Changing Waves: Maritime Community Cultural Responses to the Anthropocene in Tambak Lorok, Semarang

Climate change rooted in the Anthropocene significantly impacts global ecological changes, including coastal ecosystems. As a coastal city, Semarang City experiences various phenomena related to the Anthropocene caused by humans, or anthropogenic, which affects coastal activities, including aspects of the community. Tambak Lorok community is among the communities most affected by anthropogenic threats. Therefore, Tambak Lorok fishermen continue to build resilience in running their livelihoods. This research used a mixed method through the Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA). Quantitative approach in the form of survey data collection on the Joint Business Group (KUB) representative is carried out, while a qualitative approach is used to delve into and understand the context of SLA further. The results show that the Tambak Lorok fishing community’s livelihood system can be analyzed through five capital assets: human capital, social capital, natural capital, physical capital, and financial capital. These five aspects get a variety of physical, social, and intervention vulnerabilities that create resilience and culture in the intersection. The KUB, as a representative of the fishing community, strengthens their sustainable livelihood in three ways: changing their fishing gear sustainably, diversifying income to FAD, and utilizing other alternatives outside fisheries sector. All of these alternatives to livelihood were achieved through collaborative governance with various policies and institutions as a sustainable livelihood strategy.


Introduction
Society is currently confronted by climate change, which has emerged as a global challenge.Policymakers and academics recognize climate change as a profound multidimensional global crisis [1].The climate that continues to change uncontrollably has not escaped the primary role of humans.As the most significant ecological force on earth, humans continue to change the climate by polluting the environment [2].According to the World Meteorological Organization (2023), climate change is driving an increase in temperature on Earth by 1.15°C, which is above the average of the 1850-1900 period [3].Even in 2023-2027, the earth's temperature is expected to increase around 98% due to human activity.Humans' impact on the global ecosystem today indicates that the earth is in a geological epoch called the Anthropocene [4].The Anthropocene is a geologic time scale when human activity begins to have a global influence on Earth's ecosystems [5].The Anthropocene shows that humans are now changing the Earth's order and becoming the main factor determining the motion of nature, including climate [6].In addition, the challenges of climate change also affect coastal and marine life [7].Since the late nineteenth century, emissions from human activities have been absorbed by the oceans, and more than 90% of global warming on Earth has occurred in the oceans, warming by 1°C and impacting marine 1317 (2024) 012018 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1317/1/012018 2 ecosystems [8].The Anthropocene era that humans are currently facing as a result of humans themselves, called anthropogenic, affects several factors in life, including changes in sea level [7].Climate change due to the Anthropocene era, which has an impact on global ecological changes, does not escape the changes in the marine ecosystem that hit traditional fishermen.Traditional fishermen are fishers who use simple fishing gear for their livelihood activities, which have been carried out for generations and are oriented as a source of fulfillment of daily needs [9].Traditional fishermen are often defined as small-scale fishermen, referring to the similarity in using fishing gear and vessels of no more than 5 gross tonnage (GT), by the definition provided by Indonesian Law No. 45/2009.One of the coastal communities experiencing the impact of climate change is the Tambak Lorok settlement community [10], a central fishing community in Northern Semarang, West Java.In reality, the traditional fishing community of Tambak Lorok's economic life related to fish catches highly depends on climate, seasons, and natural conditions [11].In addition to getting pressure from climate change, life in Tambak Lorok is also faced with various threats and pressures; as a coastal city, Semarang City has various phenomena such as seawater intrusion, abrasion, inundation, subsidence, sedimentation and coastal siltation, and flooding from upstream areas [12].In running their livelihoods, traditional fishermen of Tambak Lorok also received intervention from the Anthropocene era through fishing gear increasingly modified by fellow fishers.Thus, anthropogenic factors play a large and complex role.
Traditional fishermen, carrying out their lives and livelihoods, are often related to institutions and local wisdom, living together.In carrying out sustainable livelihoods, traditional fishers often use the role of existing institutions.For example, they are using the role of the fishermen's Joint Business Group (KUB), which is included in the institutional program on the empowerment of small fishermen regulated in Government of Indonesia Law No. 7/2016 concerning Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen, Fish Cultivators, and Salt Farmers.Law No. 7/2016 also has several objectives, including providing certainty of sustainable business and protecting against the risks of natural disasters, climate change, and pollution [13].KUBs of traditional fishers can also be understood as communities that aim for their welfare and sustainability.KUBs can be linked to Pomeroy's (1998) concept of Community-Based Coastal Resources Management (CBRM) [14], in which coastal area management is implemented on a community basis that opens space for communities to take responsibility for resources to prosper through empowerment practices for natural resource sustainability [13].Traditional fishermen have also obtained various policies that regulate their lives with the aim of preservation and sustainability by involving livelihood institutions and formal and informal institutions.For example, contemporary Indonesian policies, such as Law No.In order to discuss traditional fishermen in the context of climate change, we use the Sustainable Livelihood Approach.The Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) is a framework developed by Chambers and Cornway (1992), to understand and analyze how humans produce sustainable livelihoods in the 21st century using two main elements, namely the concern for sustainability and the notion of capability [15].Sustainable livelihoods have aspects of capability, equity, and sustainability [16].In its simplest sense, livelihood is the means to earn a living [16].SLA is related to the Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF).In this, livelihood needs to be fundamentally understood in relation to existing relationships [15].Sustainable livelihoods relate to vulnerabilities associated with elements in crosssectoral structures and transformations, and this includes policies/norms and formal or informal social, public, and private institutions/groups that are not only cross-cutting but also address structures as macro forces and micro processes [15].Improving social capital indicators, especially those related to community access to various institutions, is recommended for realizing sustainable livelihoods [17].Research conducted by Triyanti and Firdaus (2016) using indicators of social, financial, human, and natural resources to explore the level of welfare in the lives of small-scale fishermen in Indramayu found that due to the lack of optimal social capital, such as access to various institutions, community institutions involved in government programs, and the integration of formal institutions with informal institutions in the local environment, made their livelihood vulnerable [17].In relation to climate change and the pressures from the Anthropocene experienced by traditional fishers, most previous research discusses the impacts of climate change experienced by fishers living in coastal areas.
Several studies shows that climate change in coastal and marine areas harms the sociocultural and economic life of fishing communities [18][19][20][21][22].As part of the coastal community, traditional fishers in particular also feel the impact of climate change [23][24][25][26][27].Meanwhile, as part of the coastal community of Semarang City, Tambak Lorok fishermen also feel climate change and its impacts [10,[28][29][30][31][32].Of the many cases of climate change in coastal ecological life, only a few papers [33][34][35][36] involve discussion of the Anthropocene era in coastal ecology and marine life, but there is no in-depth discussion of fishers in it.Anthropologists are concerned about the dangers of human control of global environmental change for marginalized communities, which include fishermen [4].In several studies, fishermen and traditional fishermen of Tambak Lorok are identified as marginalized communities [37][38][39][40].According to Kiftiawati (2023), the Anthropocene discussion is still classified as a new discussion in geological studies.So, research is still rare, especially concerning the impact on human life, particularly on the fishing community [5], as discussed in this paper.
Regarding the vulnerability experienced by fishermen due to climate change, the participation of related institutions is also needed to alleviate the problems fishermen face.In managing fishermen empowerment, collaborative governance is one of the solutions to the governance of fishermen empowerment [41,42].Meanwhile, some previous research discussed collaborative governance as an approach and collaboration with the community to overcome the problems of climate change and disasters due to natural changes due to development activities [43][44][45].However, no discussion has been found that discusses collaborative governance in coastal and fishing communities at the scale of climate change.Thus, this research poses two questions: How does the livelihood strategy of the Tambak Lorok fishing community respond to climate change?And how do various parties contribute to this strategy to maintain its sustainability?

Method
This research used a mixed method approach in Tambak Lorok Fishermen Community, Tanjung Mas Village, North Semarang, Semarang City, from July 1 to September 15, 2023.Quantitative and qualitative methods were carried out in the same period.The qualitative method was implemented to obtain data from stakeholders in the circle of authority over various programs and policies in the Tambak Lorok area.The informants were selected through purposive sampling.Four informants were interviewed in-depth, including representatives from the Semarang City Fisheries Agency, the Semarang City Regional Development Planning Agency, the Semarang City Environmental Agency, and the Head of the East Semarang Fishermen Joint Business Group (KUB) Forum.As for the quantitative phase, we interviewed 32 KUB leaders throughout Tambak Lorok.Data analysis was done by coding the findings into several SLA categories [16], and triangulation was also carried out between quantitative and qualitative data that has been collected.

Results and Discussion
In examining the systemic sustainability of the Tambak Lorok fishing community to see culture at its intersection, the Sustainable Livelihood Approach (SLA) is used.SLA has several components: capital assets, vulnerability context, policies and institutions, and livelihood strategies and sustainability.

Capital Assets
Capital assets are a part of the SLA framework that discusses the interconnected factors in a community's livelihood system.Capital assets are divided into human capital, social capital, natural capital, physical capital, and financial capital.The Tambak Lorok fishing community can be analyzed based on its capital assets.

Human Capital
Small-scale capture fishermen in Tambak Lorok generally fish every day.The range of fishing locations is only 1-2 miles from the coast.The fishing time in the Tambak Lorok area is very uncertain.However, fishermen in the Tambak Mulyo area generally go to sea in the morning or afternoon, while fishermen in Tambak Rejo go to sea in the afternoon to evening.The knowledge and education obtained by Tambak Lorok fishermen in fishing are obtained through family, environment, and experience.Thus, local knowledge dominates the skills of fishermen.

Social Capital
Recently, fishing communities in the Semarang area have been developed by forming Joint Business Groups (KUBs).Every year, the number of KUBs continues to increase; this is also due to the increase in the number of members in each KUB, so expansion is needed.Currently, KUB is a social institution that dominates the livelihood system of Tambak Lorok fishermen.The KUB is a forum for preparing their livelihood strategies in the face of various challenges and for enhancing the culture of cooperation within the scope of the fishery.Solidarity among fishermen is also firm, not only among KUB members but also with other fishermen.

Physical Capital
Based on boat tonnage, Tambak Lorok fishermen on average only have boats with a tonnage of 1-5 GT, of which are categorized as small fishermen.Boats with a tonnage of less than 3 GT usually have one engine with fishing gear in the form of nets, traps, or fishing rods.In addition to fishing, boats with a tonnage of less than 3 GT also cultivate green mussels through FADs planted around Tambak Lorok's coast.FADs consist of artificial reefs (made of tires, branches, twigs, bamboo, and others) that aim to be a gathering place for fish; they are one of the aids in fishing [46].Another case is with fishermen with a boat tonnage of 3-5 GT; fishermen with these boats usually use arad (mini trawl) and sodo (push net) fishing gear.Arad is a typical Tambak Lorok fishing gear second to the net and has been used for a long time.In general, arad still has similarities with trawls.Meanwhile, sodo fishing gear is classified as part of a drag trawl.Sodo is not a typical Tambak Lorok fishing gear but comes from another island.However, in the last 10 years, the use of sodo in Tambak Lorok has been relatively high because it is considered to provide a significant profit, especially in catching shrimp.

Financial Capital
Based on financial capital, Tambak Lorok fishermen usually spend daily capital on fuel and fishing gear supplies Rp150,000-Rp500,000 daily.Recently, the income earned has decreased dramatically, and sometimes, the capital that has been spent cannot be returned.Meanwhile, fishermen cultivating green mussels will incur capital expenditures over several months.The capital range for making green mussels FADs is usually Rp10,000,000-Rp20,000,000. The selling price of green mussels is in the range of Rp4,000-Rp6,000 per kilogram (kg).In addition to fishing and FAD cultivation, there are currently also fishermen in the Tambak Lorok area who open north coast tour boat services and fishing FADs in the middle of the sea.

Context of Vulnerability
Based on aspects of physical vulnerability, the Tambak Lorok area is vulnerable to climate change and land subsidence.Sea level rise in North Semarang is estimated to reach 15.5 cm by 2030, while land subsidence reaches 10 cm/year.Currently, 8.30% of areas in Semarang City (several points in North Semarang, East Semarang, Gayamsari, and Genuk sub-districts) are inundated, not only houses but also regional assets such as transportation infrastructure, trade, and education, among others [47].Based on social and economic vulnerability, fishermen are one of the professions that are vulnerable to various unpredictable natural conditions.87.5% of respondents stated that they faced unpredictable weather changes recently.
These weather changes relate to wind direction, waves, and fish seasons, which affect the amount of catch and the period for harvesting FADs.In addition to the weather, 71.9% stated that economic activities and coastal development impact their livelihood system for several reasons, including development disrupting the fish spawning system, industrial waste, and, in some cases, disrupting fishing routes.Meanwhile, 28.1% stated that it had no effect because they felt that development positively impacted the security of coastal areas from tidal floods.
In addition, development and port activities also have their limits that they can understand.Regarding environmental changes categorized from the aspect of geographical and climatological landscapes, 81.3% of fishermen stated that it affects the amount of their catch due to several anthropogenic factors, namely the use of sodo fishing gear because it is included in the type of tensile net that is not environmentally friendly, climate change that makes the sea is considered increasingly "empty," as well as things that come from the land, such as waste, garbage, mud, and so on that damage the ecosystem of the estuary and Tambak Lorok coastal area.
Meanwhile, 18.8% who stated that it had no effect stated that it was based on the fact that the fish had their respective seasons.In relation to changes in the type of catch caused by environmental changes, 53% stated that it had an effect.This is based on the increasingly rare types of large fish.The rest of 46.9% stated that it does not affect the reason that fish depend on the season.

Policies and Institutions
The programs implemented in Tambak Lorok are divided into two categories: infrastructure and facilities and empowerment of small fishermen.The infrastructure program relates to the Tambak Lorok area which has excellent potential to be developed in the coastal area but has a threat to the subsidence of Semarang City and tidal floods that often hit.Infrastructure development in the Tambak Lorok area is more focused on securing the area for the sustainability of various other programs.Thus, several programs have been and will be planned to be implemented in the Tambak Lorok area, including the construction of sea walls to prevent abrasion and tidal flooding and a pilot program for floating houses.The development and provision of other facilities is the Fish Auction Place (TPI).According to the Semarang City Fisheries Agency, constructing this TPI is essential because it can become the identity of Semarang City, which is located in the coastal area.Plus, Tambak Lorok is also the largest fishing village in Semarang.Another program related to fisheries infrastructure in northern Semarang is facilitating and making fishing gear with fishermen.In making this fishing gear, the Semarang City Fisheries Department provides early socialisation and training and collaborates with other parties.In the empowerment program, efforts are to address climate change by declaring the Climate Village Program (Proklim).In its implementation, Proklim is designed to prioritize and enhance aspects of independence, cooperation, and local culture in facing climate change.In addition, there are also other empowerment programs, such as socialization of new regulations, fishing training, Fishermen's Weather Field School (SLCN), and so on.Each KUB will provide one representative to participate in implementing this empowerment program.In this case, the organizers emphasized that the representative should be someone who can pass on the knowledge provided to other members.Thus, not all programs are represented by the KUB chairperson.KUB members realize that every program has limitations, especially in the implementation process.Therefore, the strategy carried out by the organizers is to absorb the aspirations of fishermen by going directly to the field.In addition, fishermen who want to receive benefits from the program must also be administratively registered in the KUB.Thus, the main target of the beneficiaries is the KUB.This is also why every fisherman is required to be a member of a KUB.The role of KUB in every program, assistance, and policy is quite central and important because KUB becomes a means of collaboration between fishermen, the government, and other parties.

Livelihood Strategies: Culture at a Crossroads?
In environmental anthropology, a community's resilience in the face of climate change is described as a function of internal coherence, social solidarity, and the capacity to organize and work on behalf of the community [48].Furthermore, in this case, their resilience is formed from historical, social, and cultural constructions that govern social interactions, local institutions, and material development.Local knowledge and experience become socio-cultural construction factors in daily life practices.In the livelihood system, resilience is strategized through cultural practices in the form of livelihoods.There are three main categories of resilience strategies carried out by Tambak Lorok fishermen for the sustainability of their livelihood system: (1) remaining a fisherman by modifying fishing gear or using new fishing gear and culture introduced by the government; (2) switching professions to become pond fishermen by cultivating green mussels; (3) switching professions outside the marine and fisheries sector.
Within the three main categories, two of them are still in the fisheries sector.The first category relates to fishing gear modification, which involves using fishing gear outside the Tambak Lorok area.In this case, the fishermen complained about the use of sodo fishing gear, which, according to them, has decreased fishery yields.The use of push trawl or sodo fishing gear is said to be an 'enemy' for traditional fishermen of Tambak Lorok.The push trawl is classified as fishing gear prohibited in its operation because it is not environmentally friendly.In its use, this fishing gear pushes to the bottom of the waters and is operated in shallow waters, so that dredging fishery products at the bottom can cause damage to the habitat of basic biota, waste of resources, and damage to the diversity that is underneath [49].However, the fishers who use it have no choice due to the social, economic, and environmental vulnerabilities they face.Thus, the use of sodo gear becomes part of resilience.In this phenomenon, institutions and policies cannot necessarily prohibit using sodo gear.This is because fishing gear is also included in the fishermen's livelihood system.Meanwhile, switching professions from capture fishery to FAD cultivation is one of the resilience strategies of the livelihood system in a new way.Fishermen who use FADs feel they can have savings and security in their livelihood system.

KUB, Collaborative Governance, and Sustainability Strategies
The Government of Semarang's collaboration strategy with the fishing community was created through the Joint Business Group (KUB).KUB is the gateway to absorb aspirations and receive program benefits made by the Government.This makes the role of the KUB very important for the fishermen's livelihood system.Because of this collaboration, fishermen have three choices of livelihood systems, two of which are modifying fishing gear or cultivating FADs.In this context, the two livelihood systems will mutually influence and be influenced by the capital asset factors of the Tambak Lorok area.Thus, the sustainability strategy that can be implemented in this context is to build a joint consensus from various elements.In this case, the KUB is an important forum that plays a role in creating this consensus among fishermen.Several strategies can be implemented.First, the government and public institutions that initiated programs and policies need to see various problems in Tambak Lorok as multidimensional so that a comprehensive approach must be taken, especially in understanding the various capital assets of the livelihood system that characterizes the fishing community.In this case, state public institutions can also open collaborations that other non-state institutions can carry out.
Second, the KUB forum should not only be used as an object for distributing programs and policies, but it also needs to see KUB as a subject that can provide aspirations and be directly involved in the policy-making process and program preparation.In opening up these opportunities, the government needs to involve as much transparency and public participation as possible during consensus building.The participation must include various aspects because the problems faced by fishermen in the Anthropocene era are multi-dimensional.Third, each program run by different institutions in the Tambak Lorok area needs to have the same paradigm so that collaboration and building a shared consensus can occur correctly.

Conclusion
Based on the results of research and discussion through the Sustainable Livelihood Approach, several things can be concluded: (1) the five components in the SLA capital assets that make up the livelihood system of the Tambak Lorok community were threatened by various vulnerabilities so that resilience occurs, (2) collaboration strategies between the components of the Tambak Lorok fishing community's capital assets with government policies and institutions are carried out through the Joint Business Group 2 of 2015 on the Prohibition of the Use of Hela Trawl and Drag Trawl Fishing Gear; KP Regulation No. 71/PERMEN-KP/2016 on Fishing Lines and Placement of Fishing Gear in WPPNRI (Indonesian Sea Areas); Law No. 7 of 2016 on the Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen, Fish Cultivators and Salt Farmers, and Regulation No. 3/PERMEN-KP/2019 on Community Participation in the Implementation of Protection and Empowerment of Fishermen, Fish Cultivators and Salt Farmers.