Productive Carbon Forest: Agroforestry with high economic forest commodities to increase carbon stocks and community welfare in Garut Indonesia

24.7 million hectares of Forest areas are not covered with forest, and the community limits its management because it is prohibited by law. However, the forestry sector only contributes 0.6% of Indonesia’s GDP. Therefore, IPB University collaborates with ASTRA International to develop a productive carbon forest in Garut Regency. Agroforestry uses highly economic forest commodities. This program was very well received by the community there. Around 52.86 hectares of tea gardens and other plantations became productive carbon forests and are expected to be fruitful and profitable three years later. It planted 13,082 avocado trees, 71,070 coffee trees, and 8,270 hardwood trees. Assistance was carried out from the beginning of the program about six months ago and will continue until the fruit harvesting. This program is expected to continue for 20 years and give a profit of around IDR 596,567,022 (USD 3,9846) /hectare/year. It is anticipated that this undertaking will serve as a pilot project for improving the social forest in Indonesia and could increase both the ecology and community welfare. Nevertheless, this productive carbon forest is expected to succeed in Indonesia’s FoLU (Forest and Other Land Use) Net Sink 2030 and Indonesia’s domestic carbon market, established at the end of September 2023.


Introduction
Forests have a very important role in life.It is a buffer for the ecosystem and a place for communities living around the forest to fulfill their various needs.The Ministry of Environment and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia stated that most Indonesian rural people are economically dependent on the potential of forest areas [1].Therefore, the more the population increases, the higher the community's need for forest land.Widyaningsih et al. [2] mention that people living around the forest need forest areas to grow crops and 1315 (2024) 012012 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1315/1/012012 2 meet their needs for firewood, building materials, medicines, animal feed, and so on.On the other hand, some state forest areas need to be forested, making it impossible to meet community needs.
The data and information center of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry informs that out of a total forest area in Indonesia of 120.2 million hectares, the forested area is 95.5 million hectares [3].This means 24.7 million hectares must still be forested [4].However, the forest sector only contributed 0.6% of Indonesia's GDP [5].This condition is a challenge for the government in maximizing the economic and ecological functions of forest areas and land, especially in Java.Following up on the Job Creation Law No. 11 of 2020, the Ministry of Forestry and the Environment designated a portion of protected forest and production forest areas on Java Island that Perum Perhutani previously managed as Forest Areas with Special Management (KHDPK) with an area of 1.1 million hectares.The central government considers the KHDPK policy a breakthrough in overcoming the problems of communities around forests.Part of the area is allocated to fulfill social forestry interests, which are expected to be a solution for improving Java's forests and improving the community's economy.
It is hoped that the forestry scheme in the KHDPK area is not only intended as an effort to improve Java's forests but can also be considered to achieve the target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.Indonesia has committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 29% with Business as Usual (BaU) and 41% with international assistance in 2030.Thus, social forestry in the KHDPK area needs to get support from various stakeholders in maximizing the area's management so that the emission reduction target and economic support for the community around the forest can be achieved.Sustainable forest management in social forestry schemes by implementing agroforestry systems has the potential to provide various benefits.Several studies have shown that agroforestry systems tend to have relatively high carbon stocks [6].This is because agroforestry has a diversity of species in it.As Ariyanti [7] stated, the diversity of plant species in a location can provide an overview of the amount of carbon value stored.
The agroforestry system is also considered ideal for meeting the community's economic needs because there are several types of plants with a short harvest duration.Especially when the type cultivated is a plant with a high economy; for this reason, it is essential to research high-economic commodity agroforestry to increase carbon stocks and people's welfare in Garut Regency, West Java.This research objective is to predict and evaluate the successful program of productive carbon forests.The success of this program will serve as a pilot project for improving the social forest in Indonesia and could increase both the ecology and community welfare.Nevertheless, this productive carbon forest is expected to succeed in Indonesia's FoLU (Forest and Other Land Use) Net Sink 2030 and Indonesia's domestic carbon market established at the end of September 2023.

Time and Place
The program was carried out from November 2022 until now and will continue until 20 years later.This program is in Garut Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia.The program covered 52.86 hectares total area, separated into three different places, which are 32.06 hectares in Jayamekar Village, Pakenjeng subdistrict, 10.21 hectares in Simpang Village, Cikajang sub-district, and 10.59 hectares in Pananjung Village, Pamulihan sub-district.

Data Collection
The data of social analysis was gained from deep interviews with some key persons in the village.While for the economic analysis, the data is estimated from the cash flow generated by activity there.Last, for the ecological analysis (carbon stock), data was collected with drone mapping and field collection.

Data Analysis
The data analysis consists of three different analyses, which are social, economic, and ecological.These analyses are expected to give the best decisions for developing a productive carbon forest for the people there [8].

Social Analysis
The social analysis was conducted through deep interviews and focus group discussions with key persons and farmers in the villages.Social analysis produces the commodities the people want to plant [8].

Economic Analysis
The economic analysis used some indicators, which are Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) [8][9][10].This economic analysis is made for 20 years period (the program contract agreement) with the following assumptions: a.The interest rate is 6%, according to KUR (Kredit Usaha Rakyat) b.All benefits and costs are counted in the financial analysis.c.All benefits and costs are using a constant price.
The NPV, IRR, and BCR are explained in the following equations: NPV is the difference between the present value of the investment and future net cash receipts.If a business has NPV > 0, then the business is considered feasible to run.The business is considered financially unfit if the NPV value is ≤ 0. NPV can be obtained through the following equation: Furthermore, if planting activities (mitigation actions) are carried out, it is necessary to classify land cover yearly to obtain a nonlinear regression of carbon stock growth.Additionality (RLj), which later becomes the Economic Value of Carbon (NEK), is calculated using the stock-difference method based on carbon stock from the initial year ‫)݆1ܶܥ(‬ and the last year ‫)݆2ܶܥ(‬ of activity j then divided by the baseline years.NEK can later be registered at SRN and traded on the carbon market.

Result and Discussion
This research will provide data on the socially acceptable, economically feasible, and ecology sustainable program.Still, the program is not divided; it combines these three aspects.The success of making sustainable forests will not only accomplish ecological aspects, but it is also important to see the economic welfare of the community and their happiness.Without that, the vicious circle of deforestation and degradation will keep occurring [6].

Social Acceptable
This program starts with communication with key persons, such as the head village and public figures.Afterward, a focus group discussion was conducted for farmers' socialization and skills development in the village.These steps were conducted to make sure that the program is socially acceptable.
The discussion brings some agreements, which are some private lands of the farmers will allocate into this program, 32.06 hectares in Jayamekar Village, Pakenjeng sub-district, 10.21 hectares in Simpang Village, Cikajang sub-district, and 10.59 hectares in Pananjung Village, Pamulihan sub-district.The program will be conducted over 20 years, so the farmers cannot cut the planted trees.However, the fruit produced by the trees is 100% for the farmers.This program also collaborates with Indomaret company to be the fruit's offs taker.From the discussion, it also agreed that the farmers would plant and take care of some trees, which are avocado, coffee, and hardwood trees.These results are shown in Table 1

Economically Feasible
An economic analysis was also conducted to ensure the economic feasibility of the program.After discussing with some key persons and farmers, it is known that their current income keeps decreasing every year.Their primary income was from tea gardens and horticulture crops.The price of tea has gradually decreased in recent years, while for vegetables, the price fluctuates and is very risky.Therefore, the community received the farmers well because they wanted to improve their welfare.This result is confidently due to the demand for fruit and coffee increasing yearly in Indonesia's domestic market and the world.It is also known that Indonesia's coffee is one of the best in the world, exceptional coffee with a unique taste and stable price in the international market Figure 1.However, Indonesia still does not get the top 10 position of coffee exporters.Therefore, Indonesia still has a chance to improve its supply and market growth of coffee [9].
IPB University already collaborates with consumers in Indonesia and some foreign countries: the Netherlands and Turkiye.Until now, the number of potential buyers of IPB coffee kept increasing, especially from Middle Eastern countries.The avocado and coffee fruit produced by collaboration with IPB University is expected to keep increasing while enriching the potential global market.Suppose this program could succeed until the trees can be harvested and profitable.In that case, all the farmers will follow the path of the succeeding farmers, and afforestation could occur.

Ecologically Sustainable
The sustainability of ecology is very important, especially in reducing global warming and climate change.Besides the economic benefit of trees, there is also some indirect benefit: environmental services.Carbon stock is one of the many environmental services analyzed in this research.The carbon stock analysis starts with the assessment process.Assessment is carried out by observing the area cover to be calculated for carbon.Field trips can make observations, aerial photography using drones, or high-resolution satellite imagery.Land cover changes Figure 2 shows the spatial analysis of land cover changes from 2006 until 2022 using ArcMap software.The land covers are divided into four types: dry land agriculture, shrub, mixed agriculture, and tea plantation.These delineation data are then processed into statistical data, as shown in Table 3 and Figure 3.  3 and Figure 3 show that the land use trend tends to change into shrubs.In contrast, the mixed agriculture cover tends to decrease.It is known that the baseline has a downward trend in the area where the program is being implemented.If this continues on a business-as-usual (BaU) basis, the land cover will change to shrubs or plantations, and the carbon content will decrease.This is possible due to the low economic value of mixed agriculture and forests.Even though the land cover seems to change insignificantly, these land covers (dry land agriculture, shrub, and tea plantation) have low carbon stock.
It is known that land use changes are one of the main problems faced by the world, especially Indonesia.Forests change economically into more productive land use, such as agriculture or settlement [6].It is inevitable because the population in Indonesia is rapidly increasing every year, so the need for them, i.e., food and home, is also increasing.Based on BPS 2023, it is known that Indonesia's population already reached more than 278 million people.However, the land used for agriculture to fulfil the people's needs is less than 10% and keeps decreasing yearly.On the other hand, around 35 million hectares of forest are not covered by forest but only empty land or shrubs.Therefore, with a social forest scheme and agroforestry system, these shrubs can be afforested while also giving more economic value.

Productive Carbon Forest Program
A carbon offset is one of the schemes from the Indonesian government to increase the land cover of forests in Indonesia.This program forced some high-emitter companies in Indonesia to reduce their carbon emissions or plant some forests.The additionality of a carbon surplus land cover can be claimed as economic carbon value (NEK) and then sold in Indonesia's domestic carbon market.Carbon offset is one action to mitigate the global warming from greenhouse gasses effect.The mitigation action that ASTRA company and IPB University did is called productive carbon forest.
The productive carbon forest program from IPB and ASTRA can increase forest land cover while increasing the economic value of forests.It is anticipated that this undertaking will serve as a pilot project for improving the social forest in Indonesia and could increase both the ecology and community welfare.Nevertheless, this productive carbon forest is expected to succeed in Indonesia's FoLU (Forest and Other Land Use) Net Sink 2030 and Indonesia's domestic carbon market, established at the end of September 2023 [6].Furthermore, the success of Indonesia's domestic carbon market hopes can be followed up by the International carbon market soon.

Conclusion
Forests still bring small benefits to the community, as shown by the GDP contribution of only 0.6%.Therefore, IPB University collaborates with ASTRA International to develop a productive carbon forest in Garut Regency.Agroforestry uses highly economic forest commodities.This program was very well received by the community there.Around 52.86 hectares of tea gardens and other plantations became productive carbon forests and are expected to be fruitful and profitable three years later.It planted 13,082 avocado trees, 71,070 coffee trees, and 8,270 hardwood trees.Assistance was carried out from the beginning of the program about six months ago and will continue until the fruit harvesting.This program is expected to continue for 20 years and give a profit of around IDR 596,567,022 (USD 3,9846) /hectare/year.It is anticipated that this undertaking will serve as a pilot project for improving the social forest in Indonesia and could increase both the ecology and community welfare.Nevertheless, this productive carbon forest is expected to succeed in Indonesia's FoLU (Forest and Other Land Use) Net Sink 2030 and Indonesia's domestic carbon market.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The Graphic of Top 10 Exporters of Coffee

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Spatial analysis to know the land cover change trend

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The trend line of land cover changes from 2006 until 2022 AssessmentAssessment is carried out by observing the area cover to be calculated for carbon.Field trips can make observations, aerial photography using drones, or high-resolution satellite imagery.The observation area will be made a land cover map with 23 classifications (Indonesia's second Forest Reference Level (FRL) 12/CP.17para12UNFCCC).b.Making a BaselineMaking a baseline is done by classifying land cover in the observation area with a time series from the previous several years.For example, if the observation area is to be measured in 2022, it is necessary to classify land cover in2022, 2020, 2018, 2015, 2012, 2009, and 2006.The land cover classification results are then calculated using the carbon measurements from the assessment.A baseline in the form of a non-linear regression allometric formula can be made with existing data.
t Where; t 0 (1 i) t NPV : Net Present Value Bt : Benefits obtained in year-t Ct : Costs incurred in year-t i : Applicable interest rate t : The lifetime of the business, or a business cycle b.Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) IRR is the maximum interest rate a business can pay for the resources used.If the IRR of a business is ≥ the interest rate, the business is feasible to run, and if the IRR is < interest rate, the business is not feasible to run.IRR can be obtained through the following equation: IRR i( ) 2.3.3.Ecological Analysis Carbon calculations are needed to obtain a carbon economic value (NEK) to meet Indonesia's target in the National Determined Contribution or NDC in Presidential Decree 98 of 2021.In addition, based on the Decree of the Minister of Environment and Forestry Number SK 168/MENLHK/PKTL/PLA.1/2/2022, this is also in line with Indonesia's target of fulfilling Indonesia's Forest and other Land use (FoLU) Net Sink in 2030.There is There are several ways to approach carbon accounting.However, the approach in SNI 7724 of 2019 is most often used in Indonesia and the second Indonesian Forest Reference Level (FRL) report 12/CP.17para12 UNFCCC.In SNI 7724 of 2019 and the second Indonesian Forest Reference Level (FRL) report 12/CP.17para 12 UNFCCC, carbon calculations for monoculture and agroforestry forest stands are similar and differ in land cover classification results.Here are some steps in carbon calculation: a.

Table 1 .
. Actualization of planted area in Garut

Table 2 .
shows that for 20 years during the program, the community is expected to receive a net present value of IDR 11,931,340,434 (USD 790,916.63)per hectare.From the economic analysis of NPV, this program is economically feasible because the NPV is greater than 0. As for the BCR and IRR, it has also [11] proven that the BCR is 3.83, greater than 1, and the IRR is 42.62%, more significant than the interest rate of 6%.When counted into yearly income, the net present value is IDR 596,567,022 (USD 3,9846) per hectare per year.This expected income is reasonable, in line with the agroforestry model from previous research[6], and is supposed to improve community welfare.Source: OEC[11]

Table 3 .
Land cover changes from 2006 until 2022