The Flexibility of Sengon Agroforestry in Small-Scale Forest Development in Indonesia

Small-scale forests (SSF) are essential to the community’s ecological, social, and economic aspects. The tree species that many people choose to develop in small-scale forests is sengon. Sengon has various advantages and can be developed in agroforestry with various plants. The research question in this study is how flexible the sengon agroforestry pattern is in Small-Scale Forest Development in Indonesia? The study aimed to determine the flexibility of sengon agroforestry in small-scale forests and the added value of small-scale forests from the economic and ecological aspects. The study was conducted using a systematic review. The results show that small-scale forest development with an agroforestry pattern can diversify income sources from the same land management, thus providing a sustainable income. The sengon agroforestry pattern in small-scale forests can be made with various types of plants (a) woody trees, (b) food crops, (c) plantation crops, (d) horticultural crops, (e) medicinal plants and (f) animal feed crops. Small-scale forest agroforestry patterns can provide economic, ecological, and social benefits. By knowing various alternative agroforestry cropping patterns, communities will be more motivated to improve their small-scale forest management to increase their economy.


Introduction
Small Scale Forest (SSF) is a forest that grows on land that is encumbered with property rights or other rights outside the forest area with the provisions of a minimum area of 0.25 hectares with canopy cover dominated by woody plants [1].In the Forestry Law No. 5 of 1967, the term small-scale forest used is private forest, namely land owned by the people planted with trees.Based on the legal aspects in the Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry, small-scale forest, if viewed only from land ownership, can be categorized as private forest, namely, a forest on land encumbered with land rights.
Small-scale forests have a significant role in sustaining people's lives in Indonesia, an agricultural country.The main objectives of small-scale forest development are (1) to increase the productivity of critical land or areas that are not productive optimally and sustainably, (2) to assist in the diversification of agricultural products needed by the community, (3) to assist the community in providing building wood and industrial raw materials and timber, (4) increase the income of farming communities in rural areas as well as improve their welfare, and (5) improve water systems and the environment, especially on land owned by the people who are in protected areas upstream [2].Small-scale forest development 1315 (2024) 012010 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1315/1/012010 2 aims to improve the forest's environment, welfare, security, and integrity.The success of small-scale forests positively contributes to Indonesia's national development.Based on experience in other countries, small-scale forests are the community's primary income source.They have become the primary support for the timber industry.
Community interest in managing small-scale forests is increasing, as seen from the increasing production of wood from small-scale forests [3].The tree species that many people choose to develop in small-scale forests is sengon.Sengon is an adaptive tree that can be planted intercropped with various plant types.It is profitable because they give more income routines to the community and can repair fertile land [4,5].However, not enough publications specifically discuss the pattern of sengon agroforestry.Even at the international publication level using a Scopus search, only three articles discussed the pattern of sengon agroforestry.
The research question to be answered in this study is how flexible is the sengon agroforestry pattern in Small-Scale Forest Development in Indonesia?The study aimed to determine the flexibility of agroforestry patterns in small-scale forests and the added value of small-scale forests from the economic and ecological aspects.

Methods
The method used in this study is a literature study with a systematic review of literature by collecting and reviewing the research results to review and analyze published academic research related to agroforestry sengon.The literature review used the Guidelines for "Conducting Systemic Literature Reviews in Software Engineering" [6].The SLR process is categorized into three phases: planning, executing, and reporting the review [7].Keyword-related research questions are prepared during the planning stage.Keywords are used to develop search strings for different databases.The database used in this research is Google Scholar.The database from Google Scholar was chosen to expand the review because the use of the database used an international database, namely Scopus, only getting three articles related to Sengon agroforestry.Elevant studies are chosen at the review step from the compiled database.Following that, criteria for choosing qualifying studies were established.Articles that passed the selection criteria were pooled, and important data extracted in response to the research questions.At the reporting stage, research questions are discussed based on the extracted data, and the results are presented descriptively using narration, tables, and pictures to describe the occurring phenomena.The implementation stages of the literature review are presented in Figure 1.

Reporting
The reduction in the number of articles at the execution stage occurred due to the selection of articles by adjusting the keywords, themes and research questions to be answered.In addition, several similar articles were also found that needed to be deleted from the database.At this stage there was a reduction in articles from 57 articles to only 35 articles.

History of Small-Scale Forest Development
Small-scale forests developed in Indonesia starting in 1951 inspired by Dutch architects' construction of a horse race using preserved sengon wood; meanwhile, the paper industry also needed wood-based raw materials [8].This phenomenon became the starting point for serious attention related to small-scale forests.In 1952 spearheaded by the People's Agriculture Service, vacant lands began to be planted.In 1956, community-owned lands started to be planted with valuable plants.Policies related to small-scale forest development continue to run, but not all can run well.The small-scale forest policy in 1964 could not be implemented due to Indonesia's political climate, which did not allow it.The detailed history of small-scale forest development can be seen in Table 1.
The development of small-scale forests in Indonesia is also driven by the state and condition of state forests managed by the government, which is damaged due to mismanagement that does not pay attention to social aspects, so they can no longer meet the community's needs [2].The dominant problems in small-scale forests are management patterns that are still simple, limited extension workers, the vital role of middlemen, and low market prices [9].Therefore, the paradigm of small-scale forest management is no longer limited to planting but is also related to institutional, economic, social, and ecological aspects.For the business system of small-scale forest farmers to run well and in line with the direction of development policies, incentives such as price protection, regulatory support, and business partnerships are needed to support the business activities of small-scale forest farmers [9].

Small-Scale Forest Planting Models and Patterns
Small-scale forest planting patterns on private land can be classified into 3 (three) forms, namely: Monoculture small-scale forest planting patterns, mixed cropping patterns, and planting patterns with agroforestry/forestry systems [8,[10][11][12].The tree species many people choose to develop in small-scale forests is sengon.Sengon is a tree planted in a small-scale forest because it grows fast, is easily maintained, and can benefit the economy faster to Fulfill the needs of life Public [13].Several forms of pattern forest people-based sengon developed by the community are as follows:

3.2.1.
Monoculture small-scale forest planting pattern Land with a monoculture forest pattern is planted with one type of woody plant.This species generally develops in groups of 2 -8 ha in a block or smaller area.Land with a monoculture pattern is generally carried out by the community as future savings which will be used at certain times, for example to build a house or marry off a child.People who choose to plant in monoculture generally will not carry out intensive maintenance on their land.
The density of weed species in the monoculture pattern is higher than the agroforestry pattern.However, most of the weeds can be used by communities around the forest as animal feed, while the rest are used as food ingredients and traditional medicine.The many types of weeds that can be utilized by the community indicate that sengon forest can be a support for food security, so the recommended weed control technique is manual technique with simple tools and space settings for growth [14].

3.2.2.
Mixed small-scale forest planting pattern The diverse small-scale forest planting pattern consists of 2 -5 types of woody plants in a specific area, such as Sengon, Mahogany, Maesopsis, Suren, and Teak, which are planted in a mixture and combinations in each area.The spacing of each type of plant in one area is usually irregular.The number of trees for each species varies, and different age variations are found in one species.Mixed small-scale forests have resistance to pests and diseases.From an economic point of view, mixed small-scale forests have higher resilience and flexibility due to the diversification of commodities and sustainability yields.

3.2.3.
Small-scale forest planting pattern with an agroforestry system Agroforestry cropping pattern consists of three forms: Agroforestry/wanatani pattern, wanafarma pattern, and Silvopasture cropping pattern.a. Agroforestry/ Wanatani Patterns Agroforestry patterns are oriented to optimizing land use, both from an economic and ecological perspective, so there is a need for spatial arrangements for growth and plant layout [12].The advantage of the agroforestry pattern is its strong resistance to pests and diseases.Economically, there will be double profits through sustainable harvesting, namely daily, weekly, monthly, seasonal, and annual harvests.The absorbed workforce is much more numerous and sustainable [15,16].
Experts widely assess the agroforestry cropping pattern as the most suitable for densely populated areas in terms of economic and social functions (community income) and environmental functions.The results of the study at several community forest locations with an agroforestry system obtained that the production of sengon wood ranged from 50 -150 m3/ha, with the production of several mixed crops such as upland rice 2.5 tons/ha, corn 4 tons/ha, cassava 7.5 tons/ha, peanuts 1.5 tons/ha, chili tons/ha, bananas 1500 bunches/ha/year, pineapple 4000 fruit/ha/year, and papaya 1500 fruit/ha/year [17].Research results From many combinations of plants in community forests, the combination of sengon, coffee, chili, and cardamom plants can provide maximum benefits and is feasible to cultivate with a positive Net Present Value (NPV) [8].

b. Wanafarma agroforestry cropping pattern
The pattern of wanafarma agroforestry is a mixture of forestry plants with medicinal plants, food, fruits, and plantations.Several wanafarma mixtures that have succeeded in producing high profits in Indonesia are those grown with forestry plants based on sengon (Paracerianthus falcataria) [10], among others, are (1) A mixture of sengon plants with fruit crops (mangosteen, jackfruit, petai and jengkol) and plantation crops (coconut and tea) and medicinal plants (katuk and cardamom); (2) A mixture of sengon and ginger or turmeric with coconut and katuk developed through the application of intensive silviculture with technological input using quality seeds.

c. Silvopasture cropping pattern
The silvopasture cropping pattern combines forestry crops with livestock such as grass plants as animal feed.Silvopasture is an alternative that can be developed on small-scale forests, especially land bordering forest areas.With the diversification of forest stands in the form of wood and fodder forage, in addition to increasing farmers' income, the sustainability of forest resources and ecosystems will be maintained.Several types of sengon-based cropping patterns that are widely developed are the silvopasture pattern of sengon with the grass [30].
Based on the cropping pattern applied by the community, it is known that sengon has the flexibility to be planted with other plants.Sengon is not only suitable for planting with more woody species, but also suitable for growing seasonal crops.
Small-scale forests in their management can be developed through various models, namely subsidies, swadaya, and partnership models.1) Subsidy model; small-scale forest built on private land at the cost of part or all of the government.2) Swadaya model is a small-scale forest built from the community's planning, implementation, and funding.3) The partnership model aims to achieve small-scale forestry business units in the wood processing industry centers and foster community participation and is managed by many stakeholders, namely farmers, farmer groups, business partners/cooperatives or entrepreneurs, as the primary implementers, and institutions from Ministry of Environment and Forestry, and local government as supporters [8].There are 3 (three) schemes for initiating the development of a partnership model that is currently developing, namely, The partnership pattern is at the initiative of the land owner; At the government's and private sector's initiatives [31].

The Value-added of Small-scale forest
Small-scale forests began with efforts to rehabilitate degraded lands in Indonesia that have been going on for a long Time.However, successful cases are rare, even though the community knows the function of the forest.Planting timber trees is hampered by various things because some of them are considered unprofitable [32].However, people's views have slowly changed since the sengon tree (Paraserianthes falcataria) was chosen as a plant to rehabilitate private lands.Sengon has advantages such as adaptive; that is, it can be planted in intercropping with various plants and is profitable because it provides more regular income to the community [4].In addition, sengon trees can improve soil fertility [5].
Small-scale forests are generally developed in mixed gardens or agroforestry, located not in one stretch but spread over several blocks ranging from 0.25-3.0ha.The agroforestry cropping pattern was chosen because it met the economic -social, and ecological sustainability aspects of business feasibility more than a small-scale forest with a pure pattern.One type of plant widely developed in small-scale forests is the sengon.The following is the feasibility of sengon small-scale forest exploitation from the aspects:

Economic-Social Feasibility
The value of the economic benefits of a land in providing income is essential for land owners, because it will be a consideration in deciding tree selection and cropping patterns.Sengon small-scale forest with an agroforestry cropping pattern has several advantages because it allows the optimum utilization of the land site, especially the mixing of tolerant and intolerant species, short and long cycles, wood and nontimber species to provide periodic income in rotation on a daily, weekly, monthly, and monthly basis, and annual sustainability to farmers [33,34].For most smallholders, the motivation to plant trees competes with their interest in growing short-term food crops to provide the cash flow needed to support the daily needs of farming families.
Sengon trees are cut down on average between the ages of 4 -8 years; wood plants other than sengon, which are generally found on private land, are Mahogany and Teak, this type of wood was chosen because it is preferred for furniture, so marketing is easy even though it requires a longer cycle, which is between 13-17 years.In the management of sengon small-scale forests, farmers generally do not practice silvicultural techniques such as pruning and thinning to improve wood quality, which has an impact on the quality and selling value of the logs, so the actual revenue is not optimal [35,36].
Several studies have informed that sengon small-scale forests contribute between 26% -37% of farmers' household incomes [36].Income the sourced from results wood, no wood, and livestock.Contribution highest originated from the result of no wood to Fulfill needs every day, while plant sengon and wood other allocated as savings.The moment this plant sengon Becomes prima donna in people's gardens because reason cost management plants are more cheap and easy and incredibly fast harvested.
From the standard calculation of economic feasibility, namely NPV, the Benefit Cost Ratio (B/C) ratio in various places shows suitable sengon small-scale forest exploitation activities in West Java, [37][38][39], Central Java [40], East Java [13,41] and in some places outside Java [42,43] are profitable.The highest economic contribution from sengon plants was obtained at 42.71%, while the highest from nontimber plants was 75.00 %.
The NPV value in small-scale forests is higher than if the land is only planted with seasonal crops.Hence, exploiting small-scale forests is more profitable than cultivating seasonal crops.The size of the economic contribution of each plant that composes an agroforestry pattern will determine the amount of income received from small-scale forest exploitation.The average contribution of woody plants is smaller than that of non-timber plants or their intercropping plants.
The ease with which the sengon tree adapts to various types of plants that make up agroforestry dramatically affects the decisions of farmers, namely according to conditions such as the ability of farmers' business capital, agro-climate suitability, farmer attitude suitability (lazy, diligent, etc.), market needs, etc.In addition, the choice of agroforestry pattern results in better plant health because there is yield diversification and reduced risk due to lower production prices or pests and diseases of one type of plant [44].However, there are no studies that provide detailed information on the yield of each IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1315/1/0120107 component per plant that composes of related to agroforestry, such as the unit cost of production, the yield of food, and the yield of wood based on age class and log size class as well as prices for different wood classes.Likewise, there is a lack of information regarding the actual performance of small-scale forest exploitation and the factors that affect production related to silvicultural management activities applied by farmers [45].
Small-scale forests are generally a long-term side business.However, they are awaited because they function as savings for family needs such as increasing business capital, financing school children, building or repairing houses, etc. Developing small-scale forests and impacting farmers' income also encourage new employment opportunities, such as community timber buyers.Small community wood processing industries have emerged, creating job opportunities and business opportunities enjoyed by various parties involved.Small-scale forest exploitation has provided economic and social benefits.It has proven that the community can participate in the wood supply.Small-scale forest development needs to be continuously encouraged.Its sustainability is influenced by many factors, including ownership of land assets, the existence of market opportunities and policy support such as easy access to financial sources, regulations for logging and transportation permits as well as getting incentives as environmental conservation actors and others.Community Plantation Forests in the social forestry program currently being promoted by the government is a business opportunity for the community and a job opportunity to improve their welfare.On a macro level, the development of small-scale forests can impact environmental sustainability and the sustainability of the regional economy.

Ecological feasibility
Mistakes in assessing the benefits of forests have been going on for years, where forests as resources are often only calculated for the value of the benefits of wood (tangible benefits).In contrast, the benefits of regulating water systems, protecting watersheds, carbon sequestration services, and biodiversity in forest ecosystems often escape the calculation of economic value (intangible benefit).At the same Time, several studies show that intangible benefits are much higher than tangible ones [46].
The contribution of small-scale forests in supporting the local environment where the small-scale forests are located is unquestionable.Several studies and surveys show how small-scale forests contribute to improving the environment, which was initially critical and barren, and has become a green and fertile area.Increased canopy cover can withstand surface runoff, suppress topsoil transport due to rainwater, and prevent erosion and landslides [32], while land only with seasonal crops tends to reduce land productivity, especially with improper management.
Sengon small-scale forest, with its agroforestry pattern, has advantages from an ecological point of view, with multi-layered canopy stratification and different tree canopy widths, and has strong resistance to wind attack.In addition to small-scale forests, agroforestry patterns have a more remarkable ability to absorb and store carbon long-term than plantation forests.This is related to the harvesting system with selective/needed logging so that the stands are still available, the number of species planted is more significant, the carbon storage capacity is cumulative from each species available, and carbon storage continues.This pattern allows forest sustainability to be realized [32,47].

Conclusion
Sengon small-scale forest in its management can be developed through various models.From its shape, the planting pattern of Sengon Community Forest can be classified into 3 (three) forms; Pure community forest planting pattern, mixed planting pattern, and planting pattern with an agroforestry system.The cropping pattern widely adopted by the community is the agroforestry pattern.This pattern is oriented towards optimizing land use for densely populated areas, both in terms of economic functions (community income), social functions, and environmental functions.
The existence of sengon small-scale forest has increasingly benefited farmers and the government because it has been proven to have contributed significantly to farmers' income and can help provide raw wood materials for industrial and household needs.Sengon small-scale forest plays a role in the socio-economic life of the community and ecological aspects, especially in improving water management and protecting/preserving the environment, as well as its role in absorbing carbon dioxide.However, the management of sengon small-scale forests is still traditionally done.Developing sengon community forests has a strategic role because, with the increasing prevalence of environmental issues, a greater carrying capacity of environmental services is needed.After all, the existing state forest areas are decreasing daily.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Implementation Stages of Literature Reviews

Table 1 .
Development History Community Forests in Indonesia

scale forest appears in the vocabulary of forestry in Indonesia in an article
published by FAO entitled "Forestry for the Development of Local Communities".Progressive policymakers believe that those who know local forest conditions are local people.1980 Small-scale forests began to develop in the South Kapur area, known as small-scale forests with teak as the dominant, and in Lampung, Damar cultivation began.1990 The Ministry of Forestry carries out a sengonization program followed by a crisis land control program.2003 Through the Ministry of Forestry, the government organizes the National Movement for Forest and Land Rehabilitation (GERHAN) by planting critical lands in watersheds (DAS) in Indonesia.2005 Through the Ministry of Forestry, the government organizes the program "Kecil Menanam Dewasa Menebang (KMDM)" to provide early forestry education.Source : [3, 8] IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1315/1/0120104