Agroforestry based eco-tourism as an innovative solution for economic, environmental and climate resilience in Batur UNESCO Global Geopark, Bali, Indonesia.

In recent years such challenges in Batur UNESCO Global Geopark (BUGG) become increasingly complex and dynamic as they involve multiple parties and multi-level institutions with various interests. The sustainable land use practices in BUGG have great potential in fulfilling the needs of local, restoring biodiversity, Sustainable Development Goals 2030, and climate change. This study aims to explore the potential of land use for promoting tourism based on sustainable land use practices associated with the needs of communities in climate-smart agriculture and forestry. The field survey was done in January - March 2023 on BUGG region, in-depth interviews were conducted with local communities, government officers, and tourist guides; geospatial analyses include 48 villages of BUGG. The study resulted in the potential of climate-smart agroforestry for promoting tourism activities in the BUGG including Kintamani oranges farming (33,3%), Kintamani coffee farming (33,3%), horticulture farming under Eucalyptus trees (23,4%) and bee farming under Eucalyptus trees associated with culture for geopark tourism (10%). In addition, the agroforestry of coffee and oranges has mutual benefit ecologically and feasible financially with NPV IDR2.419.361.435,70; IRR 90,79% and R/C 2,31.


Introduction
North East Bali's Kintamani area is one of the special tourist attraction regions that have been specified by the Regional Regulation of the Province of Bali Number 16 Year 2008 concerning the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW) of Bali Province.Kintamani area, especially the Batur Caldera, has a lot of potential, both natural panoramas, culture, and natural products that can be used as a source of livelihood for residents.
Batur Caldera is geographically located at 8°11' -8°18" South Latitude and 115°18' -115°27 East Longitude, is at an altitude of 100 meters above sea level -2172 meters above sea level and has a cool temperature with an average between 15 °C -21°C.The Batur Caldera area consists of 15 villages inside the caldera (inner caldera) and 33 villages outside the caldera.The Batur Caldera area was designated by UNESCO as part of the Global Geopark Network (CGN) during the 11th European Geopark conference on 20 September 2012 at Auroca Geopark, Portugal.Administratively, the Geopark is included in the district of Kintamani, Bangli Regency, Bali Province.The total area of Batur UNESCO Global Geopark is 19,422.39ha or 37.29% of Bangli Regency.As a geopark that had become a member of GGN, the management of Batur Geopark Area must involve local communities to participate in the decision-making process.The involvement of local communities is expected to improve the economy of the community with concern for conservation and avoid damaging the environment.Those conditions could happen if the geopark program gets a positive response from all involved stakeholders [1].
The Batur UNESCO Global Geopark (BUGG) has global, national, and local importance, attracting large numbers of tourists, yet most of its area is degraded, occupied by numerous settlements with lowerincome human development profiles, and unsustainable land use that has a negative environmental and economic impact on both residents and downstream communities and businesses, notably, the worldfamous tourism sector in the southern part of the island.There are three main objectives of the UNESCO Global Geopark, i.e.: 1) conservation/protection of geological aspects; 2) Education, on the phenomenon of the formation of the earth's surface (geoscientific knowledge); 3) Geotourism, geopark activities can be a stimulus for economic activity for the community and sustainable development.It is hoped that the increasing number of visitors to the Batur Geopark will increase people welfare in the area [2].
In recent decades, changes in climate have caused impacts on nature and humans on all continents.Climate change will amplify existing challenges and disadvantaged people and communities in countries at all levels of development.In Indonesia, climate change represents a major threat to the country, with especially severe consequences for the vulnerable environment and livelihoods, increasing sea temperature, flooding, saltwater intrusion, and other hazards all threaten the livelihoods and lives of residents.With the socio-economic conditions of the people who are relatively low on welfare, then in the long run, the pressure on resources will be even greater to meet the needs of communities, biodiversity, and nature.Agroforestry is a land-use system in which trees and shrubs are grown around or among crops or pasture land on farmlands and rural landscapes to enhance productivity, profitability, diversity, and ecosystem sustainability [3].It is considered a cost-effective strategy to fight against climate change and has become an essential tool to fight against global challenges such as desertification, loss of biodiversity, and climate change [4].Incorporating trees on farmland has multiple benefits, including carbon sequestration from the soil and woody biomass, reduced emission of greenhouse gases, and habitat for animals [5,6].
Developing nations need to maintain economic growth while sustaining the ecological health of their soil, water, and air, which is an enormous challenge [7].To achieve this objective, ecology and the economy must grow in close coordination [8,9].Tourism has been an important sector, as it produced benefits and impacts for the host community's socio-economic, environmental, and political condition [10].Although tourism has various positive impacts, especially on socio-economic within the host community, there was also concern about its negative impacts, especially on locals' well-being within the massive development of tourism attractions.Sustainable tourism became an alternative way to promote community participation, environmental and well-being protection, and improve the quality of life for the host community.Sustainable tourism values ecological, social, and economic systems [1].One potential sustainable tourism that is considered suitable for BUGG is Agroforestry-based tourism.
Geopark as ecotourism and geo-tourism has an essential role in the implementation of sustainable tourism development.Geopark's success is reliant upon local communities benefitting from their establishment and participation in building harmony between people and nature [1].There has been a limited amount of study in agroforestry-based tourism often called eco-tourism or agro-eco-tourism IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1315/1/0120113 compared to other types of tourism.The purpose of this study is to explore the potential of land use for promoting agro-eco-tourism based on sustainable land use practices associated with the needs of communities in agriculture and forestry.Agroforestry systems could help achieve a number of SDG goals, including those dealing with economic alleviation.

Method
This Study was conducted from February 2023 to June 2023 at Batur UNESCO Global Geopark, Kintamani District, Bangli Regency, Bali Province, ± 67 km to the Northeast of Denpasar City, or ± 27 km to the north of Bangli City.Primary data includes field observation and in-depth interviews to explore existing tourism activities and the potential of agroforestry-based tourism in Batur UNESCO Global Geopark.Interviews were conducted with local communities, government officers, visitors, and tourist guide to find out the potential of each village, both inner and outer caldera; geospatial analyses include 48 villages of BUGG were undertaken to provide accurate mapping of resources and community livelihood.Secondary data was obtained from government documents and literature reviews.Data were analysed using qualitative descriptive analyses.
Following surveys, FGD was carried out on potential agroforestry development based on community interest.Participants in the FGD were carried out by purposive sampling as a representative of the local community in Dusun Yeh Mampeh, mainly forest farmers who are interested in bee farming, tourist guide, Udayana University lectures, and bee farmers, and management of BUGG.Local participants who were chosen are members of the forest farmers group who have the knowledge and provide accurate information with sufficient depth of information related to the need of the study and representatives of interest groups in the study location.

Results and Discussion
Batur UNESCO Global Geopark consists of 15 villages in the inner caldera and 33 villages in the outer caldera, and the location spread across the caldera as it can be seen in Figure 1 and Figure 2.
Based on land cover and land use in the BUGG area, the landscape consists of protected forest areas, conservation forests (Taman Wisata Alam), limited production forest, other usages, and Lake Batur.According to the existing potential benefits, the parties involved in the management of the BUGG Area are different, according to the goods and services produced, including food crop farming; horticulture farming (red onion is the majority); agroforestry, in particular sweet orange and Kintamani coffee, tilapia fish farming; and tourism (Figure 3).
Results of the interviews, primary and secondary data collection, the existing farming system and potential for agro-forestry-based tourism in Batur Geopark could be potentially undertaken in the village as shown in Table 1 for the village in the inner caldera of BUGG and Table 2 for villages in the outer caldera of BUGG.The Batur catchment area has a wealth of flora and fauna which can also be developed as tourism for education/conservation such as tours to introduce flora and fauna, bird watching, or conservation camps held on the shores of the lake.In addition, the fishery potential in Lake Batur also greatly supports the development of fish-based culinary tourism, especially Tilapia and Mujair.
The results of interviews and surveys show that Batur Geopark is a favorite tourist destination.Visitors can choose a variety of attractions such as hiking to the peak of Mount Batur or Mount Abang, riding a motorbike to Mount Batur, jeep riding in the black lava area, trekking to Trunyan Hill and other track areas, observing indigenous culture in Trunyan, canoeing in Lake Batur, and praying in a number of historical temples.Recently, glamping and enjoying Mount Batur views from many cafés along the main road at Penelokan is very popular with tourists both from Indonesia and overseas.This result is in line with previous research conducted by Dewi and Nugroho [11] which described that Kintamani area is a good tourist destination in terms of attraction, amenities, ancillary, and accessibility.Agroforestry of Kintamani coffee and orange plantations have become the characteristics of Kintamani products and are grown organically.Organic coffee cultivation techniques have been successfully developed independently by coffee farmers in Belian and gained a brand.Channeling the agroforestry of coffee and oranges to Glamping, lodging, and restaurant businesses are well developed from small to large scale, thus providing an economic impact on the surrounding community and could enhance tourism in Kintamani.Agroforestry coffee and oranges provide the highest multiplier effect, as it has three marketing chains, and its distribution goes not only to the local market but also to export (Figure 4).also be seen the potential of agroforestry coffee and oranges as agrotourism to support the tourism sector in the area.The farming income from Agroforestry coffee and orange is mutual benefit each other.The orange trees give the shading needed by coffee trees, while the coffee give the soil nutrition and sharing fertilizer.In addition, the agroforestry of coffee and orange give the owner additional incomes.Coffee harvesting is done once a week for 3 months only in June, July, and August.While the orange harvest is held its peak in September each year.Coffee and orange have a productive period from 3 year to 20 year.The calculation of farming investment in agroforestry of coffee and orange in Kintamani Bali with some economic assumptions based on information from farmers and secondary data, showed that the agroforestry farming of coffee and orange have feasible remark, based on NPV more than zero, IRR more than discount factor, and R/C more than one (Table 3).
Beautiful landscape conditions and strong community culture in agriculture and culture provide opportunities for the development of Eco-Agrotourism (green tourism) around Lake Batur.The value of the products and services offered is not limited to the price of agricultural products but with the added value of being environmentally friendly, farming, or harvesting experiences for tourists with beautiful landscape views of Mount Batur and Lake Batur.Potential market from tourists who visit Bali searching for adventures, natural experiences, and environmentally friendly tourism.There are huge opportunities for further product processing (downstream) to increase product-added value to develop a bigger economic impact on society, according to information from the Department of Agriculture, Food Security, and Fisheries, factories for processing shallots, chilies, and coffee have been built in Bangli Regency.
The community's dependence on agricultural businesses is very strong and supports most of the community's economy in the BUGG area.Because of their strong dependence on agricultural business, farmers do not want to take risks that can be detrimental to the land, lake, and environment.This is because the location of the agricultural land is very close to the edge of the lake which allows the agricultural fields to enter the lake directly without further filtering or processing of waste.In addition, horticultural farming techniques are still carried out traditionally with the intensive use of manure, chemical fertilizers, and pesticides.The community has tried organic cultivation techniques for horticulture plants but was not successful and even suffered big losses, so other communities were reluctant to try it (low level of participation).There is no further evaluation or improvement to improve the organic farming application.Therefore, marketing of agricultural, fishery, and plantation products to the general market, even if they are of good quality.They cannot enter the organic market because they use intensive chemical fertilizers and pesticides, not to mention Niche market opportunities for organic products for tourists and organic food enthusiasts are quite large in Bali.Except for agroforestry coffee and oranges, which already run standard organic coffee cultivation techniques that have been successfully applied to their own plantations.Based on our observation and community demand, the priority to be done is a focus group discussion on the possibility of bee farming in Batur Selatan Village, in particular Dusun Yeh Mampeh.After discussion with Dr. Wahyudi, owner Royal Honey Sakah, a bee farmer and honey production, we conducted FGD in June 2023, followed by planting plants that will be food for the bees, such as Calliandra and Antigonon leptopus (local name: air mata pengantin).We have handed one bee hive to be placed in the area as a trial.

Challenges for BUGG Management
Geopark management requires a management structure that is solid, efficient, flexible, and as autonomous as possible which will be able to decide on the protection, promotion, economic development, and progress of the Geopark.Careful long-term planning, continuous monitoring, and regular evaluation are important factors for a successful outcome [12].Several policies and strategies in the development of surveillance by the Provincial Government of Bali include: 1) Preservation and improvement of the function and carrying capacity of the environment.
2) Development and improvement of regional functions in the development of a productive, efficient provincial economy and ability to compete in the national and international economy.3) Preservation and enhancement of the socio-cultural values of the Balinese area In managing the Lake Batur ecosystem, several programs launched by the provincial government of Bali are as follows: 1) Lake Batur Ecosystem Management Master Plan.
3) Study of Lake Batur Pollution Load Capacity.4) Grand Design of the Lake Rescue Movement Batur.5) Local government policies in the management of Lake Batur are contained in the RTRW of Bangli Regency.A number of opportunities for improving BUGG management are as follows (Table 4).• The dynamics of changes in land use can be controlled by terracing cultivation, reducing agricultural waste, and increasing the added value of products produced for both goods and services →Eco-agrotourism, more environmentally friendly cultivation techniques (Agroforestry) • The socio-economic conditions of the community need to be used as the basis for BUGG management, assistance and guidance are needed.• It is necessary to develop lake border infrastructure, inland fishery facilities, agricultural wastewater treatment systems, and domestic waste treatment so that it does not directly enter the lake body.• It is necessary to control businesses that are not in accordance with the layout and designation.• Synergy of cross-sector related parties in the management of the BUGG area • Sensitivity analysis has not been performed in the current modeling.It can be the next priority to see how sensitive the variables used are in influencing emission projections.• The role of the East Bali FMU needs to be further enhanced considering its strategic role and influence in the utilization of forest areas There are a number of challenges in managing BUGG, including: 1) Limited infrastructure development activities in Bangli Regency.This is related to the Lake Batur area which is the main water catchment area to meet water needs in its downstream areas such as Denpasar, Jimbaran, Kuta, and others.2) Increasingly limited availability of land for agricultural development for food crops, horticulture, plantations, and fisheries.This happened as a result of the increasingly rapid development of tourism around BUGG.
3) The need to increase land productivity and create added value for agricultural products produced in the land around BUGG. 4) Development of an environmentally friendly agricultural land use model.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Land cover and land use in the BUGG area, Kintamani, Bali.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2.The TWA location, a hillside area filled with Eucalyptus urrophyla, cannot be planted with horticultural crops.So, another effort is needed so that the community gets the benefits.The community proposes bee farming.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Nature scenery from the hill of Songan B Village

Table 1 .
The potency of each village in the inner caldera of Batur Geopark

Table 2 .
Agroforestry-based tourism potential of each village in outer caldera of BUGG

Table 3 .
R/C ratio of Coffee and Orange Agroforestry farming in Kintamani per ha (20 years)

Table 4 .
Modalities and opportunities for improving BUGG management It can be concluded that BUGG highly potential for climate-smart agroforestry for promoting tourism.Such activities include Kintamani orange farming, Kintamani coffee farming, horticulture farming under Eucalyptus trees, and bee farming.Other nature-based tourism that support the local economy includes trekking, mountain climbing, sunrise sightseeing, mountain scenery, jeep adventure, motocross adventure, canoeing and enjoying indigenous culture.Effort needs to be made to encourage ongoing economic activities, such as geo-product from local agriculture, gastronomy, and handicraft products to benefit for the local community.Community involvement.Immediate Community participation, involvement, and awareness of tourism practices are essential for managers and planners of protected areas.Agro-tourism developments is designed to protect communities and the environment, hence protected areas sustained for tourism income that not only create jobs and raise incomes but also supplement benefits including improved communication infrastructure and educational and training facilities.Based on the current economic engagement of the community, further development of agroforestry-based coffee and oranges are encouraged.b.Collaboration with stakeholders.Various stakeholders interested in the geopark should be invited to collaborate, such as governmental authorities, investors, academics (such as geology, geography, history, biology, tourism management) to assist future direction and educational approaches.Tourrelated companies, whether servicing transportation or accommodation, must gain the support of local communities to assist in serving the destination, engaging in sustainable practices and tourists' well-being.