The welfare level of the bamboo artisan in Ampel District, Boyolali Regency in 2022

Bamboo artisan is one of small enterprise sector that support to economic development in Boyolali Regency. So, it need concern to gain the bamboo artisan welfare. Socio-economic conditions show the level of community welfare, such as bamboo artisan welfare. This welfare can be seen from several aspects such as accessed to basic needs. The components of community welfare related to basic needs of human life, such as cloth, food, shelter, education, health, religion, family planning, interaction within the family and the environment, transportation, savings, and role in society. The socio-economic conditions of the community can be modelled to measure of the success of Indonesia’s development. Therefore, this study aims to determine the level of bamboo artisan welfare in Ampel District, Boyolali Regency, using indicators of a family welfare from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) (2011). The bamboo artisan welfare can be measured by analyzing 8 indicators of welfare according to the BPS through surveys and interview methods. The interview data were analyzed using descriptive analysis methods. The results of this study indicate that the average labor of bamboo artisan in study area experiences sufficient or moderate welfare. There is one village which have low level of welfare namely Ngargosari.


Introduction
Geography is a factor that has a major influence on human life, including the social and economic conditions of the community.Differences in socio-economic conditions provide different patterns of life.Socio-economic problems are problems that are often experienced in society because humans are social creatures where humans live their lives by interacting with their surroundings.Socio-economic conditions show the level of community welfare [1,2].This welfare can be seen from several aspects.The components of family welfare include clothing, food, shelter, education, health, religion, family planning, interaction within the family, interaction with the environment, transportation, savings, and role in society [3,4].This welfare level need to assess in national context or regional context.In the regional context, the welfare level can be measured in the social or economic community [5,6].Geography also discusses the relationship between humans and the surrounding environment [7,8].
Every community wants a decent life, to fulfill their needs.The large number of labor force in rural areas and the decreasing capacity of the agricultural sector has made the role of non-agricultural activities increasingly important.Decresing capacity of the agricultural sector may lead food insecurity and increase of poverty [9].In Indonesia, there are symptoms of the increasing role of small industries and home industries as an alternative to non-agricultural economic activities.Industry is the processing of raw materials or processing semi-finished goods into finished goods that bring profit value [10].In this context, producing a variety of homogeneous goods in the bamboo weaving industry, for example, means a set or group of bamboo weaving producing industries.That is, the work of human art on objects that function as daily necessities of life, can be classified as fine art crafts that have aesthetic value.In addition, the development of rural communities should be directed at increasing rural industrialization with a view to more equitable opportunities for business, work and increasing the income of villagers [11].This economic development will eventually lead to structural transformation, which is a process of shifting the growth of the industrial sector from relying on the primary sector (agriculture) to the secondary sector (industry) [12].New jobs also require new competencies and new skills [13], especially industry including all businesses and activities in the economic field that are productive in nature.
The influence of industry on the community will lead to an increase in the level of participation in development and absorption of local labor that will be felt directly by the community, such a situation will encourage equity [14].Industrialization in rural areas is a driver of the emergence of new industrial subsectors that can become a mainstay and source of non-agricultural livelihoods for the community.It can increase the marketability of the region, the economy of rural communities, and utilize natural resources for examples of natural resources that can be managed or utilized are animals, plants, soil, wood, and water [15].The new industrial subsector in the form of household and side industries is in great demand by the community.The productivity in the subsector is what encourages people's interest in creating creativity that can become a business and cultural value for their own area, informal work presents challenges for industrial relations and for disciplinary approaches to labor and employment relations [16].
The existence of home industries in the community is a manifestation of the development of industrialization in rural communities into independent communities.In terms of provisions, IKRT (Small Home Industry) clearly deserves attention as it not only provides income for a large portion of the Indonesian labor force, but also the spearhead in rural poverty alleviation efforts, the important role of IKRT in providing additional income [17][18][19].The higher number of people working in IKRT shows how important the role of IKRT is in helping to solve the problem of unemployment and equalizing income distribution in rural areas, As is the case with the bamboo plaiting artisan industry in Ampel sub-district.In Ampel sub-district there is a bamboo plaiting industry with a workforce of 344 and is located spread across 10 villages, namely the village: Tanduk, Banyuanyar, Sidomulyo, Ngargosari, Selodoko, Ngenden, Ngampon, Gondang Slamet, Candi, Urut Sewu.Bamboo is become one of small industry that help to increase the regional income di Boyolali Regency [20].The bamboo industry is very developed in Boyolali Regency due to the availability of sufficient raw materials and the support of the local government [21,22].Therefore, research about welfare level of bamboo artisan need to be done.The welfare level of bamboo artisan can be used to know about the sustainability of bamboo industry in Boyolali Regency especially in Ampel Sub-District.
Previous studies on the analysis of labor welfare or industrial centers driving the economy were conducted by Fatchiya et al., 2019 [23]; Sholahuddin et al., 2019 [24]; Wahdah et al., 2021 [25]; Zaini et al., 2019 [26].Fatchiya et al., 2019 conducted research that examined the welfare of small fish processing industries in Pringsewu, Lampung.The results show that the level of welfare of the fish processing industry is very dependent on natural conditions where when fish catches are abundant, the level of welfare will increase.Another study conducted by Sholahuddin et al., 2019 shows that small snack food processing industries in Bunggolan, Gresik have an adequate level of welfare and have an important role in regional income in Gresik.A study conducted by Zaini et al., 2019 shows that income from a rubber plantation business in West Kutai can contribute 85.91% of household income with decent welfare criteria.Similar to research conducted by Wahdah et al., 2021 shows that small industries in the form of bead businesses can contribute to improving people's welfare.Based on previous research, there has been no concrete study regarding the level of welfare of small industries engaged in bamboo handicrafts which are also one of the leading industrial sectors in Indonesia.Therefore, this research will discuss the welfare level of bamboo artisans in Boyolali regency, which is one of the centers of the bamboo handicraft industry.Based on the background of the research that has been described, this study aims to determine the welfare level of bamboo artisan in Ampel District, Boyolali Regency.

Research areas and data used
Ampel Sub-district is located in Boyolali Regency with an area of 90,390 km 2 .This area is located between 110° 26' 21" to 110° 36' 17" East longitude and 7° 24' 8" to 7° 29' 53" South latitude.Administratively, Ampel District is directly adjacent to Semarang Regency in the north, Boyolali District, Cepogo and Gladagsari in the south and Magelang District in the west.This area has a total population of 68,498 people.The altitude in this area has a value range from 520 to 1,840 meters above sea level.The average air temperature is between 260°C -30°C.The highest rainfall occurs between December to March, ranging from 300-350 mm per month.
There are a total of 344 workers of bamboo artisan in Ampel District, Boyolali Regency, with spread in each village (See Table 1.).The number of bamboo artisan in each village in Ampel sub-district can be seen in Table 1.Ampel sub-district has 10 villages which can be seen in the administrative map in Figure 1.

Tools and materials
The tools and materials used in this study are presented in Table 2 and Table 3.  was collected directly to the research area, using several methods such as interviews or questionnaires and making observations.The total population of this research was all of bamboo artisan in Ampel Sub-district with the value of 344 people, so this research requires a sample.The sample was obtained by using the slovin method with an error rate or tolerance of 15%, the formula is shown in Equation 1.The results of this calculation get a number of bamboo artisan sample of 40 people, so the interview was conducted just only for 40 bamboo artisans in Ampel Sub-district.
It should be noted that n = number of samples sought, N = population size, e = tolerable margin of error.

2.3.2.
Editing.The definition of data editing is the process of examining the survey results to check whether there is incomplete or confusing data.

Coding.
Coding is an attempt to clarify the answers of respondents or interviewees according to indicators.In this case, the results of interview process was classified using the parameters of the welfare society indicator according to BPS (Central Bureau of Statistics).The classification of welfare society can be seen in Table 4.After all indicators were got these score, then the total point of each indicator were added, so the total value of welfare was obtained.This total value of welfare was classified in three welfare category.The categories were divided into three welfare groups, namely, low welfare, moderate or enough Welfare, and high welfare.The welfare categorized can be seen in the Table 5.

Data Analysis
In this study, the level of bamboo artisan welfare was determined using descriptive analysis, through interviews and questionnaires with bamboo artisan sample.The results of descriptive analysis was visualized in the form of a map containing the distribution of the level of welfare of bamboo artisan.
The flow of this research can be seen in the flowchart in Figure 2.

Results of Welfare Analysis Based on Each Indicator
This study analyzes the level of welfare from 8 indicators consisting of Population, Health and Nutrition, Education, Employment, Consumption Levels and Patterns, Housing and Environment, Poverty, and Other Social Indicators.The respective scores in each category are, score 1 for low welfare, score 2 for moderate or medium welfare, and score 3 for high welfare for each sample or worker.This study used a sample of 4 workers in each village with a total of 40 labor samples in Ampel District.The following location of the residence or home of the bamboo plaiting artisan workforce is presented in Figure 3. Based on the Figure 3, the distribution of the residence of bamboo artisan is mostly close to each other, this happens because many bamboo artisan are still the closest relatives, neighbors, and people who are still one village with the bamboo plaiting industry.In addition, there are residences that are somewhat far apart based on the location of the house or industry which is close to the source of raw materials.Respondents or bamboo artisan choose to work on the side or as close as possible to home   According to the Table 6 the results of this study show that most of the bamboo artisan community per village in Ampel sub-District experience sufficient welfare.There is only one village in Ampel Sub-district which categorized in a low welfare, namely Ngargosari.Meanwhile, bamboo artisan in Ngampon village is categorized in high welfare.It is based on the fact that most bamboo artsian not as a main source of income, but as an additional source of income.The distribution of the welfare level of bamboo artisan for each village in Ampel sub-district can be seen in Figure 4.In the Figure 4, Ngampon Village shows high welfare compared to other villages in Ampel Subdistrict.This condition happens because there are many and easy to find sources of the main raw material, namely bamboo and many industries or workers in Ngampon Village act as middlemen or buyers of woven bamboo products from other villages.The largest industry in the Ampel sub-district is located in Ngampon Village, this affects the ease of selling or marketing the results of the bamboo plaiting product.In contrast, Ngargosari Village experiences low welfare in the bamboo plaiting industry.This condition occurs because the capacity of the main raw material source is very limited or not easy to obtain.Therefore, many people in Ngargosari Village choose to work in other sectors.Meanwhile, on average, other than Ngampon and Ngargosari Villages are experienced in sufficient welfare level.It is occurs because most of bamboo artisan are only as a side industry or as an additional source of income.

Discussion
Community welfare is a condition of fulfilling the spiritual, material and social needs of citizens so that they can live properly and be able to develop themselves, so that they can carry out their various social functions.In this case, the condition of social welfare can be interpreted as a condition of human life that has been safe and happy because the basic needs for nutrition, education, shelter, health, and decent income have been met, and occurs when humans get protection from major risks that threaten their lives [27,28].This condition also happens in this study which examines the analysis of the welfare of bamboo artisan in Ampel District, Boyolali Regency.The welfare level in this study is related to several aspects such as: classification of population ages (productive, unproductive, or unproductive age), health and nutrition obtained, education that has been achieved or access to education in the neighborhood, employment according to how many hours of work per week or month, consumption levels and patterns whether low, medium, or high, housing or a livable environment or not, high, medium, or low poverty seen from the amount of income and total expenditure, and other social indicators whether fulfilled or not.Then, model training is needed [29] in order to increase the welfare of society.
In this study it can be concluded that how the implications of working as a bamboo artisan can help to meet family needs, regardless of the existence of some workers who make it a side job or main job.By analyzing using data collection such as interviews and data processing using data tabulation techniques, it can be concluded how the level of welfare of bamboo artisan in Ampel District, Boyolali Regency.The reference in determining the results of the research is obtained by using indicators of community welfare from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) which described below.

Welfare Based on Population.
Most of the bamboo artisan in Ampel Subdistrict has an age between 35-60 years, at this age it is included in the productive age group.This is based on the fact that people make the decision to become a bamboo artisan at a productive age, among others, to meet additional family income.Apart from the large number of productive ages who become bamboo artisan, there are several bamboo artisan classified in the unproductive ages, but only on a small scale or only found a few samples.There are bamboo artisan who have an age of 14 years because they do not finish their education or drop out of school and it is difficult to find work in other fields without a standard education.There are a bamboo artisan with an unproductive age of over 65 years but also on a small scale, this is based on the difficulty of finding work outside due to the age scale set by a company and becoming a bamboo artisan in the surrounding area is very easy to do to increase family income.

Welfare Based on Education.
Educational welfare for reference in this study is the latest education obtained by respondents, the majority of the latest education obtained by the bamboo plaiting artisan workforce in Ampel District is junior high school and high school / equivalent.The number of bamboo plaiting workers with the last education of junior high school or below, they assume that after graduating from elementary or junior high school they can already help the family economy, and workers with the last education of high school choose this job because it is difficult to find other jobs outside.

Welfare Based on Employment.
Employment in the bamboo plaiting industry in Ampel Subdistrict is based on several factors that influence the number of hours worked in a week or month, including the number of workers who make bamboo plaiting work only a side job not the main job and there are workers who make this work the main source of income such as most bamboo plaiting craftsmen in Ngampon Village.

Welfare Based on Health and Nutrition.
The health and nutritional conditions of respondents or bamboo plaiting workers in Ampel Subdistrict are on average classified as in sufficient condition, this is obtained or found in many good health conditions and there are only a few workers or family members who have a history of illness or certain diseases, which are classified into poor health such as having a history of congenital diseases, cholesterol, high blood sugar and others that hinder the work of bamboo plaiting craftsmen.

Welfare Based on Consumption Patterns
. Each worker has a different consumption pattern, but most have consumption expenditures in the sufficient category, meaning that most of the bamboo woven craftsmen can meet the consumption needs of family members, this has a huge impact on nutritional health or family welfare, because consumption patterns by some workers are slightly suppressed or save to be able to save or be allocated for other needs.
IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/0121319 3.2.6.Welfare Based on Housing and Environment.In this condition, housing and the environment are categorized as livable, semi-decent, and unlivable.Most of the bamboo plaiting artisan workers have livable housing and environmental conditions, meaning that they have buildings or houses that are permanently built, sturdy and have a good environment to live in.But there are also some workers or respondents who have semi-inhabitable houses because the house is not sturdy enough.

3.2.7.
Welfare Based on Poverty.The poverty rate greatly affects the welfare of the community, the majority of bamboo plaiting craftsmen have a moderate poverty rate, meaning that the income earned can meet the necessary needs, but in the prosperous category there are also respondents who have a low poverty rate, meaning that income can meet the needs of family members and can set aside or save the results of income, and there are some workers who are classified as high poverty, meaning that the income obtained from bamboo plaiting cannot meet the results of needs and workers have debt dependents to meet their needs.

Welfare Based on Other Social
Indicators.The need for information and recreation is an impact on poverty levels and a measure of community welfare, most of the respondents of the bamboo weaving craftsmen in Ampel Subdistrict have been fulfilled and there are also some who are less fulfilled, this is because the level of information or recreation needs of each person is different.

Conclusions
Ngampon Village is included in the high welfare category by getting a total value of BPS indicators of 78 points.Meanwhile, Ngargosari Village is included in the low welfare category by getting a total value of BPS indicators of 46 points.The average village in Ampel Subdistrict, apart from Ngampon and Ngargosari Villages, is included in the medium or sufficient welfare category by getting a value from BPS indicators between 54-75 points.This research also found that most of the bamboo artisan in Ampel Subdistrict make this industry a side job or source of additional income.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Research flow chart the source of raw materials.It is happens to save travel time, travel costs, and production costs which are very supportive to get a more revenue as a side job.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Map of the location of bamboo artisan houses in Ampel Sub-district

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Map of the distribution of bamboo artisan welfare level in each village in study area

Table 1 .
Number of bamboo weaving industries in Ampel sub-district in 2022 Figure. 1. Administrative Map of Ampel District, Boyolali Regency

Table 2 .
Tools used in the study

Table 3 .
Data or materials used in this study

Table 6 .
Total number of overall questionnaire points in each village