Preparation and antimicrobial activity of solid soap from kefir cheese wastewater

All Soap made from chemicals causes side effects on the skin. making soap with natural ingredients kefir cheese wastewater whey) is safe for the skin and has antibacterial properties. The research aim was to produce solid soap-made kefir cheese wastewater, with determined physicochemical characteristics, and better antibacterial activity. The materials used in this research are cheese wastewater (whey). This research was making a kefir formula with the main ingredient of a varied concentration of whey added with turmeric. The solid soap kefir cheese whey contains olive oil, palm oil, VCO, sodium hydroxide, and variations of kefir whey. The characteristic test was conducted by determining free alkali, water content, pH, and foam height. The well diffusion method was applied to test the antibacterial activity. The results show that all formulas of solid soap from kefir cheese wastewater indicated that the quality test kefir whey meets the requirements established by SNI 3532: 2016 and ASTM-D 2002. Soap kefir whey cheese with variant dyes Curcuma Longa potential alternative to the cosmetic industry in anti-acne soap production.


Introduction
Cheese wastewater (whey) is a major by-product of cheese production.whey is produced in high amounts and contains organic matter in high amounts and contains organic matter in high quantities.Whey can cause serious environmental pollution.Whey is produced in high amounts and is organic.Whey can be used to make yogurt, kefir, and dairy drinks [1,2,3].Knowledge of research about whey composition and this product has rapidly gained enormous attention f r o m several industrial sectors.
Research on the composition of whey and whey products is receiving great attention from several industrial sectors because whey can be developed into energy, pharmaceutical, and food products [4,5,6].Cosmetic products made from natural ingredients are currently in great demand by the cosmetics industry [7].Developments in the use of materials nature as a soap ingredient because it has side effects smaller than synthetic material [8].soap is a product or commodity that consumers often use every day.Moreover, after the COVID-19 pandemic, Public awareness of clean living behavior is increasing in the use of soap.Soap can be made naturally and synthesized [9].Soap on the market most of them contain synthetic ingredients as an active ingredient in the form of diethanolamine (DEA), Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS), as well as triclosan.Use of synthetic active ingredients Too much can have a impact negative on human skin, namely skin irritation.
Kefir is a fermented milk food using grains that contain various types of acid bacteria lactate and yeast in the form of granules.Kefir has antimicrobial activity against a variety of types of bacteria such as Staphylococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus salivarius, Staphylococcus aureus, P. aeruginosa, S.
Making soap using a combination of antimicrobial content in kefir whey with natural turmeric coloring can be used as an agent to inhibit bacterial growth.The production of solid soap using kefir with dye Curcuma longan from liquid cheese waste as an antiseptic has never been reported.This research aims to produce natural soap with antiseptic properties from kefir made from liquid cheese waste (whey).

Materials
Cheese waterwaste samples were acquired from Cangkringan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.The ingredients used in this study were whey from Cangkrigan yogyakarta, starter kefir, palm oil, Virgin coconut oil, olive oil with Natrium Hydroxide with kefir cheese whey, and Curcuma longa.

Kefir Cheese Wastewater Production.
Kefir cheese whey was made from a combination of fresh milk and whey with variations of 100, 75, 50, and 25% whey added Curcuma longa.Fresh milk and whey were pasteurized for 20 to 30 minutes at 80°C, then cooled to inoculation with a starter culture of 2 to 3% starter kefir for 24 hours.The mixture was then molded and allowed to be acclimatized for 24 hours until hardened.The solid soap was then removed from the mold and stored on an open shelf at room temperature for 14 days for further analysis [12].

Solid soap production
In making soap Kefir cheese whey, whey kefir cheese whey with dye Curcuma longa is replaced by using 23.33% aquadest.the first stage was mixing 23,33% Kefir cheese whey (from W, A1, A2, A3, A4), to dissolve 10%NaOH.The second stage is a mixture of 19,7 % of coconut oil, 13,64% of palm oil, and 19,7 % olive oil.The mixture is stirred until the trace phase (cold process).Solid soap is poured inside The mold is left for 24 hours until it hardens [13].

pH value
The pH test is a parameter used to assess the feasibility of the soap to be used pH was determined by using pH meter Hanna.The pH meter is calibrated with a standard neutral pH buffer solution.Soap pH testing is carried out by weighing 1 gram of mashed soap and then putting it in a beaker, adding 100 ml of distilled water stirred until dissolved.The value is shown on the pH meter [14].

Foam level
The foam content test is carried out by taking 1 g of soap into a test tube containing 10 ml distilled water.The next stage is that the sample is homogenized using a vortex.The height of the foam produced was measured using a ruler [15].

Antibacterial activity
Antibacterial activity of kefir whey solid soap against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was carried out using the well method through observation during the incubation period of 1 x 24 hours with treatment 7 times and repeated 4 times.The well method is carried out by making wells with a diameter of 5 mm in MSA agar media which has been inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.Each formula for solid kefir whey soap with various concentrations is first dissolved in each 5-gram soap sample with 10 mL of distilled water.Then 40 μL was taken and placed in the media that had been perforated and incubated for 1 x 24 hours at 37°C.The soap commercial was used as a positive control (K+) and the soap base was used as a negative control (K-).

Data analysis
The solid-solid soap kefir whey cheese with natural dyes Curcuma longa quality test was performed based on the Indonesian National Standard (INS) [16].The quality tests for the solid soap kefir whey cheese with Natural Dyes Curcuma longa analyze the free alkali content, foam level, antimicrobial activity, and pH,.The solid soap kefir whey cheese with natural dyes Curcuma longa for pH Standard A guide for pH was performed based on the Aqueous Solution of Soap [17].Data analysis was carried out using the one-way ANOVA test, followed by the Duncan test to determine the differences between each treatment of kefir whey.

Results and discussion
In this study, physicochemical parameters were evaluated quality of the prepared soap formula.The physicochemical parameters tests carried out in this research focus on analyzing the pH value, Foam value, and Antibacterial activity.Results of the pH of the solid soap containing kefir whey cheese with natural dyes Curcuma longa are demonstrated in Table 1.pH is an important parameter in determining the quality of soap.The high pH of soap can cause skin irritation.Based on table 1. Show the relationship between the concentration of kefir whey used and the pH value of the soap.The resulting kefir whey cheese with natural dyes Curcuma longa is at a pH of 9-10.Based on ASTMD 1172-95 the standard value of solid soap is 9-11 shows that kefir whey cheese with natural dyes Curcuma longa in this study meets the pH standard of solid soap.Solid kefir soap is safe for the skin.The pH value in soap indicates the absence of free caustic alkali.The obtained pH value indicates that the soaps would be less corrosive.Soap kefir cheese whey is expected to produce less skin reaction when used.pH values are usually obtained (most often when industrial sodium or potassium hydroxides are used) as a result of income hydrolysis which results from the saponification process.Higher pH values in soap products can be overcome or controlled by the addition of excess fat /oil (superfatting) in acceptable amounts or the application of pH adjusters to reduce harshness and corrosiveness on the skin [18].
The foam formed might be derived from oil ingredients in the soap formula.The concentration of fatty acids or oils and alkaline solution can affect the foam formation rate.Foam value kefir whey cheese with dye Curcuma longa can show tabel 2 Note:W: kefir from milk 100%.A: Kefir 100% A2: Kefir Whey 75% A3: Kefir Whey 50% A4: Kefir Whey 25%, basic Foam is defined as a dispersion system consisting of gas bubbles covering a layer of liquid.The best foam produced is whey cheese with dye Curcuma longa from the kefir variant 100% milk because milk contains more lauric acid, myristic, and linoleic acid.acid, and oleic acid.Soap is the main product of the chemical reaction between fat and alkaline solution through a process known as saponification.Foam value in solid soap products is not determined in SNI.The height of the foam is not related to the ability of a soap product in the cleaning process.The height of foam is related to consumer perception and aesthetics.
The antimicrobial activity test was performed according to the inhibition growth, as shown in Table 3.The result showed the growth inhibition on the bacteria for all formulae solid soap from kefir whey.The antimicrobial activity test from Tabel 1 shows that kefir whey soap can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.So it can be said that kefir whey soap has the ability to antiseptic soap.The results show that increasing the levels of whey used can inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus.The Best formula of the solid soap variant with ingredient kefir whey 100 %.The study's results a potential alternative to the cosmetic industry in anti-agne soap production.

Conclusions
The results show that all formulae of solid soap kefir whey with natural dye showed good physicochemical characteristics, pH 9 -10 (ASTM requirement 9-11), and foam value 7-8.all formulas of solid soap from kefir whey meet the requirements established by SNI 3532: 2016 and ASTM-D 2002.The Best formula of the solid soap kefir whey is variant kefir100 % whey.The study's results offer a potential alternative to the cosmetic industry in anti-agne soap production.

Table 1 .
pH value

Table 2 .
The foam value

Table 3 .
The antimicrobial activity test