Application of Eucalyptus Agroforestry to reduce poverty in rural areas in Jember Regency, East Java, Indonesia

State forest management on the island of Java is monopolized by Perhutani Public Company as a state company with the community through a social forestry partnership. Various agroforestry patterns are applied to utilize forest land and gain benefits. The application of eucalyptus agroforestry in a village in Jember district, East Java is expected to reduce erosion and poverty problems in rural areas. The application of eucalyptus agroforestry which is a new pattern provides various perspectives for village communities. therefore, this study aims to (1) determine the application of various eucalyptus agroforestry patterns, (2) determine the income level of farmers in various eucalyptus agroforestry patterns and their contribution to household incomes and (3) analyse livelihood strategy of eucalyptus agroforestry farmer. The data analysis method using descriptive and quantitative analysis of eucalyptus agroforestry pattern, farmer’s income and contribution analysis to 36 forest farmers and also livelihood strategy. The research results show: (1) Application of the agroforestry system on social forestry partnership using a simple agroforestry system with eucalyptus agroforestry pattern of trees along border, random mixture, and alternate rows; (2) eucalyptus agroforestry income on land area <0.5ha is Rp. 7.955.013/year, land area 0.5-1ha Rp. 20,777,388/year, and land area >1 ha Rp. 23,853,189/year with the contribution of agroforestry to household income is moderate (between 41% until 61% of forest farmer household income). (3) most livelihood strategy of eucalyptus agroforestry farmer is most (81%) is multiple/diversification work most in agriculture.


Introduction
Indonesia's territory is dominated by forest areas of 63.09% of the total land area, which makes this sector play an important role in the national economy.The economic rate of the forestry sector is in the top three positions at 12.84% and its contribution is increasing by 3.64% to the National GDP.The forestry sector also contributes to the provision of jobs, income, and adds to the country's foreign exchange for wood and non-timber products.The value of labor absorption in the forestry sector is 27.33%, so that it can support a reduction in the unemployment rate [1].
Most of Indonesia's forests are controlled by the state, so most of their management and utilization is also carried out by the state through the Indonesian Public Forestry Company or Perhutani Public Company.Indonesian forest area is surrounded by 39,147 village administrative areas spread over several islands in Indonesia.As much as 37.8% of the people living around the forest are classified as poor.Limited access to forest products makes people encroach on forest areas due to economic pressure and limited arable land.The government initiated social forestry policies in order to preserve forests and improve welfare [2].
IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1315/1/012014 2 Forestry partnership is one of the social forestry policy schemes between Perhutani Public Company and the society through the community forest management program (PHBM/Pengelolaan Hutan Bersama Masyarakat).The forest program with the community is a system of forest management activities through collaboration and synergy between Perhutani Public Company and Forest Village Community Institutions.The PHBM policy aims to protect forests and use forests in a sustainable manner through the concept of Agroforestry (Suharjito and Putro, 2013).However, not all cooperative schemes for the management of state forest land with the community have had a positive impact, in several villages it has had an impact on critical land due to the planting of staple crops and not in accordance with targets and regulations.Many people do not understand the mechanism of cooperation, the rights and obligations of managing state land which is characterized by non-compliance with procedures and regulations for agroforestry cooperation.
Based on issued in agroforestry, the research was conducted in Lampeji Village, Mumbulsari District, Jember Regency, which has a state forest area and the community's economic condition is still minimal.The people of Lampeji village who are members of the Jubang Mulia LMDH (Lembaga Masyarakat Desa Hutan) as forest community organization have collaborated with Perhutani to plant staple crops in the form of eucalyptus and other mpts (multi purposes tress species) plants by intercropping food crops and other mucinous plants.However, the pattern of cooperation has not been optimal, marked by the large number of eucalyptus plants that have died and disappeared because they were taken illegally.The majority of farmers also do not take care of eucalyptus plants.Based on this phenomenon, the research objectives are 1) to analyze the application of eucalyptus agroforestry patterns in forest programs with the community (2) to analyze the level of income of farmers on eucalyptus agroforestry patterns and their contribution to household income and (3) Knowing the livelihood strategies applied by farmers.

Methods
This research is a case study and was conducted in Lampeji Village, Mumbulsari District, Jember Regency, which is part of the Jubang Mulia LMDH area.Lampeji Village is one of the poor villages in the Mumbulsari sub-district, Jember Regency, East Java which cooperates in managing the eucalyptus agroforestry land.The oversight forest institution is the Jubang Mulia Forest Village Community Institution (LMDH) which is in the Mumbulsari Forest Stakeholder Resort Area (RPH), Mayang Forest Stakeholder Unity (BKPH), Jember Forest Stakeholder Unity (KPH).LMDH Jubang Mulia is an LMDH that has the highest administrative area, reaching 670.3 ha or 49% of the total forest area in the Mumbulsari RPH.The PHBM collaboration with an agroforestry pattern between Perhutani and the Lampeji village community was formed so that the community can access arable land for forest resources through agricultural management and monitoring of forest resources [3].

Data Collection
Data collection is done through (1) Interviews were conducted specifically using a guide or interview guide as a guide to achieve the research objectives; (2) Direct observation to find out and study and directly observe field conditions in accordance with the research objectives and (3) Documentation is presented in the form of writing or pictures to support research.

Data Analysis
The application of eucalyptus agroforestry patterns using description analysis of number and types of staple crops, type and area of food crops and application of eucalyptus agroforestry.Analysis of farmer livelihood using descriptive of farmer's livelihood calendar for one year.
Furthermore, income analysis is used to determine the level of income of farmers who apply eucalyptus agroforestry patterns.The following is the income analysis formula: Π = TR-TC Where Π = Income (Rp) TR = Total Revenue (total revenue) (Rp.)TC = Total Cost (Total cost) (Rp) Contribution analysis is used to measure the contribution of eucalyptus agroforestry income to household income.The following is the contribution analysis formula: Z= A/B x 100% Where Z = Percentage of agroforestry contribution (%) A = farmer's income from agroforestry farming (Rp/year) B = Total Farmer Household Income (Rp/year) If Z < 35%, the contribution of agroforestry is low If 35% ≤ Z ≤ 70% the contribution of agroforestry is moderate If Z > 70%, the agroforestry contribution is classified as High

Application of the Eucalyptus Agroforestry Pattern in the Collaborative Forest Program
The choice of eucalyptus MPTS plants by Perhutani was based on various factors, including capability to protect forests from deforestation because eucalyptus leaves could be used.In addition, eucalyptus plants are able to grow quickly on dry and hilly land without intensive care.The prospect of developing eucalyptus production as an essential oil-producing plant is profitable.At the beginning of the program, Kayu Putih plants were still 7 months old (immature plants).Gradually, eucalyptus plants can be harvested from the age of 1.5 years, starting on an average of 8-11 kg per six-month harvest period.Therefore, in the early stages of planting eucalyptus, a combination of types of edible plants was chosen which could provide short-term results, namely bananas and corn, cassava, papaya, chilies.low in addition to adjusting to the conditions of dry land (rainfed).Except for the Robusta coffee plant, it was chosen based on the prospect of economic value.
The application of agroforestry for eucalyptus plants with other fruit plants such as Durian, Avocado and Lamtoro combined with seasonal crops such as Corn (Zea mays), Cassava (Manihot esculenta), Banana (Musa spp), Papaya (Carica papaya L.), Chili (Capsicum frutescens L.) and coffee (Coffea robusta).This combination pattern is categorized as a simple agroforestry system.Some of the agroforestry patterns used are (1) tress along border pattern with a random mixture combination.The tress along border pattern is a combination of corn, papaya and chili plants in the middle of the land and surrounded by banana and coconut plants which function as fences or land boundaries [4]; (2) The random mixture pattern is applied to eucalyptus and cassava annual crops which are planted randomly among agricultural crops; (3) The shape of the cropping pattern for fruit plants and shade plants with coffee plantations, forest farmers apply an alternate rows pattern, with a planting model for MPTS plants and shade bananas with coffee plants.Coffee plants are among eucalyptus, banana, durian, avocado and lamtoro plants chosen as coffee shade plants.The application of eucalyptus agroforestry is described in table 1 below.
Table 1.Combination of Eucalyptus Agroforestry Patterns Based on Land Area Source: Primary Data [5] Table 1 also explains the composition of the number of staple crops for each type of plant that has diversity in each hectare.Based on the agroforestry agreement that has been agreed upon between Perhutani Public Company and Farmers there should be 667 main crops per hectare.The results of observations in the field showed that the composition of the average number of eucalyptus plant species had not yet reached the target of the agreement.Besides that, many staple plants have died due to lack of intensive care.The resulting impact is the high risk of erosion due to the sloping land conditions and not tightly covered by vegetation.Land management that is less than optimal will have an impact not only on farmers' income but also on the achievement of social forestry targets by Perhutani.

Income of Farmers in Eucalyptus Agroforestry Patterns and Its Contribution to Household Income
Agroforestry farming income is the reduction between farming revenue and production costs.The components of production costs consist of fixed costs (based on equipment depreciation costs) and variable costs.Meanwhile, revenues from agroforestry businesses are based on yields from the land, both eucalyptus and other mpts (multi purposes trees species) plants and food crops or seasonal crops within one year.
In general, a farmer will act rationally by considering the level of profit earned during a certain period of time.Table 2 explains the comparison of costs and income for farmers if they apply the agroforestry pattern with eucalyptus mpts based on land area.It appears that overall, the average eucalyptus agroforestry revenue per year has a greater value than the average of all costs incurred, namely TR (Total revenue) > TC (Total Cost).

Table 2. Average costs, Revenue and income of eucalyptus agroforestry based on land area
Source: Primary Data [5] As described in table 2, the most costs incurred by farmers are labor costs with a range of approximately 40%, the rest are fertilizer costs and seed costs.The high cost of labor is due to the location of the land which is hilly so that it requires a greater effort to cultivate the land.This factor is also the cause of the large amount of land that is not cared for by some farmers.In addition, government programs for seed assistance and subsidized fertilizer assistance are aimed at farmers in paddy fields, not for forest farmers.
If we observe the highest income from farming, the highest income is obtained on a land area of more than 1 hectare, which is an average of Rp. 33,410,000/ year, followed by the average agroforestry income on medium land areas, which is Rp.29,020,714/ year.The smallest average income received by farmers on the smallest land area is Rp.11. 221,119/ year.The amount of revenue is determined by the components of the selling price of each product and the total production of each commodity.The level of income, the application of the eucalyptus mpts agroforestry pattern is considered profitable, but if it is related to the average monthly income, it is still lower than the regional minimum wage or the standard cost of living properly in Jember district in 2022 of Rp. area of < 1 hectare have an average income of Rp. 662,000 per month which is received per time of harvest.Meanwhile, farmers with a land area of between 0.5 and 1 hectare still receive an income of Rp. 1,731,000 per month, while farmers with a land area of at least 1 hectare to manage earn Rp. 1,980,000 per month.The forest farmer's income will depend on the type of crop planted and the price at harvest.The calculation of farming profits has not considered the profit sharing of land management, namely (1) profit sharing of 30%: 70% for types of plants under mpts such as coffee or Porang; (2) profit sharing of 12.5% : 87.5% for intercropping (corn, chilli, sweet potato or soybean) and (3) profit sharing of 20%: 80% for MPTS/Multipurpose Tree Species such as eucalyptus, durian, petai etc.
Opportunities for income from forest land management obtained by some farmers are still inadequate, in other words, income from the agroforestry sector has not been able to improve people's welfare.So it is necessary to formulate a strategy for the social forestry program that is in accordance with the local wisdom of the community without neglecting the conservation aspect.In this PHBM program collaboration, it is enough to help landless people to earn additional income between activities carried out in the village, at least to be able to survive in meeting the needs of their families.The following is a description of the contribution of eucalyptus agroforestry income to the income of forest farming families.The following table describes the average income contribution from eucalyptus agroforestry to the income of farming families.

Table 3. Contribution of Eucalyptus Agroforestry to Farmer Household Income Based on Land Area
Source: Primary Data [5] Based on the description in table 3, the contribution of agroforestry income to forest farmer household income is in the moderate category with a contribution value above 35% and below 70%.The average contribution is highest when farmers manage at least 0.5 to 1 hectare of forest land (61% contribution), whereas the average farmer manages 1 plot or around 0.25 hectares.Perum Perhutani will increase the area of land management if farmers have good progress in managing forest land.Furthermore, the results of the analysis provide information that even if farmers manage more than 1 hectare of land, it will be less effective, because farmers will still seek additional income outside of agroforestry and may neglect their land.

Livelihood strategy of Eucalyptus Agroforestry Farmer
The livelihood strategy is a choice of source of income covering a variety of rational actions taken by agroforestry farmer households for household needs.Based on the source of income for households, forest farmers who apply eucalyptus agroforestry come from the on-farm, off-farm and non-farm sectors.Variations in the selection of sources of livelihood are chosen based on farmer resources and the ability of work access.
The majority of agroforestry farmers' livelihood activities are in the on-farm sector.The source of income comes from the on-farm sector, such as food crops (seasonal: bananas, corn, cassava, papaya, chilies and coffee) planted between forest lands.Activities for a source of income carried out in the offfarm sector are income from outside farming but are still within the scope of agriculture, for example being farm worker, tobacco worker, harvest transporters and livestock partnership.The non-farm small (<0,5 ha) % Moderate (0,5- Source: Primary Data [5] Information in table 4 shows that the majority of agroforestry farmers choose a strategy of multiple income patterns or income diversification as show of 29 farmer/respondent (81%).Only a few farmers have a livelihood strategy by migration, because it has a high risk.The agricultural livelihood strategy is a strategy that maximizes agroforestry land consists of intensification and extensification.There are only 4 agroforestry farmers implementing livelihood through intensification by increasing fertilizers for the land and intensive crop management.
The high number of farmers who have work outside agroforestry means that social forestry cooperation is not enough to guarantee welfare because the income from eucalyptus agroforestry is not enough for their household needs.The low income from the eucalyptus agroforestry pattern is also due to the incompatibility of the agroforestry pattern applied in the cooperation area.The various strategies adopted by farmers illustrate the living conditions of the people living around the forest area, especially the people who have implemented a cooperation agreement with Perum Perhutani.Eucalyptus agroforestry has a social and economic impact on increasing income, in the long term increasing moisture and land fertility, especially in dry land [6].Planting eucalyptus trees can increase biodiversity, as happened in the Wasur National Park, Merauke, Papua [7].

Conclusion
The agroforestry application implemented by farmers uses a simple agroforestry system, namely a combination of staple crops in the form of MPTS (multi purposes trees species) namely eucalyptus, durian, avocado, and lamtoro with agricultural crops of corn, coffee, banana, papaya, coconut, cassava, and chilli.The agroforestry patterns used are trees along borders, random mixtures, and Alternate rows.The average agroforestry income on a forest land area of <0.5 hectares has the lowest income of Rp. 7,955,013/year with percentage of an eucalyptus agroforestry contribution of 41%.If the land area is 0.5-1 ha, has earning Rp. 20,777,388/year with a percentage contribution to household income 61%.The biggest agroforestry income is from a forest land area >1ha, which is Rp.23,853,189/year with an eucalyptus agroforestry contribution percentage of 48%.Eucalyptus agroforestry is profitable with moderate contribution to family income.Creative efforts are needed to increase income through product processing to provide added value to products, utilization of environmental services and integrated agroforestry with animal husbandry.
The livelihood strategy applied by forest farmers is through engineering strategies for agricultural livelihoods through an intensification of 13% by adding labor and using fertilizers.The most chosen strategy is a double income pattern of 81% by doing other types of work besides agroforestry and some people doing mobile or migration (8%) by doing work outside the area.
2,255,662 per month.Forest farmers with a land

Table 4 .
income sector is a source of livelihood in which all income is obtained not from agriculture, such as traders, village officials, construction workers, mobile worker and also mosque administrators.Table4describes the livelihood strategies by forest farmers in Lampeji Village, Mumbulsari District, Jember Regency for family needs.Livelihood strategy of Eucalyptus Agroforestry Farmer