Community vulnerability and resilience to flood disaster in Losari District, Brebes Regency

Brebes Regency is an area that has a high level of vulnerability to flooding. One of the areas with a high level of vulnerability is in Losari District. The flood disaster in Losari District occurred due to the overflow of the Cisanggarung River. The aims of the research: (1) to analyze the community’s vulnerability to floods on social, economic, physical and environmental aspects in Losari District; (2) assessing the vulnerability of the people of Losari District to floods; (3) analyzing the resilience of the Losari sub-district community to floods. This research is a quantitative esearch with a survey method. The study population came from the heads of families in the Losari District who live along the Cisanggarung watershed. The sampling technique uses a purposive sampling method. Statistical descriptive analysis was used to analyze vulnerability in social, economic, physical and environmental aspects, as well as community resilience to floods. The results of the study show that: (1) More than half of the people of Losari District have a high category of social vulnerability; high category of economic vulnerability; high category of physical vulnerability; and low category environmental vulnerability. (2) More than half of the people of Losari District fall into the high vulnerability category. (3) The resilience of the people of Losari District to floods is included in the low category.


Introduction
Indonesia is one of the most disaster-prone countries in the world [1].In fact, from 2001 to 2010, Indonesia ranked fifth as the most disaster-prone country in the world [2].In 2022, Indonesia was ranked in the list of countries with high disaster risk, ranking 3rd in the world after the Philippines and 2nd in Southeast Asia [3].In fact, Typhoon Seroja, which hit Indonesia in April 2021, is classified as a disaster with 10.The disasters in Indonesia certainly had a very significant impact on human life in various sectors, including the socio-economic, environmental, health and individual welfare sectors [4].Indonesia is one of the countries with frequent hydrometeorological disasters, especially natural disasters caused by climate change and weather [5].Reported 1,681 disasters that resulted in 259 deaths, most of them flood victims.A flood hits Indonesia almost every season.In terms of damage value and flood frequency, a significant increase is seen.Flooding is strongly influenced by natural factors in the form of above-normal rainfall and abundant water availability.In addition, the human factor plays an important role, for example; improper land use (settlements on the coast, basins, demolition), littering in rivers, construction of settlements in floodplains.There are 8 regular disasters in Brebes Regency.These disasters are floods, landslides, earth moving, hurricanes, fires, droughts, earthquakes and other disasters.On the other hand, flood disaster has the highest rate, i. e. 39%, compared to other disasters [6].
Losari is a town in Brebes District, Central Java Province, Indonesia.This town is located on the border between the states of Central Java and West Java.It is located in Losari Lor Village, the capital of the town.The town of Losari lies east of the Cisanggarung River, which flows north to south from coastal Java and provides access to the central area to the west of the Brebes Regency, bordering the town of Banjarharjo.Flooding in Losari district, especially in the village area along the Cisanggarung river basin, was among the worst in 15 years.This event occurred due to the flooding of the river on the border of West Java and Central Java.Flooding flooded many settlements and farmland of the inhabitants, and of course caused considerable damage.
Vulnerability is a condition in which human behavior results in a community's inability to cope with danger or threat.The nature of vulnerability includes economic, social, environmental and physical vulnerability [7].Vulnerability is a state of reduced resilience to external impacts that threaten lives, livelihoods, natural resources, infrastructure, economic productivity and well-being.The relationship between disaster and vulnerability creates a situation of risk if not managed properly [8].Vulnerability is a condition arising from human social, ecological, economic and physical processes.Disaster vulnerability is divided into social, economic and physical vulnerability [9].
According to BAKORNAS PB (2007) [10], vulnerability is a set of conditions or outcomes of circumstances (physical, social, economic and environmental factors) that adversely affect disaster prevention and management efforts.Vulnerability focuses on efforts to determine the impact of disasters, long-term economic losses in the form of loss of life and short-term economic losses due to destruction of housing infrastructure, facilities and infrastructure, and other buildings, as well as economic disruption due to injury or damage to other natural resources.
Vulnerability assessment is the process of measuring the vulnerability of both individuals and groups, men and women and age groups, based on physical, social (including political), economic and environmental aspects [11].
Social resilience is the ability to manage disasters through adaptive processes, maintain the basic functions that determine the sustainability of life in society, and at the same time restore it to its original state [12].Disaster response communities include: (a) the capacity of the community to reduce risk/damage through mitigation or adaptation; (b) the ability to maintain essential functions and structures during a disaster; (c) Disaster resilience.This includes community ethos that promotes resilience, and resilience is built through community capacity [13].
Flood is a higher than usual water level in a river that often overflows its banks and the flood is deposited in the floodplain [14].In addition, when floods disrupt human activities and even cause loss of life and property, they become a problem and turn into a disaster [15].
Flood susceptibility is a condition that describes whether an area is prone to flooding based on natural factors that affect flooding, including meteorological factors (rain intensity, rainfall distribution, frequency and duration of precipitation) and watershed characteristics (soil slope/slope, elevation, soil texture and land use) [16].
Based on the calculation of all dependent variables, a community vulnerability category can be drawn.Thywissen (2006) [17] suggested that vulnerability can be indicated by the degree of damage of a risk factor or that the occurrence of a natural phenomenon of a certain magnitude can be marked on a scale of 0 to 1.

Material and Methods
This study aims to (1) analyze community flood vulnerability from social, economic, physical and environmental aspects in Brebes Regency, Losari County; (2) assess the vulnerability of people in the Losari region to floods; (3) Analysis of community flood resilience in Losari county.This study was conducted in Losari District, Brebes Regency.Losari County was selected because it is classified as highly vulnerable to flooding, but there is no information on the vulnerability and resilience of communities in response to flooding, particularly in Losari County.This type of research is quantitative research in which survey methods are used for the data collection process.
The population for this study came from families in the Losari area.Sampling technique is purposeful sampling.The sampling technique in this study uses the formula of Isaac and Michael, with a 10% error reported by Sugiyono (2013).The determination of the sample rate in this study uses the results of the modified formula given by Kumar (2005).
According to the calculation of the two formulas, the number of respondents for the Losari area is 135.The variables in this study include 4 (four) dependent variables: social, economic, physical and social vulnerability.

Community Social Vulnerability
The social vulnerability of the community is a dependent variable inferred from 4 independent variables.The independent variables are education level, level of vulnerable group, social values and social relations.A research tool in the form of a questionnaire was used to collect data on the social vulnerability of the community.
Educational attainment in this study includes: vulnerability of the lower classes, especially university; vulnerable middle class, especially middle or high school students; and high levels of vulnerability, i.e. not attending school, not completing primary or primary school.A person's knowledge is influenced by socioeconomic, cultural (cultural and religious) factors, education and experience (Notoatmodjo, 2007;Riyanto, 2015).
The education analysis of the Losari County survey showed that 32% of the population were those with a middle or high school education, and 68% were those who did not attend or have not completed elementary or primary school.The vulnerable groups in this study are those that are vulnerable when dealing with flood disasters.Vulnerable groups include infants, pregnant and lactating women, people with disabilities, and the elderly.In this study, the vulnerability of vulnerable groups was divided into three levels: low vulnerability, i.e. there is no vulnerable group member in the family, medium vulnerability, i.e. there is one member of the vulnerable group in the family, and high vulnerability, i.e. there is more than one member of the vulnerable group in the family.
The results of the analysis of research questions on the level of vulnerable groups in the Losari region showed that 32% of communities were not members of a vulnerable group, 28% of communities were members of a vulnerable group, and 40% of communities were members of more than one vulnerable group.Social value is an independent variable in this study, which determines social vulnerability based on factors that determine social value, such as the degree of trust between neighbors and participation in cultural activities.The classification of social value levels includes: low vulnerable, ie good; middleclass sensibility, that is, enough; and high precision class, i.e. less.The results of the analysis of research questions on the level of social value in Losari district showed that 64% of the people had good social values and 36% of the people had adequate social values.
In this study, social relations are the independent variable determining social vulnerability based on 4 determinants of social relations: experience of receiving help from neighbors, experience of receiving help from family members or relatives, degree of participation in religious activities and level of participation in illegal acts.The classification of social relationships includes: low class vulnerability, ie good relationships; middle-class sensibility, that is, enough; and high precision class, i.e. less.The results of analyzing research questions about the level of social relations in Losari district showed that 12% of people have good social relations and 88% of people have moderate social relations.
According to the results of the analysis of income level, level of vulnerability, level of social value and level of social relationship, it is known that 56% of Losari district residents have a moderate level of social vulnerability and 44% have a high level of social vulnerability.

Community Economic Vulnerability
The economic vulnerability of the community is a dependent variable derived from 3 independent variables.Independent variables include livelihood, income level and satisfaction level.Livelihoods in this study include: vulnerable low class, i.e. husband and wife working in different livelihood sectors; the vulnerability of the middle class, i.e. husband and wife working together but still in the same area of life; and high-level holes, ie a single job or only one man or woman run.
The analysis results of the Losari County Longevity Sources Research Survey found that 24% of life expectancy sources came from men and women working in different sectors, 56% from men and women working in a field, and 20% from living standards.
Income levels in this study include: low-class vulnerability, ie one and a half times higher income than MSE; vulnerable middle class, i.e. incomes range from more than or equal to INC to one and a half times the IPA; and the gap of the upper class, i.e. below the Regional Minimum Wage (UMK).The results of the analysis of the income research questionnaire in Losari County showed that 8% of the people have an income one and a half times higher than the NIW, 24% of the people have an income one and a half times the UMK and 68% of the people have an income below the UMK.
Satisfactory levels in this study include: low damage, good; middle-class sensibility, that is, enough; and high precision class, i.e. less.The results of the survey analysis of response studies in Losari County showed that 88% of the community had a full level of need and 12% of the community had a low level of response.
Table 6 According to the analysis of livelihoods, income levels and needs satisfaction, it is known that 56% of people in Losari district are people with moderate economic vulnerability and 44% are people with high level of economic vulnerability.

Community Physical Vulnerability
Vulnerability The physical vulnerability of the community is a dependent variable derived from 2 independent variables.Independent variables include home documents and home page presence.Case materials in this work include: case material of the low precision grade, i.e. made of durable material; the hole of the middle class, ie shell material made of semi-permanent materials; and high-quality precision, that is, shell material of non-volatile material.
The results of the analysis of the research question on household materials in Losari district showed that 16% of household materials were made of durable materials, 56% were made of semi-durable materials and 28% were made of non-durable materials.The analysis results of the research survey on housing construction materials in Losari district show that 16% of housing construction materials are made from solid materials, 56% from materials for semipermanent houses and 28% from materials for non-permanent houses.
The presence of the home page in this study indicates the following classes of vulnerabilities: lowlevel vulnerability, i. e. the homepage has a gap greater than 1 time the height of the house; the vulnerability of the middle class, ie the yard space is less than 1 (one) times the height of the house; and high vulnerability class, i.e. no homepage.The analysis results of the survey of the presence of a garden in the Losari district showed that 4% had a garden at a distance more than 1 times the height of the house, 56% had a yard less than 1 time the height of the house, and 40% did not have a garden.The results of the analysis of household and garden properties showed that 60% of people in the Losari area were those with moderate physical impairment and 40% were those with high levels of physical impairment.

Community Environmental Vulnerability
The vulnerability of the community environment is a dependent variable derived from 2 independent variables.The independent variables are the presence of flood barriers and the condition of the evacuation route.The presence of flood dams in this study lies in: low sensitivity, especially flood dams made of permanent materials such as concrete or cement walls; moderately vulnerable, i.e. flooding from non-durable materials such as wood or bamboo; and highly vulnerable layer, i.e. no flood barrier.The results of investigation and investigation into the presence of flood barriers in Losari district show that 64% of flood barriers are made of stone and/or cement, 24% of flood barriers are made of wood and 12% are not flood barriers.Evacuation road conditions in this study are independent variables that determine environmental severity based on three determinants of evacuation road conditions, namely proximity to river flow, road width and road condition.The classification of evacuation road conditions includes: weak as low, ie good; middle-class sensibility, that is, enough; and high precision class, i.e. less.
The results of research survey analysis on the condition of evacuation routes in the Losari area showed that 36% had suitable evacuation routes and 64% had inappropriate evacuation routes.According to the results of the analysis of the presence of flood reservoirs and the condition of the drainage route, it is known that 24% of the residents of Losari district are those with moderate ecological difficulty and 76% are those with low ecological difficulty.

Community Vulnerability in Losari District
The assessment of damage is done on the basis of processing the analysis results of 4 independent variables.The independent variables are social vulnerability, economic vulnerability, physical vulnerability, and environmental vulnerability.According to Vogel and O'Brien (2004); Lummen and Yamada, 2014) vulnerability has many dimensions (e. g. vulnerability is determined by physical, social, economic, environmental, institutional and human factors).According to the results of analysis of 4 independent variables, 28% of people in Losari district are people with moderate social vulnerability and 72% are people with high level of vulnerability in the community.Based on the percentage of community vulnerability, a community's vulnerability to flooding in the Losari area can be classified as total and high community vulnerability.

Community resilience to floods
Based on the validity of the landslide vulnerability analysis in Losari County, people in the two settlements have similar levels of social, economic, and physical vulnerability.More than 50% of people in Losari County are vulnerable.A community's vulnerability to disasters is inversely proportional to its capacity or resilience to disasters.UNISDR (2004) and Thywissen (2006)  The results of this study are also supported by the findings of Wayan (2015).Efforts to strengthen community resilience to reduce flood risk and vulnerability in the Losari subdivision include increased education.What is consistent with Samir (2013) is that investing in education reduces a community's vulnerability to future floods and this impact may outweigh its vulnerability to other types of disasters.
The Citizens Resilience Assessment is based on an analysis of social resilience, economic resilience, physical resilience, and environmental resilience based on the same data as the Losari County Citizen Vulnerability Assessment.The resilience or capacity value is up to 28% of people in the Losari area, including those with moderate resilience, and up to 72% of others, including those with low flood tolerance.

Table 1 .
Flood Hazard Level in Brebes Regency

Table 3 .
Conformity between Objectives and Research Variables

Table 4 .
Levels of education in Losari District Source: 2023 analysis results

Table 5 .
Number of vulnerable groups in Losari District

.
Sources of livelihood in Losari District

Table 7 .
Types of house materials in Losari District

Table 8 .
the existence of a flood barrier embankment in Losari District

Table 9 .
Level of vulnerability of the people of Losari District

Table 10 .
define capacity as the IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/0121258 combination of forces and resources available to a community, community or organization that can reduce disaster risk.According to the results of the Losari Area Community Vulnerability Analysis, it shows that the capacity or resilience of the community to floods is low.High disaster risk areas have low community capacity or resilience.Level of community resilience in Losari District