Analysis of actors and power relationships in forest encroachment study case: Ledang Village KPH Ropang

Deforestation caused by the stakeholders who are trying to revitalize and reposition their role in forest resource management. Research related to actors was carried out to find who had an interest and influence in that problem, what were the factors of forest encroachment and how was the power relationship between stakeholders involved in the problem of forest encroachment. The research located in Ledang villages, RPH Temutung with research sampling technique was clustered purposive sampling. Determination of respondents using key informants. Data analysis; (1) stakeholders mapping analysis, (2) forest encroachment analysis (3) power relations analysis. The results showed that the stakeholders involved were mapped into three quadrants grouped: (1) key player: forest community group, community, ropang forest management unit, temutung forest management resort, (2) subject: hodge and sawmills, (3) context setters: village government, district government, community figure, village traditional institutions and civil servant. The factors were economic, social, regulation, politic, and cultural factors. Stakeholder who have the big influence were community, and village government.


Introduction
Forest resources have become public property, leading to a struggle for rights to forest resources.[1] found that the rights conflict of forest resources brings the potential for unsecure and uncertainty about property rights, which can lead to conflicts that can accelerate deforestation, which depends on different socioeconomic conditions of the community.[2] reiterate the view that forest forms exposed to anthropogenic disturbance result in a decline in forest cover, which is affected by an increasing human population that is directly proportional to the need for common industrial land to meet their daily needs.
Another reason deforestation in forest areas is believed to be the state of the stakeholder trying to reinvigorate and reposition their role in the management of forest resources.[3] found that conflicts in forest areas reflect changes in the political system (ownership and control) of political rights in the form of authority in the administration, management and use of forest resources.One of the forest areas where encroachment logging practices in West Nusa Tenggara Province is the Ropang Forest Management Unit area of Sumbawa District.
The impacts of this forest encroachment are expanding critical areas in West Nusa Tenggara and affecting the intensity of disasters such as erosion, landslides, wildfires and floods [4].As a result, people find it difficult to obtain clean water sources, lost government revenue, timber prices fall below market prices, community welfare declines, domestic industry is destroyed, biodiversity quality deteriorates and the shifting socio-cultural wisdom of the population and loss of love for nature and environmental awareness [5].Based on the preliminary survey, the highest frequency of forest interventions in the 1315 (2024) 012047 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1315/1/012047 2 Ropang Forest Management Unit was found in the limited production forest function.According to [6], the practice of forest encroachment is influenced by foresters' unprofessionalism, lack of cooperation between communities in forest conservation, government policies and political economies that have nuances of collusion, corruption and nepotism to control forest areas.Furthermore, it is supported by a strong traditional tenure system, it will potentially become a source of conflict if the traditional tenure system is not adapted and synergized with the formal tenure system of community-based forest management [7].
Given the above actual conditions, there is a need to regulate forest management in order to improve the functions and benefits of forest resources for human well-being.The success in increasing the function of forest resource use is due to the active role of different actors/stakeholders in forest management.This is in line with the views of [8] that theoretically the role of actors needs to be analyzed in order to identify stakeholders/stakeholders who have influence or strategic resources so that they can influence the decision-making process.
Stakeholder analysis becomes a power analysis in linking the social structure of each actor that plays a role in forest development and management, whereas according to [9] stakeholder analysis is an important step in defining advocacy efforts is to be carried out to support quality of forests with limited production.The stakeholder analysis identifies the stakeholder involved in the management of forests with limited production.Success in setting public policy and providing support for solving a particular problem depends to a large extent on stakeholders who are interconnected and have a direct role in the development of limited-production forests.
Based on the above, the purpose of this research is to identify the actors and power relations of forests degradation in limited production forest at Ledang village of RPH Temutung.

Data analyst 2.4.1. Stakeholder Mapping Analysis.
Stakeholder mapping analysis is an important step in determining advocacy efforts to be implemented to support the quality of limited production forests [9].Stakeholder analysis was used to find out the stakeholder involved in the management of limited production forests in research areas related to research problems.The purpose of stakeholder analysis were to indentify the interests and influence of actors which must be studied in depth.The steps of stakeholder analysis were (1) Stakeholder identification; (2) Stakeholder classification; and (3) explore the relationship between the stakeholder [10].
Stakeholder identification was carried out to find out the actors involved in the problem of forest encroachment.The method for stakeholder classification used interest influence matrix based on the interests and influence of the stakeholder.Stakeholder interest level measured used ecosystem functions which were defined as providers of goods and services from the biosphere according to [11]   Based on the level of interest and influence that has been obtained.Stakeholders are grouped into 4 quadrant.Quadrant 1 is stakeholders who have a high interest and influence on the problem of forest encroachment namely key player.Quadrant 2 is stakeholders who have high influence but low importance so that it can be a significant risk to monitor forest encroachment namely context setters.Quadrant 3 is stakeholders who have high interest but low influence, even though they support activities but their capacity for impact is small.These stakeholders can increase influence if they form alliances with other stakeholder namely subjects.Quadrant 4 is stakeholders who have little interest and little influence on the desired results and are considered to be included in decision making namely crowds.The four quadrants can be seen below (Figure 3).

Forest Encroachment Factors Analysis.
Forest encroachment factor analyst used descriptive analysis by taking the problem or focusing on the problems that occured.Exploration was carried out to look at the factors of forest encroachment to find out the phenomenon that is currently taking place.The parameters observed are social culture, economy, ecology, policy and politics.

Power Relation Analysis.
Analysis of the power relations of the stakeholder was the processed using social network analysis.Social Network Analysis aims to obtain an overview of the interaction patterns that occur between stakeholder.This analysis is useful for interpreting social phenomena and innovative frameworks of social dimensions in socio-ecological systems [12].
Social Network Analysis (SNA) was performed by constructed a binary matrix in pairs of squares between stakeholder.This matrix contains actor information relations, namely '1' if there is a significant information relationship and '0' if there is no significant information relationship.The aspects chosen in conducting SNA refer to those that have been carried out by [13], namely density and centralization (degree centrality and betweenness centrality).
Density is the proportion of relationships that are present in the network, network density is used to measure the relationship between parties.A density score of 1 indicates that all parties are connected to each other in the network.A density score of 0 indicates all links in the network are completely disconnected.Centralization shows the position of the parties in a network.A centralization score of 1 indicates that the maximum number of relationships is concentrated on one party, and a score of 0 indicates that all networks are interconnected.The degree of centrality refers to the number of relationships received or left by the parties.Meanwhile, betweenness centrality refers to the role of the parties to become the shortest bridge that connects the other parties that are disconnected [14].

Stakeholder Mapping Analysis
The preliminary study used as the basis for grouping the stakeholder.The 24 respondents were grouped into 11 stakeholder who have a influence and interest in the problem of forest encroachment.Based on the results of the analysis, the level of interest in the problem of forest encroachment is on the part of Forest community group, while the lowest level of interest is on the part of civil servant (Figure 4).The forest community group has a total score of 17, and the regulatory function indicator gets a score of 3 because this stakeholder only has 2 interests, namely permits to use the area and management planning for limited production forest areas in Ledang village which results in the utilization of timber forest products and non-timber industry on a large scale to support their economy, on the indicator of ecological function forest community group get a score of 3 where this stakeholder only has 2 interests, namely the availability of clean water and fresh air.Forest community groups on economic function indicators get a score of 5 because there are 4 interests, namely food sources, income sources, genetic sources and energy sources such as firewood.This stakeholder's information function indicator gets a score of 3 because it has 2 interests for education and building cognitive psychology and the carrier function indicator for this party has 2 interests for land ownership and residence so it gets a score of 3 .Stakeholders included in the key player group were forest community groups, forest management resorts, forest management units, and the community.Key player was the classification of stakeholders who have high influence and interest in the problem of forest encroachment in Ledang Village.The main task of the Ropang protected forest management unit was the government agency that has been given a mandate in the forestry sector and has the responsibility according to the constitutional mandate to manage forests.Communities and forest farmer groups have the same interests related to the high benefits of forest resources to produce an economy and support the welfare of communities around the forest.The common fate became the central point of the stakeholders struggle to owned the land.
Stakeholders included in the subject group were hodge and sawmills.These stakeholder were has a high level of interest but have a low level of influence.Hodge and sawmills basically had the same interest in forest resources.Hodge have quite an interest in natural resources because they relate to economic, ecological and socio-cultural interests.Hodge utilized forest resources in the form of wood, firewood, and non-timber forest products from hodge's land either in the form of goods or money.
Stakeholders included in the context setter group were community figure, district government, village government, village traditional institutions and civil servant.The context setter group was a classification of statekholder who have high influence and have low interest.This party can influence the good and bad of forest management in Ledang Village (Figure 5).

Forest Encroachment Factors Analysis
The occurrence of forest encroachment has several causes, after conducting an analysis it can be described into several factors, namely economic factors, socio-cultural factors, weak forest protection factors and light laws, access to forest factors, policy and political factors, and ecological factors.The economic factor is caused by the pressing economic needs of every household in the community around the forest area.Low community income is one of the instruments that causes forest encroachment.Forest encroachment activities are very effective alternative jobs according to the community to get high income in a short time.Easy access to marketing of timber forest products to sawmill partnership companies is a supporting factor, as well as the increasing demand for wood from companies and individuals, forcing residents to encroach on the forest every day.Socio-cultural factors are caused by the most basic social, namely regarding education both formally and informally which is very minimal, causing low legal awareness.It is not known that the community's view of forest encroachment activities is that these activities are against the law.The community considers that the wood planted by their ancestors is an asset that can be utilized at any time.
Forest encroachment activities are caused by the weak factor of forest protection and the lightness of the law due to the lack of supervision from related parties, so that people can freely carry out forest encroachment.The legal sanctions given to perpetrators of forest encroachment are only limited to light sanctions so that the perpetrators are not deterred from carrying out this practice.The factor of access to forests is caused by the openness of road access which causes greater pressure on forests and land.This open access encourages massive forest encroachment due to a relatively weak monitoring and management system.The community does not know who has the right to manage the land after Perum Perhutani abandoned it.The majority of the people of Ledang Village, who work as farmers, take advantage of this opportunity to expand their cultivated land to ± 400 hectares.
Policy and political factors caused by the minimal prevention and eradication of forest destruction at the site level.The lack of dissemination of forestry regulatory policies is one of the instruments that has been minimally implemented, so that it has an impact on people's understanding regarding the prevention and eradication of forest destruction.The political factor was caused by unscrupulous legislators who made political promises with increased corn prices to the public.The motives carried out by politicians are causing people to carry out forest encroachment activities to make corn fields, on the other hand the corn husk waste will be used as cattle feed.Ecological factors are a supporting factor for forest encroachment in Ledang Village due to the good vegetation structure, productive soil for planting corn, and the climate which is classified as a shorter rainy season than the dry season (tropical monsoon).

Power Relation Analysis
The results of the analysis showed that the density value was 0.491 with a total of 54 connections.This density value means that the network in the forest encroachment problem in Ledang Village was not a complete network (complete network density value = 1).The density of a network describes the distribution of relationships within the network, the connectivity of the entire network and how fast information spreads between parties.The connectedness of the parties described shows that most parties in the forest encroachment problem in Ledang Village lack communication and exchange of information because what is done is in the form of negative actions that can lead to conflict between clusters.Degree centrality refers to the number of connections received or exited from a node (stakeholder).The Ledang Village Government and the Community have the highest degree of centrality of the other clusters.The Ledang Village Government was the main information channel or communication center point in the forest encroachment network.Stakeholders that have a low degree of centrality are LAD (Village Traditional Institutions).Stakeholder was an isolated position from active involvement in forest encroachment networks.The most important parties in bridging the information network so that it has an impact on forest encroachment are the Ledang Village Government and the Community.Meanwhile, betweenness centrality refers to the role of a node (stakeholder) as the shortest bridge connecting the other two disconnected stakeholder.The Ledang Village Government was the most important party for connecting the community with non-agencies and agencies.The stakeholder can play a role to disconnect or break the network into separate parts if it is eliminated.

Conclusion
Based on the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the parties involved in forest encroachment in the limited production forest in Ledang Village can be mapped into three quadrants which were grouped as follows: (1) key players: forest community group, community, forest management unit office ropang, temutung forest management resort, (2) subject : hodge and sawmill, (3) context setter : village government, district government, community figure, village traditional institutions and civil servants.The factors of forest encroachment in the limited production forest in Ledang Village are caused by economic factors, social and cultural factors, weak forest protection and

2
which includes: 1) regulatory function, 2) ecological function, 3) economic function, 4) information function and 5) carrier function.The value has the interval from 0 to 25 and classified into 4 criteria class as shown below (Figure 2).

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Criteria level class of stakeholder interest.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Matrix of influence and interest actors.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Interest and Influece of stakeholder to forest encroachment.

Figure 5
Figure 5 Results Matrix Effect and significance of the stakeholder.

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Analysis Relation Power of Stakeholders.
Sampling method for this research devided into two part (study site sampling and actor sampling).Study site sampling used purposive sampling method for the list of villages in RPH Temutung.The criteria are a high level of forest encroachment, the availability of forest community groups, and the presence of a sawmill at the location.Actor Sampling technique used in this research was purposive sampling with cluster made of local community, Community, Forest Management Unit, District Government, Sawmill, Forest Management Resort, Civil Servant, Village traditional village, Village Government, Forest Community Group, Hodge, Community Figure.The respondent who involved in this research chosen by the key informant.

Table 1
stakeholders classes of forest encroachment.