Benefit distribution of the irrigation system: irrigation reservoir in Geyongan Village, Cirebon Regency, Indonesia

This study aim to identify the impact of the development of the irrigation reservoir through the benefit distribution received by the community in Geyongan Village, Cirebon Regency. The stages of research include: identifying the research conceptual framework, data collection, qualitative analysis of benefit distribution referring to conceptual framework before and after irrigation reservoir construction. The role of irrigation infrastructure is very important in terms of ensuring the water provision during dry season. As one of the solutions to the drought problems related to water scarcity, the impact of irrigation reservoirs is essential to determine water sustainability. The previous research has been conducted generally shown that the impact of irrigation reservoir construction gives positive results to agricultural land. However, some research has not been considerate how the benefit distribution of irrigation condition before and after construction. The result shows that during dry and drought season, water availability for irrigation system before and after the reservoir construction is still limited which causes gap of water availability between lower and higher area of agriculture from the secondary irrigation system. Optimum condition occurs after the Geyongan irrigation reservoir constructed during normal rainy season. The results suggest that construction of reservoir irrigation infrastructure can be an alternative option to equalize water allocation in agriculture. Furthermore, it is also important to maintain the sustainability of water availability from water sources or upstream to prevent drought


Introduction
Provision of irrigation infrastructure is essential for agricultural productivity.Additionally, the irrigation system has an utility to ensure water availability in both dry and rainy season in order to supply water for agriculture [1].Even Huang et al. [2] stated that the provision of equitable irrigation can obtain benefits for reducing poverty in a region.
In Indonesia, there are several types of irrigation system such as: surface irrigation, groundwater and pump irrigation [3].Irrigation reservoirs are surface irrigation sourced from rivers and captured through reservoirs before channeled into primary and secondary irrigation systems.Irrigation reservoirs have an important role not only in sustainability agriculture [4] but also in sustainability water management system [5].
As one of solutions to water scarcity during drought season [4], irrigation reservoirs infrastructure has become an important subject to study for its impacts and benefits.Some studies found that reservoir construction has not been efficiently providing the water volume needed and reduce social impact among farmers [6,7].Contrast with Dangnga et al [8] that stated irrigation reservoir construction results in positive impact for farmers income.Refer to Peraturan Pemerintah Republik Indonesia Nomor 20 Tahun 2006, development and management irrigation system aims to create water use in agriculture based on participative system.This system in irrigation is conducted to obtain equality.The highest water use is for agriculture irrigation system in order to increase food production for developing global population.
On the other side, Geyongan village, Cirebon District has agriculture potential as their majority livelihood.Homogeneity of agriculture production in this area requires development of irrigation system.However, irrigation provision for farmers in this village is not entirely fulfilled.Therefore, The Government of District Cirebon and Ministry of Public Works built Geyongan irrigation reservoir to equally provide irrigation system to all areas of this village.
Yet, irrigation reservoir in Geyongan Village has drought problem in every dry season [9].So, the effects of this investment of infrastructure need to be observed.The assessment of a sustainable irrigation reservoir is also very important.
Based on several problems above, this study aims to identify the effect from the irrigation reservoir construction through benefit distribution in Geyongan Village, Cirebon Regency.Some research generally shown the positive impact of this irrigation reservoir on agriculture production [4,5] but has not been considered how the equal distribution of water and benefit between before and after its construction.

Collection data methods
Data collection in this study is from study literature, planning documents and interviews.Literature is utilized to determine the study framework.While planning documents is from the document of Medium Term Plan (RPJMD) Geyongan Village for 2020-2025.Interviews conducted in Geyongan village with village officials and farmers.

Analysis Methods
Data analysis uses qualitative method.Qualitative analysis [10,11] conducted by referring to research framework.In this study, a specific case study and a comprehensive explanation is needed, therefore a qualitative analysis is required [10].
In socio-economy aspect, Mushtaq et al [12] emphasized that there are several intangible economics from the irrigation reservoirs construction including yields increases, the area of agricultural that covered in water supply and the numbers of farmers.Meanwhile, Aguwamba [13] emphasizes more on society welfare which reflected in increases of health problems after the irrigation reservoirs were constructed.This is reinforced by Li et al [16] that include social benefit for society by calculating the Gini coefficient of a region.
In environmental aspect, Aguwamba [13] linked wastewater reuse potential to the irrigation system.Meanwhile, Zhang et al [17] emphasizes water use allocation as an environmental impact from irrigation.On the other hand, water sources and consumption for agriculture is a benefit received from irrigation infrastructure [18].
In institutional and financial benefits, Li et al [16] emphasizes chances for society to actively participate.This is also confirmed by Azizi et al [14] states that the importance of farmers contribution in planning process to management system of irrigation.Farmers' involvement considers overcoming the conflict of water distribution and irrigation supply cost [14].On the other hand, private involvement and financing become one of essential aspects in terms of benefit distribution of irrigation [15].
Based on the discussion above, the research framework can be seen in Figure 1.

Geyongan Village Profile
Geyongan village is located in Arjawinangun sub-district, Cirebon regency.With an area of 241.132Ha, its largest area is used for paddy fields (120,74 ha).The population of Geyongan Village in 2020 is 3.693 people with a population growth rate of 2,66 per year.Its population growth rate shown the highest among villages in Arjawinangun district [19].Meanwhile, the density of population in Geyongan Village is relatively small by 1.540 per km 2 .The majority of people in Geyongan village make a living as farmers.Geyongan Village is consisting of five hamlet and 14 neighborhood.The North and East part of Geyongan village is bordering with Kebonturi Village, Arjawinangun Sub-district.The south part is bordering with Winong Village, Gempol Sub-distric.The west part of the border is a Bringin Village, Ciwaringin sub-district.As seen from its topography, Geyongan village has sloping contour with about 20-30 meters high above sea level.Geyongan village is also the location of ITB Cirebon Campus.
Geyongan village has a vision to create a mutual assistance principle of governance in order to make an independent, safe, comfortable, transparent, religious, caring and prosperous society.Some strategic issues in Geyongan village based on Medium Term Plan 2020-2025 are: public services improvement, increases of economic growth, improvement of human resources through equitable of education and improvement of environment.

Irrigation System in Cirebon Regency
Cirebon Regency has seven irrigation reservoirs with total of 0,6 million m 3 that are Geyongan, Rajadana, Danamulya, Sarwadadi, Kalieres, Wanakarya and Slendra reservoir.These reservoirs are used to irrigate agricultural land.One of the irrigation reservoirs was built in Geyongan Village.The construction of the reservoir uses earth fill and stones with maximum volume of 90,000 m 3 .Water sources come from the Cimanuk -Cisanggarung watershed.The Cisanggarung river originates from Mount Ciremai, Kuningan Regency flows to Cirebon Regency and Indramayu Regency.
The watershed of the Cimanuk-Cisagarung can be seen in Figure 3.

Socio-economic benefit
Geyongan village majority area is used for agricultural activities.The irrigation channel that flows through Geyongan Village consists of secondary and tertiary irrigation channels.Further north part of the village, the topography in Geyongan village is getting lower.This means that Hamlet 1, 2, 3 and some of Hamlet 5 have a lower elevation compared to Hamlet 4 and other parts of Hamlet 5. Geyongan Village is also passed by secondary irrigation channel that flows from west to east.So, there are some areas of agriculture that do not receive any irrigation from secondary channels.These areas are Hamlet 4 and some parts of Hamlet 5 which have higher topography than the irrigation channel.This is contrary to the principles of irrigation management which are sustainability, balance, public benefit, integration, equity, independent and also transparency and accountability [20].
In 2015, Geyongan irrigation reservoir was built in terms of collaboration between Geyongan Village, the BBWS of Cimanuk-Cisagarung and the Ministry of Public Works and Public housing.This reservoir was built to irrigate agriculture land in some Arjawinangun, Gempol, an Ciwaringin District, Cirebon Regency.Geyongan irrigation reservoir is the answer to agriculture location that are not served by irrigation channels.

Figure 4. Area served by irrigation channel and irrigation reservoir
The rice harvest period in Geyongan village is 3 times annually which is conducted in rainy season, between rainy and drought season (gadu) and small harvest during drought season.Based on interview information from the Secretary of Geyongan village, the agricultural productivity is highly dependent on irrigation sustainability.Because of existence Geyongan irrigation reservoir, farmers in Hamlet 4 and some of Hamlet 5 feel the benefits of irrigation.This is proven by the increase of agricultural productivity and crop failure free during drought season.This is slightly different from the results of a study from Mushtaq et al [12] which states that irrigation reservoirs can equally increase crop yields and agricultural productivity.

Environment benefit
The water source for irrigation before the reservoir was built is from the secondary channel that flows through Geyongan Village.However, for some areas that are higher than the channel use water pumps from the channels and underground water.After the reservoir was built, water from the reservoir channeled to the secondary irrigation channel so all area of Geyongan village can be served by the irrigation system.This condition only occurs during the rainy season.When drought comes, water volume in reservoir is reduced, thus the area of Hamlet 4 and parts of Hamlet 5 have to use water pump system.This condition is contrary to the purposes of reservoir construction to solve water scarcity problems during dry season [4].
For water use allocation and consumption, before and after reservoir was built, there was no difference in water allocation and water consumption.Farmers can use water according to their agricultural needs.This is in line with the principle of sustainability that allocation of water use must be evenly distributed and meet the needs of each type and land area of agricultural [4].

Institution and financial benefit
Participation of community in terms of irrigation system management in Geyongan village is coordinated by The Farmers Group.Management of community-based irrigation system is carried out to maintain the sustainability of water from the secondary irrigation channel that passes through the village.Based on the interview information, there is no financial costs of using the irrigation system.However, farmers that need to obtain water during the drought season have to provide extra cost.These costs are in the form of providing water pumps, water hoses, fuel and diesel engines.These needs and services are then provided by the private sector.Farmers are forced to pay rent for tools and fuel to keep irrigating their farms.This is also contrary to the potential for conflicts caused by the existence of gaps that occur between farmers in different areas of Hamlet [14].

Conclusions
The benefits acceptance after Geyongan irrigation reservoir construction were optimal for all areas of Geyongan village during normal conditions without drought.The condition before and after Geyongan reservoir during drought ware almost the same.The condition of water availability gap between the lower area and higher area than secondary irrigation canal are still occurring.
The significant difference is related to the cost of providing pumps for Hamlet 4 and parts of Hamlet 5 which are located higher than the irrigation channel.This proves that with the Geyongan reservoir, during normal condition can help irrigate agriculture in all areas, but during drought condition, farmers have extra cost in order to irrigate their land using pumps.With this condition, it can be said that the development of reservoir infrastructure can be an option to equalize water allocation in agriculture.Furthermore, it is also important to maintain the water availability from upstream to prevent drought.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Condition Geyongan Irrigation reservoir in droughtSource: Juan[9], accessed August 2 nd , 2022 However, the existence of Geyongan irrigation reservoir does not give full benefits to farmers.During drought season, the Cisanggarung river, which is the source of water, has decreased in volume.Consequently, irrigation uses an open and close system for villages that are traversed by the Cisanggarung stream.Water scarcity during drought season in Hamlet 4 and parts of Hamlet 5 often occur because of the water volume of irrigation reservoir is decreasing.Then, farmers are forced to incur additional costs for pumping water from irrigation channels that are located lower than their hamlet in order to avoid crop failure.Thus, when compared to areas that have an irrigation channel, the benefits of agricultural in Hamlet 4 and parts of Hamlet 5 are smaller than Hamlet 1,2,3, and part of Hamlet 5.