Assessing the impact and resilience of the community in the aftermath of a small-scale tornado: A field survey-based analysis

Extreme weather can lead to the formation of small-scale tornadoes. Tornadoes are generated by cumulonimbus clouds resulting from convection or orographic lifting of an unstable air mass interacting with a relatively warm air mass within a frontal boundary. The village of Donohudan experienced a small-scale tornado event that resulted in damage to buildings, yards, power infrastructure, and injuries to individuals. This was the first time the community faced a small-scale tornado event, leading to a lack of understanding in handling the aftermath. The aim of this research is to analyze the impact of and resilience to small-scale tornadoes among the population. The research methodology involves field surveys to determine the extent of damage based on the Beaufort scale. The Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) is employed as a measurement criterion to assess community resilience. The predominant damages were light structural damages and flying roofs caused by the small-scale tornado. Donohudan village demonstrated a moderate level of resilience to small-scale tornadoes, influenced by factors such as flexibility in adapting to changes and challenges, support from family and social networks, spiritual influence, and having a goal-oriented life.


Introduction
One of the extreme weather patterns that can lead to calamities is a tornado [1,2].Small-scale tornado or puting beliung is defined as a powerful wind that appears out of nowhere, has a center, and travels in a circle or spiral at a speed of 40-50 km/h until it reaches the earth's surface, and then quickly dissipates in three to five minutes [3,4].Small-scale tornadoes are influenced by the production of cumulonimbus clouds as a result of convection, as well as the orography of unstable air masses with relatively hot air masses in the frontal air mass [5].Because humidity in Indonesia exceeds 75%, air mass instability is common [6].Based on data from the National Agency for Disaster Management, Indonesia experienced an increase in the number of small-scale tornado incidents from 2011 with 285 incidents to 2021 with 1,577 incidents.These small-scale tornado episodes occurred throughout Indonesia, with Boyolali Regency recording 37 incidents in the last six years.Donohudan Village was hit by a t small-scale ornado during the day on February 15, 2023.Smallscale tornadoes can form when cold and hot air collide to generate cumulonimbus clouds.A small-scale tornado is formed by a powerful current that rises and is held back before rain falls.When rain falls, there is a frictional force between the rising and falling air currents, causing water that is no longer maintained to rise to the top of the clouds.Shear currents created by this situation rotate and create small-scale tornadoes.Following a small-scale tornado, the air mass will grow before ceasing.Around 13.00, a small-scale tornado touched down in Donohudan Village.The village's average maximum temperature for the day was between 12.00 and 16.00.Maximum temperature is among many factors contributing to small-scale tornadoes because convection results from greater heating [6,7].
Over time, a small-scale tornado's powerful pressure and suction can cause material damage or even fatalities [7][8][9].The gusts that occurred at Donohudan Village caused injuries, fallen trees, damage to buildings and walls, places of worship, and power outages.The residents lost IDR 33,000,000 in damages.Because there has never been a small-scale tornado in Donohudan Village, the locals are susceptible to these calamities.
Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management defines mitigation as a set of actions taken to lessen the likelihood of disasters through increased knowledge, physical development, and increased capacity to deal with risks to the community [4].To enhance the capacity to withstand the threat of small-scale tornadoes, it is helpful to ascertain the population's resilience level, enabling the implementation of suitable mitigation measures.Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the impact and resilience of the population to small-scale tornadoes.

Method
This study employs the Beaufort scale to assess the strength of the small-scale tornado (Table 1) [10].The analysis is conducted based on field survey data regarding the impacts of the small-scale tornado, and the results are then compared with the criteria within the Beaufort scale.
To gather information on population resilience to small-scale tornadoes and damage, this study conducted a field survey.We approached and interviewed a total of 30 respondents.In accordance with the theory that the number of feasible samples in research ranges between 30 and 500, our approach and interview of 30 respondents align with the minimum sampling limit [11].The Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) was used and adapted to determine the level of population resilience to small-scale tornadoes (Table 2 and Table 3) [12].I can adapt when a small-scale tornado occurs.2.
I have a close relationship with the victims and keep them safe during the small-scale tornado.

3.
I leave my fate to God when a small-scale tornado occurs.4.
I can face the small-scale tornado. 5.
I have past success and confidence in facing small-scale tornadoes.6.
I see a small-scale tornado in terms of humor.7.
I can overcome stress when a small-scale tornado occurs.8.
I bounced back after experiencing a small-scale tornado.9.
I understand that small-scale tornadoes must have a silver lining.10.I do my best to face the small-scale tornado.11.I am optimistic that I can handle a small-scale tornado.12.When a small-scale tornado causes many losses, I do not despair.13.I know where to go for help when a small-scale tornado occurs.14.When under the pressure of a small-scale tornado, I focus and think clearly.15.I chose to be a leader in solving small-scale tornado problems.16.I don't give up easily when dealing with small-scale tornadoes.17.I think about being a strong person in the face of a small-scale tornado.18.I can make difficult decisions during a small-scale tornado.19.I can handle the unpleasant feeling of a small-scale tornado.20.I act on a hunch that a small-scale tornado is about to occur.21.I have a strong feeling about solving the small-scale tornado problems.22.I can control my life when facing a small-scale tornado.23.I like facing challenges when solving small-scale tornado problems.24.I am willing to work to resolve the small-scale tornado problems.25.I am happy and proud of the hard work of all parties so that the smallscale tornado problem can be resolved. Description

Result and Discussion
According to the Beaufort scale, the small-scale tornado in Donohudan Village mainly caused light damage, such as buildings with no roofs and fallen trees.Gardens, residential spaces, and places of worship were also damaged.Residential areas and open land were greatly affected by the small-scale tornado.

Figure 1. Map of small-scale tornado impact di Donohudan Village
The types of roofs affected included tile, asbestos, and zinc which had different types of damage.Some houses lost 10 tile roofs to around 300 tile roofs.When a small-scale tornado occurred, the roof tiles were blown and hit what was beneath them.Asbestos and zinc roofs were also blown away by the wind.
Two houses were affected by fallen trees and suffered damage.Some of the trees that fell included banana, cassava, orange, and stinky bean trees planted in the yards in front of residents' houses.Falling trees during a small-scale tornado can be caused by the soil not being strong enough to support the weight of the tree due to the force of the wind.Aside from that, the small-scale tornado in Donohudan Village resulted in the injury of a 6-year-old child who was struck by home debris.
The small-scale tornado had the greatest impact on roadside dwellings.This is due the wind's frictional force reducing when it is on a smooth surface, causing the wind speed to increase.The surface roughness of a region associated with frictional forces influences wind flow [6].
The small-scale tornado caused medium to major damage to many residences in one region.The small-scale tornado also destroyed a tree in one of the residents' gardens and knocked off the power grid.
According to the interviews, residents of Donohudan Village had a resilience value of 75, indicating moderate resilience.The Connor Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) is divided into four factors, namely flexibility to overcome changes and challenges, support from family and the social environment, spiritual influence on God, and having a goal-oriented life.The level of flexibility to overcome changes and challenges is supported by the ability to adapt, views regarding small-scale tornadoes, success in dealing with disasters, and psychological conditions during and after a disaster occurs.
One of the injured victims, a 6-year-old boy, was traumatized by the small-scale tornado and refused to return home.The fact that he was immediately affected by a small-scale tornado can interrupt future growth and development if not managed properly [13].When the small-scale tornado hit, the residents of Donohudan Village could not adjust adequately.They did what they thought was best by leaving their houses.They could not cope with the small-scale tornado indicated by widespread panic.Aside from that, they had no track record of success in dealing with such tragedy because there had been no smallscale tornadoes so far.When the storm blew through their neighborhood, the residents were traumatized.Anxiety and stress disorders due to natural disasters are stress disorders after trauma [13].Donohudan Village people were eager to get back on their feet after the small-scale tornado.Damaged residents' homes were immediately repaired so that they could be used as shelter.Their resilience was also influenced by family and the social environment.The cooperative collaboration of residents to clean up small-scale tornado-damaged building debris exemplified social environmental support following this tragedy.Village leaders, soldiers, police officers, sports communities, and college students all contributed to cooperation.Support for affected victims' families was given in the form of logistics and shelter for victims who have endured significant trauma.
During the disaster, the affected residents surrendered their fate to God because they realized that the disaster could not be separated from God's intervention.They believed that a small-scale tornado could strengthen the ties of brotherhood between residents because they helped each other.
After the small-scale tornado occurred, the residents were expected to become individuals with high resilience because they had experience in resolving these disaster problems.Hard work from various parties was crucial in solving the problems.The village government played a significant role in providing food and money to help residents affected by the small-scale tornado.
Individual capabilities in dealing with small-scale tornadoes differ and can be attributed to age and gender differences [3].The small-scale tornado at Donohudan Village occurred during working hours, therefore more women were at home.Female residents who witnessed the small-scale tornado were at a loss for what to do.Women have low adaptive flexibility, making it difficult to respond to changing situations and readjust following traumatic experiences.Apart from gender, age also contributes to such capabilities.For example, when the tragedy struck Donohudan Village, the villagers panicked, but the elderly citizens were powerless to do anything and surrendered their fate to God.In other words, gender and age can influence population resilience [14].
To raise population resistance to small-scale tornadoes, many actions are required.Structural mitigation can be accomplished by providing disaster shelters for impacted residents, constructing small-scale tornado-resistant buildings, and organizing spatial pattern layouts.Meanwhile, nonstructural mitigation can be done by disseminating information about the small-scale tornado disaster so that the inhabitants of Donohudan Village understand what to do before, during, and after the smallscale tornado.

Conclusion
Donohudan village was hit by a moderate storm, which resulted in fallen trees and damaged structures.The villagers had a small-scale tornado resilience value of 75, indicating moderate resistance.Population

Table 3 .
Population Resilience Assessment Score