Geomorphology mapping and landslide susceptibility for disaster risk reduction and sustainability environment in the Sub DAS Maspo, Mt. Welirang, East Java, Indonesia

Landslides are still problematic for areas with rough surface shapes and high rainfall. Landslides are still causing human life losses, so mitigation efforts for disaster risk reduction must be prioritized. The purpose of this study is geomorphological mapping and landslide hazard mapping as a basis for disaster risk reduction efforts. The method used integrates remote sensing data using geographic information systems. Geomorphology mapping is processed and analyzed using four geomorphological approaches, while for landslide susceptibility maps are analyzed using the Weight of Evidence (WoE) method using existing landslide variables and 17 landslide control factors. The geomorphological mapping results show that in the Maspo sub-watershed, there are 25 landform units based on geomorphological mapping. There are five classes of landslide vulnerability indices, i.e very low index (0.001-0.341) namely 9.38%; low index (0.341-0.471) that is 26.18%; moderate index (0.471-0.584) that is 28.49%; high index (0.584-0.741) that is 23.94% and very high index (0.714-1) that is 12.02%. The accuracy of the landslide hazard map results is 88%, indicating that the landslide hazard map has good accuracy. Dominant landslides of 26.98% and 23.59% occurred in the HS2V1/ME landform, which is the middle slope of the steep hills of the lava eruption of the 2nd Mt. Welirang with moderate geomorphic processes and HS2V1/VSE which is the middle slope of the steep hills of the 2nd eruption of Welirang volcano with the process strong geomorphism. The results of geomorphology mapping and landslide susceptibility can be used as an information base for disaster risk reduction strategies and sustainable environmental management.


Introduction
Landslide disaster is a disaster that often occurs in Indonesia.The National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) reported that 634 cases of landslides occurred throughout 2022.Geomorphological, geological and climatological conditions are factors that contribute significantly to landslides [1].The potential for landslides will be even greater when the area has steep topographical conditions (Souisa et al., 2018).Apart from geophysical and environmental conditions, the potential for landslides can also be initiated by human activities [2].Landslides as a geomorphological process are influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors that interact with each other [3].These two factors are interconnected and can strengthen the risk of landslides if not managed properly through appropriate mitigation efforts [4].
Disasters as a geomorphological process cannot be avoided, so what needs to be done is to increase efforts to reduce disaster risk.Landslide disasters are included in the category of disasters that require mitigation actions through this approach [5].The landslide process is understood as the movement of IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012117 2 material in the form of land, rocks and mud down the slope.Understanding the landslide process and the factors that cause landslides are two interrelated things, so that the landslide process is closely related to landscape, landform, morphology, land use, surface and sub surface materials which are the study of geomorphology (Crozier, 2010; Keller et al [6]- [8].Through a geomorphological approach, we are able to represent the shape of the earth's surface, including the landslide process which is movement down a slope [6].Many researchers have developed studies of natural processes using a geomorphological approach.Research on geomorphology used as an approach in environmental and disaster studies has developed very rapidly.This is because the landscape strongly reflects the local environment of the community [9]- [11].
The phenomenon of landslides is a problem in various countries, so preventive efforts are needed to reduce the risk of landslides.In addition to the geomorphological approach, landslide risk reduction can be done through efforts to map areas that have the potential for landslides.The landslide vulnerability map will provide information on areas that have high to low landslide vulnerability.Integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing data and the application of empirical models using machine learning are techniques that have been widely used by researchers to develop landslide susceptibility maps ( [12]- [14].The accuracy of the method and data greatly influences the accuracy of landslide susceptibility maps, so that landslide susceptibility maps must be based on existing landslide data. Landslide Suitability Mapping (LSM) statistical method , past landslide events are integrated with trigger factors.This approach quantitatively projects areas that are likely to be susceptible to landslides, based on the assumption that conditions that previously triggered landslides have the potential to recur in the future [15].In LSM modeling , there are 2 main approaches to the use of statistical methods commonly used in landslide susceptibility analysis, namely the bivariate and multivariate approaches [16].In the bivariate method, each factor map that contributes to landslides is combined with a landslide distribution map to calculate parameter weights.In this method, landslide weighting is carried out based on existing landslides, so that using the bivariate method with existing landslides has a higher accuracy value compared to other methods without using existing landslides as one of the variables, one of which is using the Weight of Evidence (WoE) method.Other methods such as the heuristic method which is based on expert judgment in developing vulnerabilities can cause overestimation [17], [18].
Research on landslides using a geomorphological approach and the use of GIS with remote sensing data has been widely carried out.However, integrating landslide mapping results by integrating existing landslides with material, morphochronological and morphological information is still often carried out.In fact, information regarding geomorphological attributes plays an important role in reducing the risk of landslides.The results of the integration of geomorphological attribute analysis and the results of landslide susceptibility mapping using the bivariate WoE method will provide comprehensive information as a strategy for reducing landslide risk and sustainable environmental management.This is important because to provide recommendations for landslide reduction strategies, it must integrate aspects of soil material, morphology and chronology of an area which are part of the geomorphological attributes.This paper will focus on geomorphological analysis of the landslide hazard zone in the Maspo watershed area which is part of the Welirang Volcano system, East Java, Indonesia.Maspo watershed is an area with volcanic material that has a high vulnerability to landslides.

Research Area
Maspo Watershed is one of the catchment areas located in the Welirang Volcano system located in East Java, Indonesia.Monthly rainfall ranges from 200 mm -260 mm, while the slope is located at a slope of 2 0 -55 0 .Deposition of volcanic ash due to the eruption process causes this area to have thick soil with surface lithology in the form of andesite, basalt and mostly volcanic tuff.Relatively steep topographic conditions with high rainfall and surface material resulting from volcanic ash deposits cause this area to have a high risk of landslides.As a component of the Mount Welirang system, this area is IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/0121173 mostly included in the geological unit Qvw Upper Quaternary Lava Flow-2nd Eruption of Mount Welirang.There are 8 identifiable geological units in this area, namely Qvw, Qvlw4, Qvlp1, Qvlp2, Qvlp4, Qvlw3, Qvwl1, and Qvwl2.Dominant land use (LULC) includes forests with variations in high -low density, shrubs, and industrial plants such as mahogany and sengon.Figure 1 is the Maspo watershed area.

Geomorphological Mapping
The use of GIS in landslide vulnerability analysis is an important part of knowing the level of distribution of landslide vulnerability in the Maspo Sub-Watershed Area.In mapping landslide susceptibility, the development of landform maps is the basis for analyzing landslide susceptibility in the research area which is used as a determinant in determining efforts to reduce disaster risk and preserve nature in the Maspo Sub-Watershed Area.In making landform maps, there are several aspects used in determining the characteristics of landforms in the Maspo Sub-watershed, namely: (1) Morphological aspects which provide information in the form of landform characteristics for slope data, (2) Morphoprocess aspects for information on landform processes for erosion and sedimentation data, (3) Morphochronological aspects in providing landform characteristics for information on rock lithology, and (4) Morphoarrangement aspects for the composition of landforms for detailed information on slopes.

Weight of Evidence (WoE) method
The Weight of Evidence (WoE) method is a number-based approach that relies on data, combining various data in various variations to create a data weighting map.This process includes both continuous and categorical data, and is based on before and after probabilities [19].Modeling using the Weight of Evidence (WoE) method allows incorporating various uncertainties in the vulnerability model (including variations in the type, quality and calculation of each data) and explicitly incorporates expert insight into the process [20].The probability that occurs after the addition of information is known as the posterior probability.The conditional probability of a landslide event taking into account additional existing factors can be expressed as follows [21]: On the other hand, the conditional probability of the possibility of a landslide occurring without any influencing factors can be expressed in the following way [22]: Where : Probability, : presence of class i j factor,  ̅  : no class i j factor,  ̅ : no landslide, L : presence of landslide,  + : likelihood ratio which states that the ratio in the case of presence, factor  then an avalanche L occurs or does not occur, and  − : probability ratio which states that the ratio in the case of the absence of the factor  then an avalanche L occurs or does not occur.
Measuring the relationship between variables can also be analyzed through the use of weight contrast, which can be formulated as follows [21]: 2.3.1.Frequency Ratio (FR).Frequency Ratio (FR) is a bivariate analysis technique based on the spatial distribution between factors that trigger and factors that cause landslides.This approach is often used in landslide mapping research because of the simplicity of the model which facilitates understanding and implementation.Frequency Ratio (FR) assesses the comparison between disaster events and the total area area as well as the comparison of the probability of disaster events versus non-disaster events based on specified attribute factors [23].The Frequency Ratio value is calculated using the formula [23]: In this case, A represents landslide incidents for each parameter group, while B includes landslide events in the area being studied.M represents the area of each parameter category and N indicates the total area of the study area.

Landslide Suitability Index (LSI).
To measure the level of vulnerability to landslides, each landslide control factor that has the most influence on landslide events in the Maspo Sub-watershed is mapped in the form of a raster map with values from WoE -FR modeling results, then accumulated through the use of equations [24]:

Data collection
The remote sensing data used in this research are DEMNAS data (resolution -8 m), Sentinel-2 data (resolution -10 m), and Terra Climate data (resolution -4 km).DEMNAS data is formed through a combined process of transformation of altitude data from sources such as IFSAR (5m), TERRASAR-X (5m), and ALOSPALSAR (11.25m), which is also enriched with stereo-plotting point mass data (BIG, 2008 ) .DEMNAS data is used to form landslide control factors in topographical and hydrological analysis in the Maspo sub-watershed area.Table 1 is the variables and sources of data collection.

Accuracy Test (Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) and Precision Recall Calculation)
The results of the landslide vulnerability model were evaluated using test data.The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve mechanism is a method used to evaluate and describe the performance of classification models, especially in the context of binary (two class) classification problems.ROC illustrates the relationship between the true positive rate (TPR) and the false positive rate (False Positive Rate, FPR) at various thresholds used to classify data [25].Precision-Recall are two important evaluation metrics in the context of classification problems, especially when there is an imbalance between positive and negative classes in the data.Precision and Recall help measure the performance of classification models by focusing on positive classes [26].The following are the performance metrics used to evaluate the performance of the landslide hazard model [27].Figure 2 is a research framework.

Analysis Geomorphology
Geomorphology give significant contribution _ to understanding and assessment various potency danger nature , one of them is danger land landslide [28].Linkages between formation soil on various form land to incident land landslide lies in the characteristics of volume and mass land from every type stretch land, which varies for each geomorphological unit.The slope factor varies in each group stretch land also plays a role role important in determine the extent of the risk danger related [29].Maspo subwatershed own characteristics form different land different.Every characteristics of each form land in the Maspo Sub-watershed capable give information about level its vulnerability to landslide, so planning in effort mitigation and development use land can done with maximum.Morphoarrangement refers to distribution spatial and structuring span nature inside a certain region.Understanding arrangement morphoarrangement help in identify and analyze the processes that form landscape, such as processes of erosion, weathering, and movement mass (Muddarisna et al., 2019).Aspect morphoarrangement show that the Maspo Sub Watershed area divided above 5 classes classification consisting top, crater, slope top, slope middle, slope bottom, and also the slope of the foot.Each one character in class aspect morphoarrangement those, have their respective impacts to happen landslides in the Maspo Sub-watershed area.Maspo Sub-watershed area more dominated by class morphoarrangement on the foot slopes.Characteristics slope in section the slope of your own feet own level slope inclined slope ramps, so rate erosion in the area tend low.Consequence from characteristics inclined slope sloping, areas on a footer slope Lots undergoing a deposition process.Domination characteristics the morphoarrangement on the foot slopes shows that foot slopes in the Maspo Subwatershed arranged on sufficient lava deposits wide consequence activity volcanic Welirang Volcano in the past.
Morphoprocess be one aspect important geomorphology that describes the processes of transformation and exchange the matter/energy that makes up something span nature (Huggett, 2022).Information morphoprocess utilized For make map depicting arrangement morphology span nature inside a certain region.(Purwanto, 2004).Information on aspects morphoprocess generated from Stream Power Index data processing via DEMNAS data extraction (Resolution -8m).Stream Power Index (SPI) is useful For measure strength surface water flow, so own close relationship to eroded areas and areas water catchment in an area [31].Maspo Sub-watershed area divided on 4 classifications morphoprocesses consisting over very strongly eroded areas, eroded areas strong, eroded area medium, and few areas eroded.Known areas that have it characteristics slope steep slope own trend For easy eroded, while in sloping areas own trend undergoing a deposition process.From Information map above, the Maspo Sub-watershed area is known dominated by a small area eroded with total area amounting to 2025.64 Ha.Dominated area with characteristics A little erosion the caused Because slope slopes in the area own inclined slope ramps, so possibility for happen Landslides are very few and tend to occur undergoing deposition processes in the region.Easy territory erosion of classification eroded strong and very strong in the Maspo Sub-watershed indicated own slope steep slope so in that area easy for experience erosion.
Aspect morphochronological own connection tightly with condition lithology in the Maspo Subwatershed area.Morphochronology is aspect important in explanatory geomorphology studies about time and speed evolution landscape [32].Maspo Sub-watershed area has 8 lithological units which are dominated by volcanic material that is formed around quarter period.Characteristics of the material contained in the formation rock influential to its resilience to erosion (Nacional & Cientificas, 1995).Maspo Sub-watershed area dominated by characteristics formation rock Qvw Upper Quaternary Lava Flow-2nd Eruption of Mt Welirang with a total area of 1927.60 Ha.Maspo Sub-watershed area Still classified in system area Mountain Welirang, so results activity volcanic Mountain Welirang in the past capable influence characteristics of surface materials in the Maspo Sub-watershed.Volcanic material consequence activity Welirang Volcano in the past, resulted in the Maspo Sub Watershed Area own characteristics the land is fertile, and inclined has a thick soil solum.Characteristics land with thick soil solum prone to to erosion [33].Maspo sub-watershed own characteristics form land dominated by toe slopes sloping precipitate pyroclastic eruption mountain fire welirang 1 sec (US4V7/LE), form land the has a total area amounting to 870.14 Ha, with proportion 20.88% of total area of the Maspo Sub-watershed area.Form land the own scope larger area big compared to form land others.Form land the own level low erosion, due to characteristics gentle slope so that rate erosion of form land the tend low.In part form land the more 1314 (2024) 012117 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/0121179 Lots undergo a deposition process because characteristics gentle slope.Characteristics form owned land the smallest area is in the characteristics form land slope foot slope wavy lava 2 mountains fire shoulders (UH4V4/LE) with total area amounting to 31.46 Ha, with proportion 0.76% of total area of the Maspo Sub-watershed area.Form land the own almost characteristics The same with form land US4V7/LE i.e., has vulnerability to low erosion because characteristics slopes are formed land the tend ramps, so rate erosion on both form land the tend low.Table above give information about form land and also speed erosion in each form land. From information the capable give instruction in do regional development through characteristics form land that.Minimize possibility worst to happen landslide at every characteristics form land in the Maspo Sub-watershed capable give consideration to spatial planning in the region, so from every planning regional development in each form land in the Maspo Sub-Watershed Area capable organized with good.

Controlling Factors Landslide
Controlling factors in context landslide refers to variables or elements that can influence happen or intensity from phenomenon landslide.Factors controller in landslides are very important For understand the steps prevention and mitigation can taken For reduce risks and impacts landslide.From the results data processing that has been done carried out, there are 15 factors controller consisting of landslides on factor controller topography, factors controller hydrology, factors controller chronology and factors controller anthropogenic.
Anthropogenic Factors refers to influence man to the process of occurrence landslide.Anthropogenic factors used in study This consists on factor distance to road, use land, Normalized Differences Vegetation Index (NDVI), and density road.Fourth factor the is factors controller landslides that have influence to incident originating landslide from activity human.Vulnerability to land landslide is known experience decline along with enhancement distance from point main road kingdom [34].Distance to road be measured use method Euclidean Distance and grouped into five classes, namely 0 -50, 50 -100, 100 -200, 200 -300, and > 300 meters.Apart from that, other factors influence it potency happen land landslide is density road.Density road calculated with method Kernel Density, then grouped into five classes, namely < 1.30, 1.30 -3.42, 3.42 -5.14, 5.14 -6.96, and > 6.96 kilometers per square kilometer (km/km²).Use land and the Normalized Differences Vegetation Index (NDVI) to be factor controller landslides that have linkages with activity processing land occupied by humans.Land Use plays a role role important based on condition hydrology and strength land [35], so use land become factor controller important landslide in determine level vulnerability to landslide.Processing results shows the Maspo Sub Watershed Area divided above 8th grade use land.NDVI has influence in guard stability land in an area.Density level vegetation capable give impact to the weathering process physical on the ground.The NDVI factor is divided over 5 classes consisting _ from values < (-0.12), (-0.12) -(-0.04),(-0.04) -0.02, 0.02 -0.09, > 0.09.Low vegetation value _ shows the region own level low vegetation until not vegetated, however on the contrary if The NDVI value in an area shows high NDVI value, then can known to the area own level density tall vegetation.Geological unit in the Maspo Sub-Watershed Area divided on 8 units geology consisting above geological units, Qvw , Qvlw4, Qvlp1, Qvlp2, Qvlp4, Qvlw 3, Qvwl 1, and Qvwl 2. From class classification the capable explain about characteristics formed rocks consequence events in the past.Characteristics of each rock own typical vulnerability to happen erosion (Nacional & Cientificas , 1995).Maspo Sub-watershed area more Lots dominated by geological units Qvw.Geological unit give information about aspect morphochronology in the Maspo Sub-watershed area.Characteristics of geological units in the Maspo Sub-watershed tend has a characteristic surface material Volcanic formations formed during the quarter period.
Density factor river own bad impact to possibility happen landslide Because impact saturation of the associated material with slope cause decline stability slope.Approaching slope density river estimated more Lots happen landslide [36].Density river calculated with method Kernel Density, then grouped into five classes, namely < 1.87, 1.87 -2.48, 2.48 -2.90, 2.90 -3.39, and > 3.39 kilometers per square kilometer (km/km²).Distance to river be measured use method Euclidean Distance and grouped into five classes, namely 0 -50, 50 -100, 100 -200, 200 -300, and > 300 meters.The main triggering IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/01211710 factor happen landslide surface is bulk Rain [37].Temporary that is, a landslide caused by failure slope generally triggered by deep water form rain, so factor bulk Rain own important role in happen landslides in an area [23].Distribution bulk rain in the Maspo Sub-Watershed Area consists above 5 classes namely, < 200 mm / month, 200 mm / month -220 mm / month, 220 mm / month -240 mm / month, 240 mm / month -260 mm / month, > 260 mm / month.The Stream Power Index value provides information about potential erosion processes in an area.The more big the resulting SPI value, then the more big rate erosion in the area caused strong current Genre surface [38].SPI factors are divided above 5 classes classification mark namely, < 0, 0 -0.3, 0.3 -0.6, 0.6 -1.6, and > 1.6.
Humidity soil and thickness land related with insolation different suns _ as function from slope land.Aspect slope considered as factor main in studies land landslides and plays a role fundamental in stability slope Because difference temperature and vegetation [39].Controlling factors aspect has 8 classes classification consisting top, class slope north, east sea, east, southeast, south, southwest, west and northwest.Plan Curvature, File Curvature, and Total Curvature give explanation in a way detailed about curvature field land and its impacts to stability slope hills in areas dominated by streams landslides and landslides land.Each factor own classification consisting of classes top, class form slopes are convex, flat and concave.Algorithm computing Terrain Ruggedness Index (TRI) is sensitive to variation height local so that existence cliff long and steep can potential increase calculated mean TRI value For every landslide.On factors TRI controller has class classification consisting on value < 0.99.0.99 -1.88, 1.88 -2.82, 2.82 -3.82, > 3.82.Figure 4 is a controlling factor landslide.Weighting on each class based on many slices on each classes that fall into the offset landslide area with the total area, so proportion resulting weight own attachment with incident landslide.From the incident landslides in the past the capable give information about predictions vulnerability landslide in the future, so planning regional development and efforts mitigation can planned with maximum.characteristics morphology hills steep and has volcanic material the , make slope own Genre fast surface, and fast volcanic material eroded so it's very easy eroded [41].On some part form land on a slope bottom also has tendency is very easy for eroded.Causes in section slope lower easy eroded because slope lower tend become point end flowing water stream down from slope mountain [42].Flowing rainwater to slope mountain will carrying eroded material from slope on to slope bottom.When the water reaches slope below, the speed can slow down, cause deposited material in form mud, sand, and gravel.Eroded material from slope on own trend for accumulate and settle in parts slope bottom.Sedimentation process This can cause compression more land high on the slope bottom, make it more difficult for rainwater for sinking in to in land [43].As a result, the water tends flow surface and accelerate the erosion process.

The Most Influential Factors.
Need done evaluation to factors input that contributes to potential dangerous erosion, because it is very possible that quality from factors control erosion the can influence predictions vulnerability to land landslide.In research this, done analysis to factors control erosion that has significant impact against the erosion process.Through analysis correlation, identified the influence of each factor control erosion to vulnerability land to landslide.\

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR)
. Geomorphology can considered as discipline strategic in reduce vulnerability disaster impact capable bother the way activity man nor environment.With contribute to the understanding of endogenous and exogenous processes, methodology For predict pattern happen danger can developed and implemented [28].Maspo Sub-watershed area own inclination vulnerable to landslides in parts slope middle until above, so need done effort in minimize happen landslides in the area that.Approach vegetation in vulnerable areas to landslide be one method in reduce risk to happen landslide.Characteristics form land with level slope different slopes different, have respective plans in determination vegetation planted in a certain area with notice type planted vegetation.Cover vegetation own system complex roots that act as binder land loose and prevent happen erosion [44].Vegetation own role important in arrange reconstruction ecosystem and prevent land landslide, because capable increase diversity physical and biological in disturbed areas.Therefore that 's revegetation considered as approach best For stabilize the affected habitat degradation [45].

Conclusions
Mapping Geomorphology capable give information related with incident landslides in the Maspo Subwatershed area.On every form land own characteristics rate different erosion the resulting difference through analysis morphoprocesses on the map geomorphology.Setap Aspect give related information IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/01211714 between One aspect with aspect others.Characteristics geomorphology capable become base in management risk disaster in effort minimize the impact caused to environment.Maspo Sub-watershed area dominated by level vulnerability high landslides with proportion amounting to 27.54% of the total area.Controlling factors geology to be the most influential factor to happen landslides in the Maspo Sub-watershed area.From the results map vulnerability landslide using the Weight of Evidence-Frequency Ratio model, obtained the AUC value is 0.851, so can concluded that modeling vulnerability landslide use method WoE-FR capable identify level vulnerability landslide with good.Approach vegetation play role important in reduce possibility happen landslides in an area, due to system complex roots in plants capable guard stability slope.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of the research area located in the Maspo sub-watershed

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Thematic Map of 4 aspects of Geomorphology; a) Morphology Map; b) Morphoarragement ; c) Morphoprocess and d) Surface Material; e) Geomorphology map

Figure 4 :
Figure 4: Landslide Controlling Factor 3.2.1.Distribution Vulnerability Landslide.His height request information public about planning territorial development and protection environment , assessment danger and risk land landslide has become instrument principal in management risk , become an integral part of planning use land in vulnerable areas _ to disaster [40].Formation map vulnerability landslide based on modeling use method Weight of Evidence -Frequency Ratio (WoE -FR) is based on on incident landslides in the past.Weighting on each class based on many slices on each classes that fall into the offset landslide area with

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Mapping Results Geomorphology and Distribution Vulnerability Landslide Using the Weight of Evidence -Frequency Ratio ( WoE -FR) Method

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Mapping Results Geomorphology and Characteristics Gemorphology in the Maspo Subwatershed

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Influencing Factor Diagram to Incident Landslides in the Maspo Sub-Watershed Area

3. 2 . 3 .
Accuracy Test.In research this, done evaluation accuracy using Characteristic Curves Operation Receiver (ROC).The ROC curve is illustrative visual representation balance between TP (True Positive) and FP (False Positive) accuracy.General TP level known as sensitivity, temporary level (1-FP) is known as specificity.Accuracy value will indicated to what extent reception map vulnerability land landslide.IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/01211713

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. ROC Accuracy Test in Modeling Weight of Evidence -Frequency Ratio (WoE-FR)

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Approach Vegetation in Doing Subtraction Risk Disaster

Table 1 .
Research Data Requirements Table

Table 2 .
Table of Landform Unit Areas for the Padusan Slope Watershed Volcano Welirang