Today, our state is one of the main suppliers of agro-food products to the countries of the European Union and numerous countries of Southern and Central Africa.The impact of the above components is significant, but it cannot even be compared with the consequences caused by military actions, which are a serious problem of an ecological and socioeconomic nature, which, without exaggeration, leads to global problems: hunger and forced migration [3].In turn, lands experiencing corresponding violations of the soil cover lose their ecological and economic value and are forcibly removed from agricultural circulation for a long time.By law, such lands are defined as disturbed lands [4].It is clear that while active hostilities are being conducted, it is not realistic to collect the necessary accurate information that will reflect the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the violations caused.
Given the fact that in Ukraine, the extent of damage to territories as a result of military actions in terms of the scale of destruction is uniquely large in the recent history of Europe, and agricultural lands are located in the southern and central regions of the country, which suffer the most today due to military actions, the question of their post-war restoration has a significant relevance.
The aim of the study is to justify the methods of accounting for lands that have suffered degradation during military operations and to develop reasonable measures for their restoration.

Methods
Comparative analysis, content analysis, observation method, focus group research, survey (questionnaire) were used in the research.To determine the value of disturbed agricultural land, comparative, income and cost approaches were used.

Results and discussion
Unfortunately, in the history of many countries of the world, the problem of the appearance of disturbed lands is not new.Each of them used their own "medicines", their own "recipes".The "Red Zone" or conservation of 120,000 hectares of land due to severe physical damage caused to the environment during the First World War is a French experience [5].
Interesting is not only this example of land restoration as a result of military actions, but also scientifically based projects on land restoration after mining operations -reclamation projects.Dalhall Open Air Theater, located in a former limestone quarry (Rettvik, Sweden), Mining Museum (Bochum, Germany), Botanical Garden "Eden" as an incredible reincarnation of an industrial quarry (Cornwall, Great Britain), reclamation (restoration) of former quarried lands (the city of Pokrov, Dnipropetrovsk region, Ukraine) and many other projects that became an experience in the restoration of disturbed lands [6].All these projects are united by time, because the process of restoration of disturbed lands is long-term and painstaking.It is obvious that to form value indicators of losses of agricultural land due to military actions, it is important to establish their market value.Evaluation of agricultural land is carried out using comparative, income and cost approaches based on the principles of utility assessment, expectation, substitution, supply and demand, competition, most effective use, etc. [7][8][9].
The choice of valuation methods for the income approach depends on the availability of information on the expected (forecasted) revenues from the use of the object of valuation, the stability of their receipt, the purpose of the valuation, as well as the determined type of value.
Appraisal methods used when determining the market value of the appraised object in the case of using a comparative approach are based on the results of the analysis of sales prices for similar land parcels.
The cost approach method can only be used to evaluate improvements and is therefore used in valuation methods that implement the residual principle and use combinations of comparative and cost approaches or income and cost approaches.Regardless of the assessment methodology, the main requirement is to understand the actual qualitative and quantitative indicators of degraded lands as a result of military actions, and for this, they need to be accounted for.
Within the framework of this study, the technological scheme of accounting for agricultural land as a result of military operations has been systematized.The relevant procedure is designed taking into account the need to receive constant feedback from key stakeholders.So, the structural sequence of accounting should include three main steps.
The first step (establishment) is the formation of the purpose, tasks, program and regulations for accounting for disturbed agricultural lands as a result of military actions.With the help of content analysis as a tool for the study of information materials, the purpose, tasks, program and regulations of the accounting of disturbed agricultural lands as a result of military actions are formed.
The second step (main) is a qualitative and quantitative analysis of disturbed agricultural land as a result of military operations.It is proposed to use one of the types of qualitative research, namely, a focus group study, the main purpose of which is to receive feedback from consumers (end consumers of agricultural products, producers-farmers and representatives of the authorities -representatives of territorial communities) regarding existing degradation processes and directions further restoration of land.When conducting qualitative research, it is advisable to rely on the generalized classification of land degradation as a result of military operations (figure 2).
In order to obtain up-to-date information to update information on the economic and expert evaluation of lands entered into the State Land Cadastre, it is advisable to use surveys through questionnaires, where experts from the relevant fields participate.Quantitative indicators of degraded lands should be formed on the basis of a visual analysis of the area and determination of their areas by well-known ground geodetic methods.
The third step (final) is the summarization of the accounting results and recommendations regarding measures to restore disturbed agricultural lands as a result of military operations.According to the developed guide (list of questions), we offer all target groups to answer questions about the research problem.Based on the results, a decision is made regarding further steps.Restoration of disturbed agricultural lands due to military operations should be result-oriented and include: priority needs; phasing of works planned taking into account the expediency of measures to restore disturbed lands (figure 3), necessary in the short-, medium-and long-term perspective; calculation of reimbursement costs in the short, medium and long term; systematization of funding sources; control   Today, experts consider conservation or renaturalizationa gradual return to the natural state [10] to be the most effective land restoration measures.Reclamation measures are a complex of organizational, technical and biotechnological measures aimed at restoring the soil cover, improving the condition and productivity of disturbed lands, have gained significant development in the mining sector, so they can also be applied to restore disturbed lands as a result of military actions [1].
Rehabilitation of soils at the sites of shelling also consists in cleaning the land from chemical

Land resources with decreased fertility
Pollution with household wastes Land resources not suitable for further use residues that remain in the soil as a result of military operations, which will be facilitated by phytoremediation through the use of special types of plants [11].In general, all further actions should be aimed at solving the issue of revitalization of territories, based on the identified directions (step 2) and the possibilities of recovery depending on the type of land degradation (step 3).
In addition, specific statistical information can be used to make management decisions in the process of recovery after military actions: -the history of climate changethis information can be useful for determining measures to protect the land parcel from future risks, for example, from floods or droughts; -information from previous studies on the impact on the environmentthis information can be useful for determining environmental protection measures during the restoration of the land parcel; -information about the demographic characteristics of the local populationthis information can be useful for determining measures for the social development of the area.
In order to take into account the directions of restoration, which are systematized above, it is also worth systematizing the ecological component of the restoration of land parcels with the inclusion of a set of specific measures, which are important to use as a basis for post-war actions [12][13][14][15]: 1. Remediation of Contamination: during hostilities, land may become contaminated with various hazardous substances such as explosives, chemicals, radioactive materials, etc.In order to restore such land parcels, it is necessary to carry out their reclamation, that is, to remove pollution and restore the ecological condition of the land parcel.Depending on the type of pollution, different remediation methods can be used: -physical: methods that use physical processes to remove pollution, for example, pumping water, removing soil, etc.; -chemical: methods that use chemical processes to remove pollution, for example, neutralization of acids, neutralization of petroleum products and impurities, etc.; -biological: methods that use biological processes to remove pollution, for example, using plants to filter water, growing mushrooms to dispose of organic waste, etc.
2. Erosion Protection: During hostilities, land can be damaged, which can lead to soil erosion.The following measures can be used to protect against erosion: -vegetation restoration: vegetation helps to protect the soil from wind and water, therefore vegetation restoration is one of the most important measures to protect against erosion; -installation of protective structures: dams and other enclosing structures can help protect the soil from wind and water.
-changing the way land is used: some ways of using land, such as livestock grazing, can lead to soil erosion.To protect against erosion, it may be advisable to change the way the land is used.
3. Biodiversity restoration: military actions can have a negative impact on biodiversity, for example by destroying vegetation and animals.To restore biodiversity, it is necessary to carry out measures to restore natural habitats that rely on such components: -restoration of natural habitats; -introduction of new species of plants and animals: it is important to avoid the introduction of species that may harm the local ecosystem.
-involvement of local communities: local communities often have deep knowledge of local ecosystems.Involving local communities in the recovery process can help ensure a successful recovery that meets local needs.

Conclusions
The use of a comprehensive approach to the accounting of agricultural lands damaged as a result of military operations is proposed.It is based on extensive use of stakeholder surveys on the current situation and presence of degraded lands and the future vision for their restoration.A unified classification of factors and types of land degradation as a result of military operations has been defined, according to which their accounting should be carried out.Taking into account the systematized types of degradation, directions for further land restoration were formed.The proposed comprehensive approach to accounting for disturbed agricultural land consists of significant volumes.In addition to what is described in the study, the assessment of damage caused by military actions and the identification of lands in need of restoration is carried out.This may include damage mapping, land inventory, and soil condition analysis.restoration of disturbed agricultural lands may require improvements in soil quality, drainage, irrigation or drainage infrastructure, and rehabilitation of roads and access to these lands.Also, the restoration of disturbed lands includes the restoration of ownership rights and rights of use to these lands.It is important to ensure stability and transparency in the management and monitoring of the land restoration process, including the implementation of accounting and reporting systems.
It must be emphasized that the restoration of disturbed agricultural lands as a result of military operations requires significant investments aimed at stopping the degradation, further and return to circulation of fertile lands of Ukraine.Further research is needed on the methods of land restoration as a result of military actions for each individual type of degradation, with the involvement of specialists in agrarian, ecological and biological fields.
1319 (2024) 012014 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1319/1/012014 2 Despite the above mentioned facts and the positioning of Ukraine as an agricultural country, both anthropogenic and natural factors continue to strongly influence the state of agricultural land.If the former are most often associated with their depletion due to crop rotation violations, the latter are associated with climate changes as components of global warming.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Factors and types of land degradation as a result of military operations.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Measures to restore disturbed agricultural lands as a result of military actions.
Pollution by chemical substances Land resources with decreased valueViolation of the surface layer of the soil