Identified benefits of community trees in Martelu Purba Nature Reserve

The tree species in the Martelu Purba Nature Reserve has been identified. There were 39 plant species from 27 families. Publication of the benefits of each tree species in Martelu Purba Nature Reserve has not been well done. The trees have good potential for further exploration to discover their real benefits for human welfare. This research aims to identify the benefits of the Martelu Purba Nature Reserve. The method used in this study was an exploratory method of tree species in the Ancient Martelu Nature Reserve, and then the benefit categories of each type were determined with reference to the book Indonesian Useful Plants by K. Heyne. Based on research results, the benefits of trees are classified into six categories: raw materials for medicines, food sources for humans and animals, trees to improve environmental conditions, heavy and light construction materials, natural dyes, and paper-making materials. Each type has more than one benefit. Around 35%, or 24 species, are used for consumption; as many as 29%, or 20 species, are used as medicinal plants and as building materials. 21%, or 14 species; besides that, there are tree species for which the local community uses the sap and Gamblea malayana (MRHend.) CBShang, Lowry & Frodin as a phytoremediation plant.


Introduction
Plants have a crucial role in providing food and energy sources and supporting various aspects of human life.They serve as a basis for the metabolism of almost all animals.Apart from being a food source such as vegetables, fruit, and crops, plant products also play an important role for humans, including wood, fiber, medicinal ingredients, various types of oil, latex, natural pigments, and resins [1].[2] the states that plants have various uses, including clothing, food, building materials, animal feed, energy sources, dyes, aromas, toxic substances, ornamental elements, traditional and religious ceremonies, medicines, ropes, crafts, pesticidesa nd cosmetics.Timber as a forest product has long been managed and utilized, but there is a tendency for over-exploitation.Sadly, The potential of non-timber forest products has not been optimally utilized due to low knowledge and understanding as well as the lack of mastery of science and technology in processing them.
The Martelu Purba Nature Reserve (CAMP) was previously a conservation area and was later inaugurated as a nature reserve through the Ministry of Forestry Decree No. 471/Kpts-II/1993.The Martelu Purba Nature Reserve is located near the main road and is divided by several roads so that the existence of these roads has a negative impact on the conservation forest area because it makes it easier for humans to carry out activities that are a problem for CAMP, such as the activities of the local community who often take land on the area causing disruption to vegetation [3].CAMP has a very important role in maintaining biodiversity and its ecosystems, as well as functioning as a life-supporting microclimate, pollution remover, food source, and habitat for animals [4][5][6][7].
Many studies have been conducted on flora composition, forest structure, and vegetation in tropical forests [8], as well as with CAMP.Research on vegetation in the Martelu Purba area has been carried out by [3][9-10], but data on the benefits of each tree species in CAMP have not been revealed.This study aims to identify the benefits of trees found in the Ancient Martelu Nature Reserve.

Data Collection
The tree species data used in this paper are tree species data found and previously published [3].Each type of tree found was then conducted in direct interviews with field assistants and the surrounding community regarding the uses of each type of tree found.In addition, literature studies have also been carried out to complement the data.Information about the potential utilization of plants can be obtained in two ways.First, collecting primary data through interviews with local communities aims to discover the types of forest plants used by the community.Second, information can be obtained through secondary data derived from literature searches, with the main literature being books on useful Indonesian plants.

Result
The results showed that in the Ancient Martelu Nature Reserve, there were 39 plant species that fall into the category of trees.These trees are scattered in various areas in the Ancient Martelu Nature Reserve.The majority of plant families found in the Ancient Martelu Nature Reserve are Dipterocarpaceae, Lauraceae, Moraceae, and Rubiaceae consisting of 2 genera found.In other reserve areas, only one genus is found per family.These dominant families naturally dominate tropical rainforests in the Martelu Purba Nature Reserve [9]  From the 39 identified tree species, the benefits of the trees are classified into six categories namely; 1. as a raw material for medicine, 2. a source of food for humans and animals, 3. improvement of environmental conditions, 4. heavy and light construction materials, 5. natural dyes, 6. and paper-making materials.
Each type has more than one benefit.About 35% or 24 species are used for consumption; as much as 29% or 20 species are used as medicinal plants and 25% or 17 species can be used as building materials.In addition, there are 4% or 3 types of trees that are used by the community as coloring agents in typical Toba Batak dishes.In addition, there are 2 types of trees that are used as pulp and paper materials, and 1 (one) type of tree that is known to the public as a tree that can absorb toxins in the soil or what is commonly called a phytoremediation plant.The percentage of tree benefits in CAMP is dominated by tree species that can be used by humans or animals for consumption, can be seen in Figure 1.The Trees that have medicinal properties are trees in which various parts of the body, such as roots, stems, bark, and leaves, can be used as medicine either by direct consumption or by indirect use, such as rubbing.In addition, some of these trees can also be processed first through cooking or processing at the factory before being used as medicine [11].In the Martelu Purba Nature Reserve, there are tree species that are included in the category used as material for medicine.Schima wallichii(DC.)Korth.Based on interviews with local people, it is used as a stomach ache medicine where the leaves are boiled and then drunk.Styrax benzoin Dryand is a tree that is commonly used as incense, its sap has been widely used as raw material for cosmetics, perfume binders, pharmaceutical raw materials [12-13and as traditional medicine [14][15] as well as many studies on pharmacology have reported the use of Styrax chemical components in anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiaging, and HIV antiviral activities, as well as essential oils that can function as fragrances [16][17].Trilobatin is a chemical component that can be produced from the Lithocarpus elegans (Blume) Hatus Ex tree and Lithocarpus maingayi (Benth.)Rehder which can protect against oxidative injury to nerve cells and research on its ability to prevent aging [18].Ficus benjamina L. and Ficus padana Burm.f. have been used as upset stomach, anthelmintic, and anti-dysentery drugs in traditional medicine [19].Zanthoxylum rhetsa (Roxb) DC.It has been used as a pain reliever and to increase lactation in nursing mothers [20] and the peel extract has been used as an ingredient in natural sunscreen formulations [21].Dendrocnide stimulant (Lf) Chew, according to [22], is used as a cough medicine and hair wash.Cratoxylum formosum (Jack) Benth.& Hook.f.ex Dyer is as an antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral [23][24][25].
Categories of trees that are useful as food for humans and animals include; Vaccinium varingiifolium (Blume) Miq., this tree is known as Cantigi Ungu or Cantigi Gunung, still closely related tobilberries, huckelberries, and cranberries.The fruit is widely consumed because it is one of the richest sources of natural oxidants and has an attractive color and a special taste [26].Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit leaves from lamtoro are often consumed by local people around CAMP. Litsea elliptica Blume leaves are used by the community for consumption.The leaves of the Litsea elliptica Blume tree are known for their ability to treat and prevent diseases such as ulcers, cancer, fever, and headaches [27][28][29][30][31]. Pterospermum diversifolium Blume, according to a study by [32] bayur stem bark has higher antioxidant activity compared to the leaves.Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam, Syzygium cerasiforme (Blume) Merr.& LMPerry, Syzygium pycnanthum Merr.& LM Perry , Coffea arabica L, Coffea canephora Pierre ex A.Froehner and Coffea sp., usually the fruit is eaten by animals.Cinnamomum iners And Cinnamomum subavenium Miq.(Reinw.ex Nees & T.Nees) Blume has been used for spices since ancient times [33] Trees have benefits such as heavy and light construction materials, natural dyes, and paper-making materials.Liquidambar excelsa (Noronha) Oken or what is known as rasamala is usually used by the community as a building material [34] whose leaves are also eaten for vegetables.Celtis rigescens (Miq.)Planch, and Lasjia hildebrandii (Steenis) PHWeston & ARMast are used by the community as building materials [35 -36].Shorea acuminata Dyer, Shorea leprosula Miq., and Shorea platyclados Slooten ex Endert., Shorea wood is included in the first class traded in international markets [37][38] Acacia decurrens (JCWendl.)Willd.as pulp and paper material.
There is 1 (one) type of tree category that is useful for improving environmental conditions (phytoremediation plants), namely Gamblea malayana (MRHend.)CBShang, Lowry & Frodin, but there is no literature that supports this statement.Phytoremediation plants are a type of plant used to clean and treat pollution or contamination in the environment.They have the ability to absorb, accumulate and reduce the level of pollution in soil, water, or air, thereby playing a role in the restoration of polluted environments due to industrial waste, agriculture, or other human activities.The important role of phytoremediation plants in maintaining environmental sustainability and improving the quality of life for living things in the vicinity.Sipayung's statement [39] confirms that phytoremediation is an innovative technology that is cost-effective, safe, and can be applied aesthetically in the long term.

Conclusion
The benefits of trees found in CAMP are classified into six categories namely; 1. as a raw material for medicine, 2. a source of food for humans and animals, 3. improvement of environmental conditions, 4. as heavy and light construction materials, 5. natural dyes, 6. and paper-making materials.Each type has more than one benefit.About 35% or 24 species are used for consumption; 29% or 20 species are used as medicinal plants and 25% or 17 species are used as building materials.In addition, there are 4% or 3 types of trees that are used by the community as coloring agents in typical Toba Batak dishes.There are 2 types of trees that are used as pulp and paper materials, and 1 (one) type of tree that is known to the public as a tree that can absorb toxins in the soil or what is commonly called a phytoremediation plant.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Various uses of trees in Martelu Purba Nature Reserve.

Table 1 .
The tree species and their uses in the Martelu Purba Nature Reserve.