Population density analysis on the land use change in Kartasura District Sukoharjo between 2011 and 2021

Based on data from the Central Agency on Statistics, every year Indonesia experiences population growth every year. Along with increasing growth, land has an important meaning for human survival. Arguably, the space provided is very limited, meanwhile the need for land has a tendency to increase from year to year, both for housing, agriculture, industry and so on. Addressing the increasing need for land with land that does not increase Land use conversion or commonly called land conversion is a solution to cover land needs. One of the activities that cannot be separated from the land is development. Development is a form of interaction between humans and nature. Therefore, in the implementation of development, it is necessary to consider environmental impacts that may have negative consequences. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the impact of population density on the distribution of land use change in Kartasura district in 2010 and 2018. Remote sensing image digitization to obtain land use in Kartasura district in 2011 and 2021 is then overlayed to obtain land use change results. The results show that based on the data in the table, it shows that the rate of population growth that occurred in the Kartasura district in the past 10 years has experienced significant population growth, many of the several villages in the Kartasura district have increased. Population growth data explains that there are 12 villages that have experienced an increase in population. The total population in Kartasura district in 2011 was 23,061 people and in a period of ten years the total population. The village that has the largest population density is Makamhaji, followed by Gumpang while the lowest population density is Ngemplak.


Introduction
Kartasura district is located in Sukuharjo Regency, Central Java Province, on a low land valley between two active volcanos of Merapi and Lawu, and has an altitude of 121 m above sea level with an area of 2,166 ha.Astronomically, the area is located at 7° 34' 50" to 7° 32' 10" South Latitude and at 110° 42' 40" to 110° 47' 00 East Longitude.Meanwhile the boundaries of Kartasura District are Karanganyar Regency to the north, Surakarta Municipality to the east, Boyolali Regency to the west and Gatak district (Sukoharjo Regency) to the east.
Based on the data from the Indonesian Statistics Agency, every year Indonesia experiences significant population growth.The increasing number of population growth will cause high pressure on the carrying capacity of the land and lead to uncontrolled development of settlements [1][2][3].As population growth continues to increase, land has an important role for human survival.Land is a resource that provides space that can support the needs of living things.Basically, the space provided is 1314 (2024) 012118 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012118 2 very limited, meanwhile the need for space has a tendency to increase from year to year, both for housing, agriculture, industry and other uses.
The increasing need for land faced with land that does not increase makes land conversion a solution to this problem.Land use change is defined as a change in land use either or all land functions from the planned function to another function.It is possible that this activity will have a negative impact on the environment [4-6].Population growth and growth will have an impact on efforts to full fill land for housing, industry, shops, markets and others [7].As a result, there is intense competition in land use which results in increasing land values, land use for agriculture will always be defeated by shifting agricultural land to non-agriculture such as industry and housing [2,8,9].One of the activities that cannot be separated from the land is development.Development is a form of interaction between humans and the environment.Therefore, in the implementation of development it is necessary to consider environmental impacts that may have adverse consequences.If development ignores the environment, it is not impossible that it will damage the environment and in the long run it can be detrimental to humans themselves.The high rate of conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural land will increase the frequency of floods in the rainy season and drought in the dry season.

Methods
The research method used in this study is image interpretation method.Image interpretation is an activity of identifying objects that can be recognized and identified through remote sensing imagery including hue, pattern, shape shadow, texture, site and association.Image interpretation that is carried out requires two secondary data, namely administrative maps and images obtained indirectly from related agencies by utilizing the internet.The imagery in this study is used to determine the changes that have occurred in the Kartasura district by digitizing to obtain two maps, namely the 2011 and 2021 land use maps.Digitization in general can be defined as the process of converting analog data into digital format.Certain objects such as roads, houses, rice fields and others that were previously in raster format then become vector objects.In addition, some secondary data related to the population in the area, has been obtained through online website of Statistic Indonesia of Sukoharjo Regency.
The data management technique used in this study is to overlay the Maxar image which has been digitized so as to obtain land use maps for 2011 and 2021 in the Kartasura district.The two land use maps for 2011 and 2021 are overlaid to produce land use change maps.Meanwhile, to get the impact arising from changes in land use.The land use change map is overlaid with the population density map.

Results and Discussion
Increasing the number of residents in an area is directly proportional to changes in land use, from paddy fields to settlements, this is based on the needs of the population in the area.As a result of the changes that occur, of course, will have an impact directly or indirectly on the economy of the population of the region.From the explanation of the population size, it can be interpreted that there is human interaction with the land, either directly or indirectly, affecting land use in order to be able to meet the needs of some or all of the people in the area.From the explanation above, land as a settlement on earth will function as something that is highly used in meeting human needs.With the interaction between the subject and the object, land use is divided into agricultural and non-agricultural land use.
Basically, land provided is limited and not increased, causing limited existing land and followed by an increase in population triggering changes in land use in an area.Kartasura District has land use that is in accordance with the capabilities of the existing land in Kartasura District itself.Changes in land use occur due to population growth.The rapid population growth in a region will affect the human needs in that region.Bursting from the need for human clothing, food and shelter causes the emergence of the need for land to meet the needs of human life.the need for land continues to increase but the land does not increase causing the availability of land to decrease and land conversion is used to meet the demand for land.
According to the observation, village that has the largest population density is Makamhaji, followed by Gumpang while the lowest population density is Ngemplak.Population growth is one of the causes of changes in land use change.It can be said that the increasing population will affect changes in land use and land conversion.To see the impact of population density on land conversion, namely by comparing the land use of Kartasura District in 2011 and 2021 which was obtained from image digitization.The results of 2011 and 2021 image digitization can be seen in Figure 1 dan Figure 2.After observing with imagery in Kartasura District in 202, the area experienced a very significant change in land use.As many as 5 types of land have changed their function to types of residential and building land use, this is mostly due to the rate of population growth in Kartasura District itself.Inside the table 2 below, it explains that within 10 years, land use in Kartasura District has changed for almost 31.3percent from agriculture to non-agriculture.There are 12 villages in Kartasura District, each village experiencing a change in land use area ranging from one percent to more than 100 percent.In the results of image observations and digitization, the biggest change was in Gumpang in which land use from agriculture to settlement has transformed for about 130 percent, far above the average of the Kartasura District.However, the lowest was in Kartasura for only 1.7 percent, due to the area already dominated by settlement and central business district since 2011 or even before.The data above explains that there are large returns to land use changes in Gumpang Village and Gonilan Village from the total area of land use 12 from 2011 and 2021.This is directly proportional to the population density of Gumpang Village which experienced a significant increase in 2011 (6.883 and 10481).The development that occurred in Kartasura District became a magnet for increasing population growth.The location which is not far from the city center and the ring route between districts has made some residents from outside the city migrate to Kartasura District.Several universities in Kartasura District also had a significant impact on land conversion.The existence of the Surakarta Mumammadiyah University in Kartasura District has prompted a number of needs for temporary housing for students from out of town to live in Kartasura District.
The need for out-of-town students for housing in the Kartasura District itself is a promising potential that has encouraged the use of paddy field and vacant land for the construction of boarding houses that are taking place around the university.The existence of boarding houses was built to meet the need for a place to live, thus encouraging an increase in the area of settlements in the Kartasura sub-district.Settlements in Kartasura District will continue to increase in line with the increasing number of permanent residents and immigrants such as students in Kartasura District.
Kartasura District experienced a change in land use from non-built-up to built-up areas.The changes that occur are due to the growth in population.Land or space in the Kartasura District area is still available for building construction.However, to build a settlement, you still have to pay attention to the zones that have been determined by the government.For the Kartasura Village itself, there is no land that can be built.This area is now densely packed.Many industrial and residential buildings are existing in the Kartasura Village area.The unavailability of land in Kartasura Village is due to its strategic location.Its location close to the highway and its complete infrastructure make this area very congested.For other regions or villages, approximately 30% to 40% of the land that can be developed is still available.The Kartasura District area has a fairly good land carrying capacity.The available land is very supportive for the construction of small-scale to large-scale housing and industry.
Changes in land use need to be of concern to the local government, because it can result in several impacts that will occur.One of them is the impact of flooding and slum settlements.The existence of policies from the government can control changes in land use.Cooperation between the community and the government can help monitor land use and support controlled conversion of agricultural land.

Conclusions
Based on the objectives and analysis of this study, it can be concluded that the distribution of land use changes tends to occur in groups.The biggest change in land use was in the Gumpang Village, including paddy fields to become settlements, vacant land to become settlements, and vacant land to become nonresidential buildings.In addition to the Gumpang Village, changes in land use also occurred in the Gonilan Village area, namely vacant land became settlements, paddy fields became settlements and rice fields became non-residential buildings.
The largest distribution of land use changes is the use of residential land caused by an increase in population density.Thus, as compensation, agricultural land and open land that previously had lower economic value are transformed into land use for settlements or other purposes that are more productive and valuable.Other land use changes that occur can be caused by the existence of developing economic centers.The location of Pabelan Village, Gumpang Village and Makam Haji which tend to be close to urban areas encourages Kartasura District to increase the use of more valuable land.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1. and Figure 2. Land use change in Kartasura District in 2013 and 2023

Table 1 .
Area, population, and population density of Kartasura District broken down by village in 2011 and 2021[10,11]

Table 2 .
Settlement transformation by area in Kartasura District between 2011-2021