Management of coffee agroforestry systems: lessons learned from a social forestry program in West Java, Indonesia

Indonesia has a long history of social forestry (SF). The essence of this scheme is to involve the community in managing state forests. The agroforestry system is the main choice, with trees already on forest land. The combination of trees and crops provides an alternative livelihood for the community. Coffee plants are one of the choices for undergrowth plants. This study aims to explain the management of coffee agroforestry in social forestry programs. The method used was direct observation in the field combined with a focus group discussion involving six Forest Village Community Institutions (LMDH) with 15 respondents for each LMDH. The results showed that farmers mainly chose coffee because it was shade-tolerant, allowing it to grow well under tree stands. Coffee management in SF with an agroforestry system differs from a monoculture cultivation system in terms of spacing, number of coffee plants per hectare, land preparation techniques, planting, maintenance, and productivity. The government can encourage the management of coffee agroforestry systems in state forests through social forestry schemes by providing training and facilities to increase the added value of coffee in advanced products, providing access to production facilities, capital, and markets, and institutionally strengthening farmer groups.


Introduction
To boost agricultural productivity overall, agroforestry systems (AFS) combine food crops with woody perennials and livestock on the same plot of land [1].AFS, as a sustainable method of land usage [2], has several ecological and financial advantages [3,4], can better ensure food security, land security, financial security, and biodiversity [3], and degrades the land [4], and is a tool for increasing and diversifying productivity [5].AFS is thought to offer greater ecosystem services (ES) than monocrop systems.Comparatively speaking, this method is more likely to help farmers distribute risks and their overall advantages [6].As a result, agroforestry is heavily pushed globally [5].
In Indonesia, agroforestry has been practiced for a while [7].Despite this, it has only been promoted in the Social Forestry Program for less than a decade.The Social Forestry Program was launched in 2007 but halted in 2014 due to complicated and time-consuming implementation procedures.Social IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1315/1/012002 2 forestry is one of the national priority programs.The Minister of Environment and Forestry issued Regulation 9/2021 on Social Forestry Management to accelerate the program's implementation.As a sustainable land use that combines trees and crops, agroforestry is well suited to be implemented in the Social Forestry Program to meet the community's needs for improved welfare by cultivating crops with high economic value and the government's desire to preserve forest functions.
The coffee agroforestry system is one of the simpler systems practiced in Indonesia for a long time, especially in highland areas.The coffee plant is one of the shade-tolerant plants, so it is very suitable to be planted under woody trees.Coffee grows well in high-elevation regions.In Indonesia, most coffee plantations are located in mountainous regions with fertile volcanic soil.Indonesian coffee has a unique taste and aroma, which makes Indonesian coffee excellent for international trade [8].
The Dutch colonials introduced coffee to Indonesia in the 17th century.It was first cultivated in the highland areas around Batavia (Jakarta), such as Bogor and Sukabumi Regencies, before spreading to other Java, Sumatra, Sulawesi, and Papua regions.The Dutch East India Company (VOC) has exported coffee from Java to European markets since the early 18 th century [9].According to the International Coffee Organization (ICO), Indonesia is now the fourth largest coffee producer in the world, after Brazil, Vietnam, and Columbia.In 2021, Indonesia exported 384,510 tons of coffee to various countries, including European countries, the USA, and Middle Eastern countries [10].
Coffee is one of the commercial crops that supports the livelihood of more than one million small farmers in Indonesia.In 2020, the total area of smallholder coffee plantations was about 1.227 million hectares, an increase of about 0.5% from 2019 [11].The increase in population and demand for coffee increased community pressure on the state forest area in the highland regions, such as in Bandung and Garut Regencies, West Java Province.Many protected forests in mountainous regions are illegally infringed upon by the communities surrounding the forests to plant coffee and vegetables.Through the Social Forestry Program, the community gets legal access to cultivating coffee in the state forest area using an agroforestry system.This study aims to explain the management, the problems faced, and strategies for improving the management of coffee agroforestry in social forestry programs.

Location and Time
This research was conducted in three regencies, namely Ciamis Regency, Garut Regency, and Bandung Regency, West Java, Indonesia, and two locations were selected in each district.This location is the location of a social forestry program managed by the Forest Village Community Institution (LMDH), which has obtained a permit through the Pengakuan dan Perlindungan Kemitraan Kehutanan (KULIN KK) scheme.

Data Collection and Analysis
Data was collected through focus group discussions (FGD), in-depth interviews, and field observations.The number of FGD participants consisted of eight people in each LMDH.The FGD participants were LMDH administrators, community leaders, and village officials.Several questions in the FGD and indepth interviews related to management and problems encountered in coffee-based agroforestry management.Problems encountered in agroforestry coffee management are analyzed using Fishbone diagrams.A fishbone diagram, also known as an Ishikawa diagram or a cause-and-effect diagram, is a graphical method for illustrating the various causes of a certain occurrence or phenomenon [12].
In 2001, Perum Perhutani developed a Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) program [14], which has now evolved into a social forestry program.Under this program, communities can plant seasonal crops and other crops, such as coffee, among forest plants in an intercropping system.In addition, communities can access non-timber forest products, such as firewood, animal feed, and teak leaves, to fulfill their daily needs.At the same time, the social forestry program requires communities to maintain trees in forest areas and protect forests from threats, such as illegal logging and forest fires.Coffee agroforestry in the social forestry program has been developed in several regions in Indonesia, especially in West Java, as presented in Table 1.

Why Coffee Agroforestry Systems?
One of the most valuable crops in the world is coffee, cultivated on more than 11 million acres of land in the tropics and in 60 different nations, primarily by smallholders, who produce 70% of the world's IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1315/1/0120024 food [16,17,18].In Indonesia, drinking coffee is necessary and has become a new lifestyle.Each coffeeproducing area has its own coffee products that have their own characteristics.Coffee is a plant that requires shade for its growth.Therefore, the community is cultivating coffee with an agroforestry pattern.In 2010, only 25% of the world's coffee production was managed in various agroforestry systems with multilayered, multispecies shade, 35% had light shade, and 40% had no shade at all [19].Home garden and coffee agroforestry systems are regarded as a sustainable type of intensive land use worldwide [20].[21] stated that coffee agroforestry systems are complex, species-rich agroforests with a structural and biological diversity continuum.
Coffee plants are interplanted with trees to form coffee agroforestry systems (CAFS) [22], which can improve the cycle of nutrients, biodiversity, and carbon storage [22,23], a tempered microclimate [22], have various environmental advantages as a means of restoring biophysically damaged land [24], and have the potential to maintain local livelihoods while preserving nature [25,26].Various tree species and diverse vegetation layers serve as habitat for various species, making them valuable for nature conservation [27,28,29].They give farmers additional goods for sale or domestic use and provide them with financial gain from the primary crop [30,31].
In order to preserve the canopy cover of the landscape and reduce the conversion of forests to annual crop agriculture, coffee is produced under trees [32], which suggests that agroforestry can be a key factor in maximizing the preservation of biodiversity in the area.Smallholder farmers decide whether to increase coffee production or use management techniques that preserve biodiversity values.As a result, coffee agroforestry needs to be commercially viable for smallholder growers and ecologically sustainable [33,34].
However, the impact of agroforestry on coffee production, the essential provisioning service in coffee systems, varies in different places.According to some research, monoculture coffee yields were higher than those produced by coffee agroforestry systems [35], while others discovered no appreciable effects on yield [36,37], and yet more research discovered a hump-shaped link between shade cover and coffee yield, with low shade cover (50%) negatively affecting yields and high shade cover (>50%) favorably increasing yields [38].Moreover, factors specific to the location, including altitude, soil characteristics, rainfall, cloudiness, and the degree of farm management, impact the relationship between coffee productivity and shade [39].There is less evidence to support the claim that increasing levels of shadow reduce coffee production [19].Although shadow levels above 50% in coffee farms are associated with a loss in coffee production, a shade below 50% does not appear to affect yield [40].
Evidence supporting increased shade levels coupled with decreased coffee yields is scarce [19].While shade levels above 50 % in coffee plantations are associated with decreased coffee productivity, a shade below 50% does not compromise yield [40].
The cultivation of coffee in an agroforestry pattern in the social forestry program has several differences from coffee cultivation in monoculture.These differences include that coffee cultivation does not require attaching shade plants because previously existing stands were available.The number of coffee plants per hectare is less than those grown in monoculture because of existing stands.Farmers' selections of shade trees and plantation density had a big impact on the state parameters (soil pH, total soil N, and transmitted radiation).Significant relationships existed between the total soil N and pH of Fabaceae trees.The amount of shade provided by trees significantly impacted the amount of radiation that reached coffee bushes [26].
The social forestry program is carried out in state forest areas (production and protection forests).The spread of shade coffee into forests that are too remote or steep to convert to other types of agriculture effectively may be aided by economic incentives [41,42].
Based on the results of FGD, it is known that there are several reasons for farmers cultivating coffee in the social forestry program, namely economic, social, and environmental, as presented in Table 2.

No
Reasons for choosing coffee as a plant in the social forestry program Remarks 1. Economic High demand, as a source of regular income, prices are relatively stable.

Social
Follow current trends 3. Environment Needed shade and is readily available.Table 2 shows that the economic aspect is why most farmers are encouraged to plant coffee.The current increase in demand for coffee provides an opportunity to increase income for farmers.Although coffee prices sometimes fluctuate.The next reason is the social aspect of following the coffee growing trend, which many other farmers do.The last reason concerns environmental aspects, where coffee needs shade to grow.In the forest area (in the social forestry program), stands are already available for coffee shades.

Coffee Agroforestry System Management: From Cultivation to Marketing
Coffee agroforestry systems management in social forestry programs can generally be divided into three stages: the cultivation stage, the harvesting and processing stage, and the product marketing stage, presented in Figure 1.

Problems and Strategy in Coffee Agroforestry Systems Management
The problems faced in managing coffee-based agroforestry are divided into two categories: internal problems originating from farmers and external problems, which include the surrounding environment, climatic conditions, markets, and government policies that farmers still need to adopt fully.

Internal Problems of Farmers.
Problems originating from internal farmers consist of a lack of working capital, resources, and mastery of cultivation techniques that have yet to be maximized.An explanation of each of these problems is explained below.a) Lack of capital Most coffee farmers in the social forestry program have limited capital and need help maximizing their businesses.Limited capital causes farmers to use low-quality seeds and fertilization that has yet to be Cultivation Several efforts that can be made to increase coffee production include providing fertilizer and maintenance.Fertilization is important to provide additional nutrition to coffee plants.Nutrients play an important role in the growth and production of coffee plants.The types of nutrients that play a role in coffee growth and production are nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and boron (B).These nutrients can be met either by chemical fertilizers or manure.Although the process of absorbing nutrients from manure is slower than that of chemical fertilizers, Symptoms that appear in coffee due to nutrient deficiencies can be seen visually on the leaves (dry or wilted).The next effort is through maintenance activities in the form of weeding and cleaning.Weeding activities carried out by farmers in social forestry programs vary greatly, with a frequency of one month, three months, six months, and once a year.This activity aims to clean up grass and plants that interfere with coffee, and usually this weeding is done together with fertilization.In the first year, ideal fertilization is done at the time of planting, then after 2 or 3 months from planting, 6 months, and 1 year after planting.For the second year and beyond, fertilization should ideally be done at least twice per year.In practice, farmers rarely apply complete fertilization, generally only doing it once per year, and quite a few do not fertilize after the second year.b) Lack of human resources Coffee-based agroforestry is usually carried out by farmers, involving their families, especially their wives, from cultivation to marketing.The location of the forest in the social forestry program is far from where the farmers live.Farmers over 50 have low productivity because their skills have decreased.The land clearing takes several months if it is done alone for an arable area of 1 hectare.c) Limited cultivation techniques So far, mastery of cultivation techniques has been obtained by farmers from their parents, other farmers, or years of personal experience.Farmers rarely receive comprehensive training related to coffee cultivation, either from the government or other institutions.So, knowledge about cultivation techniques and harvesting only develops a little.Several coffee cultivation techniques that are key and should be mastered by farmers are shoot cuttings, the right type, and the dose of fertilizer according to the age of the coffee plant.Many farmers still must understand post-harvest techniques so that coffee is sold before being processed.This condition is not profitable for farmers because they need added value.d) Unintensive coffee management Some farmers in several LMDHs have sufficient capital to carry out intensive coffee management, one of which is reducing the number of trees around their coffee by cutting them down.Several regions of the world have converted traditional agroforestry systems into streamlined, low-shade or full-sun monocultures to boost crop yields and farmer revenue due to the expectation that yields will be lower in shadowed conditions [30,31].
Several saplings and seedlings withstood the slicing and sprouted new stems (personal observation).Recent research has demonstrated that the focal landscapes of coffee agroforestry sites are quickly losing the diversity of their woody plants due to intensifying management [43].Because the diversity of woody plants in agroforestry has been significantly reduced by intensive management, many species renewals depend on dispersal from distant sources [44].

External problems of farmers.
Numerous problems originate from external sources, such as environmental factors, climate, markets, and government policies.An explanation of each of these problems is provided below.a) Climatic conditions and their changes Climate change conditions, such as longer rainy days, are almost happening in Indonesia.This condition affects the coffee fertilization process, so coffee production decreases.

b) Attack of pests and diseases
The location cultivated by farmers in the social forestry program is in the forest, far from residential areas, so many wild animals disturb the coffee plants.The most disturbing types of pests are pigs, monkeys, and squirrels.In addition, there are other pests like ants and caterpillars, although the disturbance is not as big as that of pigs, monkeys, and squirrels.
Diseases that farmers often encounter are dead leaves (brown) and rot on the stems.Farmers do not have a specific strategy for dealing with pests and diseases.Pests such as pigs, monkeys, and squirrels are dealt with by driving them away, although this method is ineffective.Pests (caterpillars and ants) and diseases are attacked by using insecticides.
An important and major challenge is to design coffee agroforestry systems capable of regulating pests and diseases and reducing resulting losses while, at the same time, maintaining other ecosystem services necessary for farmers and for society as a whole [45].c) Limited area of arable land For some farmers, the area of arable land is a problem.In the social forestry program, the area of arable land is determined by the ability of each farmer, and the location is limited by the claims of other farmers' arable land.Arable land that is too narrow causes low land productivity; conversely, arable land that is too large causes less optimal maintenance processes, so land productivity is also less than optimal.This condition needs to get the attention of the social forestry program management authority in Java (Perhutani) so that land distribution pays more attention to the resource capabilities of farmers.d) Limited access to agricultural facilities and infrastructure Farmers' limited access to superior seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides and insecticides is a problem farmers face in managing coffee agroforestry systems.Agricultural facilities and infrastructure were often available, but farmers needed more capital to access them.Specifically for fertilizers, market prices are also uncertain.Farmers also often need to get fertilizer at subsidized prices.The location of cultivated land (coffee plantations), which is in the forest, makes it difficult for farmers to transport fertilizer, so the cost becomes expensive.e) Limited access to markets Most farmers only sell coffee to one buyer or collector, usually the head of the LMDH.On the one hand, this makes it easier for farmers because they can sell whatever amount they harvest, either in kg or quintals.Farmers also get other benefits through loans with guaranteed coffee yields.f) Farmer Institutions All coffee farmers in the social forestry program are Forest Village Community Institution (LMDH) members.[46] state that for their communities, LMDH may be regarded as a practical expert in forest management, jointly with Perum Perhutani.The management structure of LMDH is determined by deliberation.LMDH's internal institutions are generally solid because of the value system that the farmers still own.Even so, the LMDH institution has several problems, such as the limited quality of human resources, so farmers need more initiative and have a high dependence on the LMDH chairman.
All internal and external problem factors in the management of agroforestry coffee are divided into three parts based on the similarity of the factors, namely the human factor, the land factor, and others.A fishbone diagram of problems in agroforestry coffee management is presented in Figure 2, and farmers' efforts to solve the problem are presented in Table 3.

Conclusion
Over the years, social forestry (SF) in Indonesia has experienced an evolution of forms and schemes.These changes aim to improve farmers' welfare as partners in forest management.The last scheme, Pengakuan dan Perlindungan Kemitraan Kehutanan (KULIN KK), seeks to realize this goal with a to HUMAN FACTORS larger portion of profit sharing and a longer duration of cooperation.One of the most popular crops planted in social forestry zones is coffee.Coffee is one of the commercial crops supporting small farmers' livelihoods in Indonesia.With its shade-tolerant characteristics, coffee is very suitable for being developed in agroforestry patterns.The management of coffee cultivation in an agroforestry system differs from that of a monoculture system in every stage, from planting preparation, planting, maintenance, harvesting, post-harvesting, and marketing.In the practice of coffee cultivation in SF, farmers face various obstacles.Internal constraints include limited capital, limited resources, limited cultivation techniques, and not intensive management.External constraints include climatic conditions and their changes, attacks of pests and diseases, limited areas of arable land, limited access to agricultural facilities and infrastructure, limited access to markets, and the conditions of farmers' institutions.Based on the results, providing training and facilities to increase the added value of coffee in advanced products, providing access to production facilities, capital, and markets, and institutionally strengthening farmer groups are steps the government can take to encourage the management of coffee agroforestry systems in state forests through social forestry schemes.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Stage of coffee agroforestry system management

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Fishbone diagram for problems in coffee agroforestry management

Table 1 .
The area of coffee plants in the Social Forestry program in West Java

Table 3 .
FarmersFrom the description of the problems in coffee management and the efforts made by farmers to overcome the problem, it is necessary to carry out a strategy for developing coffee agroforestry in the social forestry program.There are three alternative strategies to improve the management of coffee agroforestry under the social forestry program, as follows:a.Improving the capabilities of farmers in mastering the coffee cultivation technique, including pest and disease management, coffee processing (post-harvesting), and farmer group management, through regular training in collaboration with Perhutani, the Agriculture District Office, Forestry and Agriculture Extension Officers, and other relevant institutions, including NGOs.b.Improving the accessibility of farmers to capital sources, marketing channels, agriculture facilities, and infrastructure through collaboration with Perhutani, the Agriculture District Office, Forestry and Agriculture Extension Officers, the Badan Pengelola Dana Lingkungan Hidup (BPDLH) or Environmental Funding Management Agency, and other relevant institutions, including NGOs.c. Strengthening farmer group institutions and management through capacity development.
' efforts to solve the problem Problems Farmers' efforts to solve the problem Internal Lack of capital Borrow from family; manage the land according to ability