Toponymy analysis as geosocial cultural approach on disaster mitigation studies in Sumberagung Village Pracimantoro District Wonogiri Regency

Disaster mitigation studies with a geographical, social and cultural approach can be carried out on a system of place names known as toponymy. Toponomy generally has a relationship with the characteristics of the region. Sumberagung Village, located in Pracimantoro District, Wonogiri Regency, Central Java, has a unique character as a karst area. This study aims to analyze the toponymy of Sumberagung Village which is related to the spatial, social, and cultural context as a study of disaster mitigation in the region. The research method uses descriptive qualitative analysis with interview techniques, documentation and field surveys. The results of the study show that the Toponymy of Sumberagung Village contradicts the factual conditions of the environment. The name “Sumberagung” which means a large water source has the characteristics of an area that is prone to drought. The history of the name Sumberagung Village comes from deep contemplation, prayer and hope to find a large source of water that can be used in mitigating drought. The expectation of a large supply of water forces the community and the government to make efforts which are manifested as policies, tracing karts water sources that are below the surface, and providing water resources infrastructure. These efforts show that toponymy indirectly has a relationship with disaster mitigation in Sumberagung Village.


Introduction
The toponymy of a place is a mutual agreement and is passed down between generations, so to know the meaning of a place's name requires historical and symbolic cultural studies.This is in line with the view of William R. Bascom in Danandjaja (1994) [1], that one of the functions of folklore related to toponymy is as a projection system (projective system), namely as a means of reflecting the wishful thinking of a collective.Toponymy is also strongly influenced by geographical factors (hydrological, morphological, biological and other physical conditions of nature), so the naming of places (toponymy) can be said to be based on geographical conditions and symbolic historical value.An example of this is the toponymy of Wonogiri Regency derived from the Javanese Wana (means pedestal/forest/rice field) and Giri (means mountain(s)).This name is very appropriate to describe the condition of the Wonogiri Regency area which is indeed mostly in the form of rice fields, forests and mountains [2][3][4].
Humans have a tendency to categorize and nature identifies many things.Humans distinguish one object, place or another human being by giving a name or label to the object.The reason behind a name 2 being made or formed becomes interesting because everyone has their own reasons for giving a name to the person, place or object [5,6].Toponymy (toponymy, topmasiology, topomastics, toponamatology) according to Kridalaksana (2008) [7] is a branch of onomastics that investigates place names.This proves that the name or label is not only attached to the person, but the identical applies to a place.Place's name is also used to make it easier for people to get to know a place.A toponymic survey to identify the name of an area is carried out in a comprehensive manner both from the socio-cultural aspect and the physical condition of the area [8,9].
Wonogiri Regency is one of the areas in Central Java that has a high drought risk based on the Central Java drought disaster risk index from the National Disaster Management Agency [10].One of the administrative areas in Wonogiri Regency, Pracimantoro District, namely Sumberagung Village, is one of the areas with unique geographical conditions in the Gunungsewu karst area with landscape of limestone hills.Karst is defined as an area with distinctive hydrology and shape due to the dissolution of rocks and a combination of well-developed secondary porosity, and karst expression in the form of developed subsurface hydrology [11].The Gunungsewu karst area is an area that looks dry on the surface, interestingly this village is called Sumberagung which means a very large source of water.In addition, based on the drought disaster vulnerability map (figure 1), Sumberagung Village is in a "very high" status (red).This raises a contradiction to the naming of the region.Jauhari et al. (2019) [12,13] mentioned that the study of toponymy and the history of villages in the karst area is the awareness of predecessors related to natural resources such as the existence of water sources and strives to maintain the preservation of karst and water sources that are manifested in local wisdom in the form of water utilization procedures.This is in line with, the accumulation of knowledge and thinking patterns that have taken root in the culture of traditional societies, acquired through the passage of time which is quite long defined as local knowledge [14].Through the local community's knowledge of the naming of a place, events and the history of the place, of course the community can develop a mindset for carrying out a disaster mitigation (if a disaster occurs).This research focuses on exploring the mindset and mitigation actions of local communities in responding to drought in karst areas as well as the history of the contradiction of the village's name to the reality on the ground.

Methods
The research used the case study method in analyzing the toponymy of the Sumberagung Village area in relation to drought and community actions in carrying out mitigation.Administratively, Sumberagung Village is located in Pracimantoro District, Wonogiri Regency (figure 2).Wonogiri Regency is included in the Sewu Mountains karst conservation area.Karst is known as an area that has less quantity/resources of water on the surface, but is very abundant underground.This is caused by the large number of cavities in the limestone, so that rainwater will flow directly into the ground.

Figure 2. Location of Sumberagung Village
In terms of naming, Sumberagung means abundant water sources.This of course contradicts field conditions which, when viewed from the location/surface layer, water is very difficult to come by.This naming certainly has a specific purpose or history from the maker of the name.
This research conducted in-depth interviews with several figures who really understand the meaning or history of the location [15,16].Therefore, several respondents were selected from the younger, middle-aged, and older generations.Older generation of respondents are considered to have more knowledge regarding this history, while the younger and middle-aged age groups can support this history and mitigate actions from the past to the present.The selection of several respondents and their generations was carried out in order to obtain knowledge validation, so as not to produce historical bias.Based on the search, several key respondent profiles consisting of 3 generations have been obtained (table 1).Documentation is carried out in order to obtain recorded interview results which will be simplified into a discussion narrative as well as historical sequence data collection in certain years, so as to produce a historical timeline.

Historical timeline of drought Sumberagung Village
The importance of toponymy of an area according to Darheni (2010) [17] where humans have a tendency to give names when occupying a place which aims to make the place identifiable, become a benchmark, and facilitate communication relationships between humans.The toponymic search of Sumberagung Village was carried out with interviews with key figures.The head of Sumberagung Village, Mr. Suyono, represented the middle generation as well as the executive of the government, and secondly, Saryono represented the younger generation who were also active as disater volunteers in Sumberagung Village.Interviews with key figures also intend to explore information from other sources who know the ins and outs of village history and disasters in Sumberagung Village.The interview referred to 4 figures, namely elder Murwanto (Ki Jolodoro) as the former secretary of Sumberagung Village and elder Gunawan Surodimejo, the former head of Pakem Hamlet in 1971-2009 who was also a culturalist who represented the older generation.Meanwhile, the middle generation is represented by Hendrato Siswadi as a cultural figure and Wastono is a disaster volunteer.
The history of the village dates back to 1918 or the old people of ancient times called The Era of The First Pernatan (table 2), marked by the Dutch government in mapping area.The elements mapped include yard land and agricultural land from the border of Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, to the border of East Java.Furthermore, during the second period of circumcision in 1922, the government of Dutch Colonial carried out an administration of government with the establishment of the village.In 1936 the village formation was planned by combining 3 hamlets namely Pakem, Mesu, and Digal into one village.Panewu of Pracimantoro --currently equivalent to the position of a sub-district head--, Mr. Harjodikromo, better known as Pak Bei Laduk, insinuating to give the combined name of the three hamlets to Mr. Sarkun Karyodikromo.Mr. Sarkun Karyodikromo asked for time to give the name of this new village.He then conducted a mediation (semedi-in Javanese) to find clues to the exact name of the village.Through seven days of prayer, Mr. Sarkun Karyodikromo received inspiration from the name of the village, namely Sumberagung Village.The name received a poor response and a lot of ridicule because the village is located in an area of karst landscape that looks dry on the surface, in the form of hills with limestone outcrops.This seems to be contrary to the naming of villages and the reality of conditions on the ground.This naming he holds closely according to his beliefs because it is an inspiration obtained through meditation.A summary of the interview results on the history and toponymy of Sumberagung Village is presented in table 2. The Gunungsewu Karst area in general at that time had experienced several disaster histories that were closely related to drought.Food famine or scarcity of foodstuffs occurred in 1920.This disaster is said to repeat every eight years so it resembles a cycle of food famine.This condition is further aggravated by the attack of rodents that not only attack plants but also cause bubonic plague.Sumargo (2020) [18] mentioned one of the key figures of Mbah Ngatirah who experienced the bubonic plague in 1950 and also got a story from his parents about the bubonic plague that attacked the Gunungkidul Regency area of Yogyakarta Special Region Province and its surroundings with conditions that are more terrible than the current Covid-19 outbreak.This bubonic plague ended around the 1950s.

The ups and downs of mitigation and the end of village naming
Extreme drought in the Sumberagung area and its surroundings occurred in 1961 -1963 which made the lakes around it dry up where the lake became the main sector in fulfilling basic needs and gradually living.The first effort made was the use of Luweng.Luweng in Javanese is a cave that has a vertical entrance.Luweng can also weigh a ponor or water drainage in the karst area, which is often given erosion resistance in the form of a stone order.Luweng Paseban which was first taken as a mitigation for drought disasters in 1961, as many as 16 hamlets that participated in utilizing water from Luweng were (Pakem, Ngelo, Pundungsari, Salam, Klepu Kulon and Wetan, Mesu, Ngaluran) from Sumberagung Village, (Mendak Hamlet, Gobukan, Badung) from Petirsari Village, (Songbledek Hamlet, Mloko, Lomujing, Mbuko) from Giritontro, and (Songbanyu Hamlet) from Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta.The increasing demand for water has made the leader of Pakem Hamlet enact a policy that intends for residents around Luweng Paseban to schedule water intake at night and for residents outside the Luweng area in the morning before noon.
Another effort was to manage the harvest at that time the community made food barns where the harvest was not necessarily spent but managed.Most of it can be stored in food barns so that it can be used for the following year.Lumbung Pangan is a form of local wisdom that exists as an effort to mitigate the community.The increasingly crisis conditions have resulted in sustainable crop failures so that the food reserves in the food barns are running low, making rice scarce and the price exorbitant.Many people died because of the food difficulties of that era and the ongoing Rat disaster (rat attack) called the Gaber Age.The term Gaber refers to the pulp of tapioca flour or dried tree boiler meal that can be used for animal feed.Gaber became a staple food substitute when the food crisis was malnourished at that time making the emergence of a disease called HO (Hongerudim).Follow-up carried out by the local sub-district government provides assistance in the form of Enton (taro dregs) given through shops or traders appointed by the government, one head of the family gets a ratio of 3 -5 Nuk (one cupped palm).
According to Ki Jolodoro, who was also corroborated by Gunawan Surodimejo in 1974 -1978, making cave search teams from various countries, conducted a search for Luweng Paseban and several caves in Gunungsewu.This is what prompted Ki Jolodoro to be more confident in conducting a search for Luweng Paseban to find underground water sources reflecting on the research team that entered and exited safely.In 1979 Ki Jolodoro, Gunawan Surodimejo and several Mesu residents who dared to start the search for Luweng Paseban armed with a makeshift mining rope and minimalized flashlight lighting with high determination and ancestral prayers and hopes for the name Sumberagung Village.Long search results finally discovered of the underground water source.The teams then used underground river water with a make-shift tool such as using Kleting (pottery) as a container of water and still using Onchor (torch) which functions as a lighting tool.In 1978, the teams asking for grant of water pump to the state goverment.
In 2000, they replaced the regular pump with a diesel pump, but because of that time this village was very far from the city (hard to access) and the high difficulty of the machine maintenance, the pump was no longer used because it was damaged.In 2002, the villager applied for grant to Balai Besar Bengawan Solo (Bengawan Solo Great Hall) and got a submersible pump, a type of centrifugal pump that uses an electric motor as the main driver to produce power that functions as a pump shaft so that it can raise fluid by converting electrical energy into mechanical energy.Unfortunately, this pump could only cover Pakem Hamlet.
Because there is not enough capacity needed, volunteers which were helping the residents in dealing drought by distributing clean water with water tanks as well as protecting the environment, especially in the ponor cave area and others.Then a hope arose for the search for other underground water sources carried out by several residents in 2013 in the form of the discovery of the Luweng Songo Cave.Through a long process in 2018-2019 using hilly topography, a reservoir was built that can properly accommodate and distribute water.After discovering the location of groundwater resources, then proceed with the mapping and distribution of water (figure 3).In order to facilitate the management of the water distribution process outside the village, a Village Owned Enterprise (BUMDes) Sembada was created.In addition, it is also necessary to have tree planting activities that are in accordance with the characteristics of the area to maintain the sustainability of underground water resources in karst.[3] The toponymy of Sumberagung Village is valued from the aspect of natural resources, especially water resources which means Sumberagung "Great Water Source".However, at that time it did not describe the embodiment of the water and was proven after 1972 after the Paseban Cave water source was discovered.According to the socio-cultural aspects included in folklore in the story with generations from descent to descent, folklore can be interpreted as a group of people (tribes) who have traditions that are recognized by the common and passed on to each generation.So that a folklore will still exist even though the times continue to develop [1].If viewed from the aspect of the local community, the success of the activity is a form of prayer, hope, and that goals or desires can be achieved.As a case study in Sumberagung which upholds prayers and hopes that the village can always be given life, kindness, health and prosperity.This means that hope is something that can be formed and can be used as a step for change.The history of disasters in Sumberagung Village is related to drought disasters, which cause food famines, rat pest attacks, and other derivative disasters such as diseases caused by malnutrition.Reflecting on the toponymy and history of disasters, the residents of Sumberagung Village took action in mitigating drought disasters with two strategies, namely, structural and non-structural.Structural mitigation in the form of utilizing rainfed reservoirs, construction of water pumps and water pipes for water collection and distribution.Non-structural mitigation in the form of the formation of the Sumberagung Volunteer Community, the formation of BUMDes "Sembada" by the village government as administrative management to the distribution of clean water, and mutual cooperation in protecting the environment for the survival of people from all walks of life, both age and gender.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The drought hazard map, arranged in 5 categories, namely: very low (dark green), low (green), medium (yellow), high (orange), and very high (red), was made by the Government of Wonogiri Regency.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. (a) Groundwater distribution map consisting of several sections, namely, groundwater resource boundaries (red line), Luweng Paseban water pipeline (yellow line), Luweng Songo water pipeline (blue line), combined pipeline (orange line), location Luweng Paseban (blue dot), Luweng Songo location (green dot), and reservoir (blue square).(b) One of the field documentations of tracking the distribution of groundwater.

Table 1 .
The profiles of key respondents.

Table 2 .
Historical timeline of Sumberagung Village

Table 3 .
The disaster history of Sumberagung Village