The residual of ameliorant formulation from local resources on chemical properties of inceptisols and production of green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Ameliorant based on local resources is an alternative solution to farmers in sustainably optimise agricultural waste. This study aimed to determine the residual ameliorant formulation from a local resource on the chemical properties of Inceptisols and the production of green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in central horticultural production of Banuhampu Agam, West Sumatra. This study used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments and three replications, namely: [A]=Control; [B]=Bamboo biochar (BB)+Tithonia Green Fertilizer (TGF)+Chicken Manure (CM)+Agam Compost (CA); [C]=BB+TGF+CM; [D]=BB+TGF+CA; [E] = BB+CM+CA; [F]=TGF+CM+CA; [G]=Farmer’s tradition (FT) and [H]=Ministry of Agriculture recommendations (MAR). Residual formulation of ameliorant from local resources had a significant effect on chemical properties of Inceptisols (pH, EC, CEC, OC, total N, available P) and total yield (kg plot−1) and % P in green beans, compared to control. Residual ameliorant formulation from local resources (TGF+CM+CA) had improved OC (0.88; 0.72 and 0.56% C) in Inceptisols and total yield (8.30; 5.10 and 4.90 kg plot−1) and 0.002; 0.007 and 0.006% P in green beans, better than the control, FT and MAR. The application of local resource-based amelioration technology is very significant to land optimisation, especially OM.


Introduction
In modern agriculture, high input prices cause a lot of pressure faced by farmers on an ongoing basis.Hence, there is interest in adopting traditional farming practices that optimize local agricultural waste as amendments and fertilizers.Organic fertilizers increase crop productivity, and soil fertility, and reduce input costs [1].In addition, organic waste has a beneficial residual effect in environmentally friendly agriculture.Optimization and management of local agricultural wastes as amendments is a winwin alternative solution, both to recycle organic wastes and to maintain improved soil fertility.These local resources are utilized as green fertilizer, manure, compost, and biochar [2].All these materials have been proven to be appropriate in the application of amelioration technologies developed through renewable formulations to improve soil quality.
Green manure has been proven to improve soil fertility especially in terms of increasing soil organic matter, increasing nutrient availability, especially N, and minimizing erosion.The Mexican sunflower (Tithonia diversifolia) is one of the local green manures that can be optimized and properly managed.It is widely distributed and easy to cultivate, and relatively high concentrations of nutrients (N, P, and K) are detected in the biomass.This biomass contains many nutrients from the soil and decomposes quickly [3].Agricultural and livestock waste that can be optimized is chicken manure which contains labile organic and inorganic compounds.The application of chicken manure has also been shown to increase crop yields and can release N in the soil slowly, resulting in much lower nitrate accumulation in plants [4].Compost as fermented organic matter can also improve agricultural productivity directly by increasing the nutrients available to plants.Compost takes a long time to process, but also has indirect benefits to carbon and nitrogen cycling, as well as increased microbial abundance and activity, better nutrient retention, and overall better soil quality [5].Biochar results from thermal decomposition through biomass and organic waste-based pyrolysis principles.Bamboo is one example of local biomass that may be improved.Because of its increased lignin (32.2%) and cellulose (60.8%), bamboo biochar has a high carbon content, offering excellent stability and resistance to microbial breakdown [6], to reduce greenhouse gas emissions [7].The quality of biochar is seen from the pH value, adsorption capacity, and macro and micronutrient composition [8].This is evidence that biochar functions as a soil amendment.The application of amelioration technology with local resource-based ameliorant formulations showed that the pH value was higher than the control and conventional conditions [9].
Based on previous applications, it proves the superiority of the ameliorant formulation, making it interesting to continue to be developed until the next planting season.This is also based on the high abundance of local resources to be an alternative in overcoming some of the problems in the horticultural production centers of West Sumatra, especially in Banuhampu Agam such as the high price of inorganic fertilizers and their impact on soil fertility.Therefore, this research aims to study the residual potential of ameliorant formulations from local resources on the chemical properties of Inceptisols and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) crop production in the horticultural production centers of Banuhampu Agam, West Sumatra.

Materials and methods
This research was conducted in the field of Kandang Jilatang, Nagari Pakan Sinayan, Banuhampu, Agam West Sumatera.Soil chemistry was analyzed at the Soil Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, Padang, from September to December 2022.

Experimental Design
This research was conducted on a monoculture cropping system in the second growing season from the application of ameliorant formulations in the first growing season [9].This study used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments and three replications, namely:

Monoculture cropping systems
In this planting season, the crop planted was green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Green beans are planted with a spacing of 80*20 cm in two rows by making a hole and putting 2-3 seeds into the hole.Then it is covered with approximately 3g of manure and then covered with soil.The main fertilizers used were 9kg NPK-complete, 9kg Urea, and 2kg KCl which were stirred then the mixture was given near the planting hole.

Soil sampling and analysis
Land preparation included weeding and hoeing to loosen the soil from the application of ameliorant formulations in the first growing season.Soil samples were taken again at the end of each trial to observe changes in soil chemical properties.Soil analysis included: pH H2O (active pH), pH KCl (potential pH), electrical conductivity (EC), CEC, and nutrient composition (C, N, and P).Meanwhile, observations and analysis of plants included: Nutrient content (%N and P) and total yield (kg plot -1 ).Soil and plant analysis following the procedures of the Soil Research Centers [10].The results of all analyses were statistically analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2016, SPSS 23, and Statistic 8 ® software.

Result and Discussion
Amelioran formulation residues from local resources significantly affected the soil chemical properties of Inceptisols at pH, EC, CEC, OC, total N, and available P compared to the control.The highest H2O pH was found in traditional farmers at 5.47, almost the same as TGF+CM+CA and BB+CM+CA, where the respective increases were 0.06 and 0.17, compared to controls.As for the pH of KCl, farmers' tradition is also the highest (4.93), but still almost the same as TGF+CM+CA; MAR; and BB+CM+CA, where each increased by 0.03, 0.12, and 0.15 compared to the control (Figure 1).The formulation of each organic matter had a significant effect on the increased soil pH varying from neutral to alkaline.The pH of each product formulation reveals the chemical processes, with neutral pH showing balanced H + and OH-ions and alkaline pH showing more OH -than H + ions.Applying 100% CM raises soil pH when compared to a mixture of 25% CM and 75% Edamame Harvest Waste (EHW) [11].In the second year, soil pH increased in tandem with the amount of manure applied [12].This is explained by the dissociation of alkaline products found in animal feed, the metabolic activity of organic compounds, and protein degradation, which releases ammonia into the environment [13], as well as the use of calcium during the disinfection of poultry houses.The highest EC was found at the MAR of 0.59 dS m -1 , compared to Control (Figure 2A).MAR uses chicken manure up to a dose of 15 t ha -1 .This shows that in the recommendations used, chicken manure has an EC of 2 dS m -1 both with and without formulation.The degree of EC is related to the amount of salt dissolved in the ameliorant solution.The high pace at which soil ameliorants are applied might hurt salt-sensitive crops.The most often used soil salinity test is EC, which is proportional to the amount and type of dissolved salts in solution.The EC ranged from 0.81 (CA) to 2.00 dS m -1 (CM; TGF+CM; BB+CM; TGF+CM+CA; and BB+TGF+CM) with an average of 1.61 dS m -1 [2].This shows that the ameliorant formulation has a low to high salt concentration level, which affects soil EC.The highest CEC was seen in the BB+CM+CA ameliorant formulation compared to Control and MAR, where the increase was 19.23 and 12.34 cmol(+) kg _1 , respectively.Almost the same as TGF+CM+CA, BB+TGF+CM+CA, BB+TGF+CA, Farmer's Tradition, and BB+TGF+CM (Figure 2B).This is due to an increase in the negative charge of the soil due to the dissociation of organic matter from the ameliorant formulation.Approximately 20-70% of the exchange capacity of the soil is generally sourced from humus colloids.Humus in the soil as a result of the decomposition process of organic matter is a source of soil negative charge, so humus is considered to have a colloidal structure like clay, but humus is not as stable as colloidal clay; it is dynamic, easy to destroy, and easy to form.The main source of the negative charge of humus is mostly carboxyl (-COOH) and phenolic (-OH) groups [14].Humus colloidal charge varies depending on the pH value of the soil solution.In a very acidic environment (low pH), hydrogen will be strongly bound to the active group, which causes the active group to become positively charged (-COOH and -OH), so that the negatively charged colloidal colloid.On the other hand, in an alkaline environment (high pH), there is a lot of OH-in the soil solution, resulting in the release of H+ from organic groups and an increase in negative charge (-COO-and -O-), so that the COO increases [15].The residues on TGF+CM+CA had the highest OC compared to the control, Farmer's Tradition, and MAR, each at 0.88, 0.72, and 0.56% C.This appears to be about the same as BB+TGF+CM+CA (Figure 3A).In the first year, it can be seen that TGF+CM+CA has the highest OC.The higher the amount of organic matter in the soil, the longer it takes for the decomposition process by soil microorganisms to leave organic matter residue for the next growing season.N Total was highest at BB+TGF+CM+CA compared to control, Traditional farmers, and MAR, with an increase of 0.29, 0.21, and 0.21% N, respectively, and looked almost the same as BB+TGF+CM (Figure 3B).Residues from rice straw biochar and compost increased the total N-ultisols until the second growing season [16].Biochar application increased soil TN and AN content by 4.7-32.3%and 11.5-58.9%,respectively [17].Biochar application can significantly increase soil nitrogen content.Biochar's rich pore structure and large specific surface area can absorb and retain soil N, minimize soil N loss due to leaching, and increase soil N nutrient content [18].At the highest P availability in MAR, but almost the same as TGF+CM+CA, Tradition of Farmers, BB+TGF+CM+CA; BB+TGF+CM, and BB+CM+CA.This could be due to the content of chicken manure in the formula (Figure 3C).Chicken manure contains a high P concentration of around 3.91% [19].It appears that all formulations consisting of CM resulted in higher P availability.TGF and manure treatment can raise soil phosphorus levels by releasing organic acids during organic matter breakdown and forming metal complexes with Al and Fe.These organic acids diminish Al and Fe reactivity in P fixation [20].This process can potentially dissolve P and limit P uptake.Organic acids can also form compounds with clay minerals by adding H+ ions to their surface.The positive charge of clay minerals attracts organic anions (R-COO) from organic matter, resulting in the formation of Al and Fe complexes (Al chelates) and organic compounds.The amount of P available for chelation in the soil is influenced by soil pH and the type of organic acids produced during the decomposition process.The chelate formation can increase the amount of dissolved inorganic phosphate and available P in the soil [21].Nutrient levels in green bean plants were significantly different, especially N and P. The highest N and P were found in the residues of the ameliorant formulation (TGF+CM+CA), at 7.76% N and 0.04% P (Figure 4B and 4C).This rise in plant vegetative growth suggests that plants manufacture photosynthesis via photosynthesis.To enhance plant production, it is subsequently transported to active metabolic pathways that stimulate the development of roots, stems, branches, twigs, and leaves.N contributes to plant vegetative development via physiological and metabolic processes such as photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism, and nitrogen deprivation impacts crop growth and production.Nutrients N and P boost the dry matter distribution ratio, photosynthetic product accumulation and transit, and production [22].In general, residual organic matter provides more and better nutrition for plants at any given time.This confirms that the residue of the ameliorant formulation can increase the total yield of bean plants by 20.1 kg plot -1 (70.34%) (Figure 4 and 5).This increase in yield is related to plant metabolism, such as chlorophyll, which can increase the photosynthetic effect to increase plant growth, especially in the number of flowers that will produce more fruit.The large number of fruits produced will give higher results in fruit weight, which is the main component of production.

Conclusion
Residual formulation of ameliorant from local resources had a significant effect on chemical properties of Inceptisols (pH, EC, CEC, OC, total N, available P) and total yield (kg plot -1 ) and % P in green beans, compared to control.Residual ameliorant formulation from local resources (TGF+CM+CA) had improved OC (0.88; 0.72 and 0.56% C) in Inceptisols and total yield (8.30; 5.10 and 4.90 kg plot -1 ) and 0.002; 0.007 and 0.006% P in green beans, better than the control, FT and MAR.The application of local resource-based amelioration technology is very significant to land optimization, especially OM.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Effect of residual from local resource-based ameliorant formulation on pH of Inceptisol, Banuhampu Agam West Sumatra.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Effect of residual from local resource-based ameliorant formulation on EC (A) and CEC (B) of Inceptisol, Banuhampu Agam West Sumatra.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.Effect of residual from local resource-based ameliorant formulation on OC (A), total N (B), and available P (C) of Inceptisol, Banuhampu Agam West Sumatra.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Effect of residual from local resource-based ameliorant formulation on N (A); P (B) and average yield (C) of green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Visualization of green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the residue of the best formulation (TGF+CM+CA), when compared to the control, FT and MAR.