Enhancing school to public transportation accessibility in Solo City: A comprehensive assessment of Batik Solo Trans (BST) bus stop locations

This study primarily aims to evaluate the affordability of Batik Solo Trans (BST) bus stops to school locations within Solo City and to develop a strategic placement plan for enhancing student accessibility throughout the city. The criteria for optimal placement adhere to the Minister of Public Works Regulations, which dictate that bus stops should be within a 400-meter radius or a 10-minute travel time for pedestrians. The research employs a comprehensive methodology, including a census of existing BST bus stops and high schools in Solo City. Using ArcGIS 10.2, we employ Buffer Proximity Analysis and Network Analysis to identify potential new bus stop sites, followed by quantitative and descriptive analysis of the results. The study’s findings reveal that BST bus stop accessibility to high schools in Solo City stands at an impressive 94%, with 350 out of 175 high schools having convenient access to 165 BST bus stop locations. In order to address accessibility gaps, the research suggests integrating 16 additional bus stops, especially at notable high school locations such as SMP Muhammadiyah PK Campus II, SMPN 18 Surakarta, and MAN 1 Surakarta. The proposed strategy aims to achieve full coverage with enhanced accessibility, visualized through cartographic representation.


Introduction
The rise in private vehicle ownership within Solo City has been driven by population density and mobility patterns.The inclination toward private vehicles over public transport is an unavoidable trend.This surge in private vehicles has consequently led to a substantial increase in fuel consumption.Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources data from 2012 illustrated that private vehicles accounted for 93% of the subsidized fuel allotted for land transportation.This 93% comprises 40% attributed to motorcycles and 53% attributed to private cars; conversely, public transportation utilized only 3% of the entire allocation [1,2].
Conducted during the Transportation Discussion at the National Press Monument in Solo on July 27th, 2019, a brief survey revealed that residents perceive a deterioration in traffic conditions within Solo.In order to revolutionize Solo City's transportation system, there is an imperative need to establish a comprehensive integration with the Greater Solo region.This integration should encompass changes to the system, cultural shifts, and the enhancement of adequate infrastructure.Strengthening the public transportation network becomes a cornerstone, contingent on a well-defined service system plan that spans aspects like reliability to prevent congestion, punctuality, comfort, and streamlined transactions [3,4].
Numerous individuals, particularly students, play a significant role in the city's movement dynamics, with school-related trips accounting for approximately 35% of all journeys.This demographic primarily IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012128 2 consists of young individuals aged 7 to 18, who attend schools ranging from elementary to senior high school levels.The majority of these students show a preference for schools located near their homes.
Numerous individuals, particularly students, play a significant role in the city's movement dynamics, with school-related trips accounting for approximately 35% of all journeys.This demographic primarily consists of young individuals aged 7 to 18 who attend schools ranging from elementary to senior high school levels.The majority of these students show a preference for schools located near their homes.
High school students are more likely than their younger counterparts in preschool, kindergarten, and primary school to use public transportation for their commutes.Furthermore, findings from Hannah et al.'s work in 2020 suggest that adolescents aged 12 to 18 generally travel longer distances to reach secondary schools than younger elementary school children [5][6][7].
Accessibility to State High Schools through the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system falls under the "difficult" category, with a 56% rating, while access to the State Vocational High School is considered "easy," with a 73% rating.Consequently, the development of urban transportation infrastructure should be tailored to community requirements, considering efficiency and effectiveness [8,9].
Initiated on September 1, 2010, the Bus Rapid Transit system operates as a short-distance public transportation mode, linking urban regions and buffer zones within Solo City.This mode of public transportation includes Public Transport Information System facilities, along with infrastructure, signage, and designated bus stops.It offers direct routes to Kartasura, Palur, and Adi Sumarmo Airport.However, it is crucial for the BST bus stops to extend their coverage to high school locations, ensuring that high school students have convenient access without the need for extensive travel upon disembarking at these stops.
The strategic installation of new standardized bus stops is strongly recommended to establish a more accessible route, allowing passengers to reach bus stops near their intended destinations easily.As per the guidelines outlined in Minister of Public Works Regulation 03/2014 concerning the planning, provisioning, and utilization of pedestrian network infrastructure and facilities in Urban Areas, bus stops serve as designated points for motorized public vehicles to collect and drop off passengers.These stops and shelters are positioned outside the pedestrian pathway's unobstructed area, maintaining a distance of approximately 300 meters between bus stops and waiting areas [10][11][12].The potential locations for these stops within the area are detailed in Table 1 below.In line with Litman's findings in 2020, urban residential zones designed with a focus on pedestrians offer convenient access to frequently utilized amenities such as shops, restaurants, banking/ATMs, schools, parks, recreational centers, and more, all within 5-10 minute walking or cycling distance from both residences and workplaces.The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the affordability of Batik Solo Trans stops to their proximity to high schools in Solo City, building on the context that this research background provides.The study aims to formulate a strategic placement strategy for Batik Solo Trans stops to enhance accessibility for high school students across Solo City.

Study Location
Situated within Central Java, Solo City emerges as a prominent urban center characterized by its substantial economic and strategic potential within its neighboring municipalities.Geographically positioned between 110°45'15" and 110°45'35" East Longitude, as well as between 7°36' and 7°56' South Latitude, Solo City spans an expanse of 44.04 km².The predominant land usage within this area is dedicated to residential purposes, accounting for around 66% of the total land, while economic activities encompass approximately 17% of the land.
Resting in the lowlands, Solo City maintains an elevation of about ±92 meters above sea level.The administrative borders demarcating Solo City's jurisdictional domain are illustrated in Figure 1, offering a visual representation of its territorial extent.

Instruments and Materials
Instruments and materials used to be a reference and support data processing are listed detail in the following table:

Data Processing and Data Analyzing
The steps of data processing and data analysis are organized into the following steps.Each step of data processing in this research is explained as described below: • Map Interpretation.Identifying objects displayed on the map, especially objects used as material for this study, by identifying the number of high schools along the BST route.• Census and Field Observation.Performing a census of the amount of BST bus stops distributed in Solo City and field observations to validate the data based on the results obtained from Map Interpretation.• Georeferencing.Georeferencing technique is performed to determine the coordinates of the BST bus stops location to be mapped using ArcGIS 10.2 software.This coordinate point is used to determine the location of the study object.• Geoprocessing: Tool Buffer.Geoprocessing technique using buffer tool to measure the existence of each BST stop to the school within 400 meters.The results of the buffer tool will be evaluated based on the distance between BST stops and school locations, which will be divided into 2 groups, namely reached and unreached by the BST service.If there is a BST bus stops within a range of 400 meters, then the school will be considered as reached by the BST service.But if there is no BST bus stop within range of 400 meters, then the school is considered as unreachable.This measurement is to determine the distance of BST access to the school location.Network Analysis.Determine the closest route/location to plan the placement of new bus stops on BST based on the location of dense land use (offices, schools and services) in the city area, the required distance is 300-400 meters.Then digitize the object of the BST stop to the school using ArcGIS 10.2 so that it will produce a New Bus Stop Locations Planning Map for BST to Increase Accessibility to School Locations in Solo City.

Batik Solo Trans Bus Stop Accessibility.
BST transportation that operates with 12 corridors (6 BST and 6 BST Feeders) that reach areas in Solo City and its surroundings to make BST an essential mode of public transportation and even its existence is very helpful for the people of Solo City from various backgrounds to access the area where they are destined to go.The accessibility of school students from the location of the bus stop to the school location is not appropriate, or more than 400 meters.There are even schools that are unreached by BST bus stops.The range of BST stops is shown in the following Figure 2.There are a total of 350 existing BST bus stops that reach high school locations in Solo city.Out of 175 secondary school locations in Solo, 165 secondary schools have been reached by BST as listed in the following Table 4.  1996), the placement of suitable bus stop locations in urban areas both dense and mixed dense, the suitable distance is 300-500 meters.If calculated by the duration traveled by walking, the distance is about 10 minutes.New bus stops are placed in locations where there is a BST route but there is no bus stop availability, especially in areas where there are high schools.
When refers to the Regulation of the Director General of Land Transportation (1996), the location of the suitable bus stop has a minimum distance of 50 meters from the intersection, and a maximum of 100 meters to road crossing facilities and buildings (hospitals and worship facilities) that require a peaceful environment.The following new bus stop location plan map can be viewed in Figure 3.With these percentages, it can be concluded that BST has reached most secondary school locations in Solo City.High school locations that are not reached by BST bus stops will restricted access due to locations which are too far from the bus stop or school locations that are not reached by the BST service route.Existing bus stops have reached 165 out of 175 high school locations in Solo City.Study of Semarang City BRT which reached 23 public high schools out of 60 existing public high schools, BST is capable to reach more high school locations in Solo City because the percentage is much higher considering the catchment area of BST bus stops reaches all high schools in Solo City [10][11][12][13].By using Buffer Tool to get school locations within 400 meters of radius, and using Tool Near to measure the distance of bus stops to secondary school locations.There are 10 high school locations that are beyond the reach of BST bus stops or unreachable by BST access.MAN 1 Surakarta which is located on Sumpah Pemuda street, Kadipiro Village, Banjarsari district, takes distance to the nearest bus stop is 489 meters, while the longest distance is Al Kahfi Hidayatullah boarding school which is located on Lingkar Utara street, Kilometer 5, Mojosongo Village, Jebres District with a distance to the closest bus stop of 1029 meters.The travel distance of each high school locations to the closest bus stop can be viewed in the following Table 5.The most unreached locations include school locations located in Banjarsari District, which are 5 unreached high schools.Factors that caused the high school location unreached by BST bus stops are the fact that its location is located on a residential area with low density population, besides the needs or demand for access to BST transportation.The need for transportation services as a derived demand, that is, the demand for transportation services will exist if there are contributing factors, one of which is the willingness to go to school [13][14][15][16].This will be considered for the implementation of a service route to these areas.For example, the location of SMP Muhammadiyah PK and SMA Muhammadiyah PK is located in Banyuanyar Village, Banjarsari District, served by a secondary collectors road, but there is no existing bus stop within a distance of 400 meters.The distance to the closest bus stop is 596 meters and 650 meters.Meanwhile, MTS Al Islam Jamsaren, which is located in Semanggi Village, Pasar Kliwon District, is located in a residential area and borders a Bengawan Solo River streams, which is a boarding school so that the need for public transportation is not as much or as often as high schools in general because the use of transportation will be less frequent [17,18].Based on the Technical Guidelines for Bus Stop, in areas where the land use is rarely mixed such as residential, fields, rice fields, and wastelands, or rather on the fringes, the next bus stop distance is at a radius of 500 meters to 1.000 meters.The distribution of school locations that have not been reached by the BST network can be shown in Figure 4.

New Bus Stop Locations
Planning.There are 350 existing BST bus stops in Solo City.Of the total number of bus stops, about 165 high schools in Solo City are reached.Among them there are 4 stops located on the boundary between Solo City and Sukoharjo Regency.Meanwhile, there are 10 schools that are unreached by BST bus stops.Therefore, the percentage of BST bus stop reach to the location of high schools amounted to 94%.The large percentage of this value, this can be considered that the BST route has reached most of the high school locations that are located in Solo City.The additional new bus stops are needed to access several unreached schools so that school students accessibility can increase from 94% to 100% as shown in Figure 5 below.After measurement and considering the suitability of the placement of new bus stop locations, of the 12 BST corridors operating, an additional of 16 new bus stops will be placed on the BST routes.The location of schools along the route has high accessibility to BST transportation mode.Although there are schools located along the BST route, but there are not found BST bus stops within a distance 400 meters such as MAN 1 Surakarta which is located in Banjarsari District, before the distance to existing stops is 489 meters, after planning the location of the new bus stop, the location of the high school can be reachable with a distance of 53 meters.Changes in the location of the high school to the BST bus stop locations can be viewed in Table 6.

Conclusions
Based on the outcomes of the data processing and analysis conducted in this research, we can derive the following conclusions: The accessibility of Batik Solo Trans stands at an impressive 94%, as calculated from the presence of 350 BST bus stops effectively serving 165 high school destinations within Solo City.A strategic blueprint has been devised to address the remaining 4% gap in BST coverage, involving the placement of 16 additional bus stops.These new stops will be positioned within a 400-meter radius of 10 high school sites beyond the BST's reach.By implementing this plan, the accessibility of high school locations throughout Solo City is poised to attain 100% coverage.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Administrative Map of Solo City

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Buffer Map Area of BST Within Distance 400 meter Source: Results of Data Processing, 2023

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Planning Map of New Bus Stop Locations.Source: Results of Data Processing, 2023

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Distribution Map of Unreachable High School Location by BST Source: Results of Data Processing, 2023

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Map of Buffer Proximity Analysis Distance 400 meters Source: Results of Data Processing, 2023

Table 2 .
Instruments used in this study

Table 3 .
Materials used in this study

Table 4 .
Number of High Schools reached by BST Planning the location of new bus stops is based on the condition of existing bus stops that are not suitable with what has been determined by the Technical Guidelines for the Construction of Public Passenger Vehicle Stops by the Ministry of Transportation.According to the Director General of Land Transportation ( Source: Results of Data Processing, 2022 6 3.1.2.Bus Stops Planning.

Table 5 .
Distance Traveled from High School to the Closest Bus Stops

Table 6 .
Comparison of BST Bus Stop Locations to High school Locations 1: 110.800833, -7.540691 2: 110.800866, -7.540779 509 Figure 7. Planning Map of New Bus Stop Location for BST Source: Results of Data Processing, 2023