Analysis of behavioral adaptability to student resilience in coping with landslide natural disaster

Students’ behavioral adaptability is very important to understand, especially for schools located in landslide prone areas. The objectives of this study are (1) to determine the level of students’ behavioral adaptability in facing landslide natural disasters, and (2) to analyze the influence between behavioral adaptability on students’ resilience in facing landslide natural disasters. This type of research is quantitative with survey design. The population in this study were all students of SMK Negeri Jatipuro which amounted to 1,504 students. The sampling technique used stratified random sampling with the slovin formula. Data collection techniques using questionnaires, observations, and interviews and data analysis using simple linear regression. The results showed that the level of behavioral adaptability of Jatipuro State Vocational School students on average fell into the criteria of a strong indicator that is between 61-80%. Based on the results of the regression test, it can be seen that behavioral adaptability has a positive and significant effect on student resilience with a sig value. 0000<0,05.


Introduction
Indonesia is one of the countries in the world that has a high risk of natural disasters.As a country located in the Ring of Fire, Indonesia faces a variety of natural disasters ranging from small to largescale disasters [1].It is an undeniable fact that the geographical and geological conditions of Indonesia are at the confluence of three major world plates, namely the Eurasian, Indo-Australian and Pacific plates.As a result of the intensive movement of the three plates, the relief of the earth's surface varies greatly, one of which forms a mountainous area with steep slopes that have a high potential for landslides.
A disaster is an event or series of events that threatens and disrupts people's lives and livelihoods caused by natural and non-natural factors as well as humans, resulting in casualties, damage, property losses, and psychological impacts [2].Disaster events can occur at any time and it is difficult to predict when and where the disaster will occur.Landslides are one of the most common natural disasters in Indonesia, especially in mountainous areas during the rainy season.This is triggered by the 1314 (2024) 012112 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012112 2 high intensity of rainfall, steep slopes, and lack of vegetation on the land surface which results in landslides.Landslides are not only triggered by natural factors, but human activities also play an important role in the occurrence of landslides, such as cutting steep slopes for road and housing construction [3].
Landslides are geologic natural disasters that occur due to the movement of soil masses or rocks along a slope due to gravity [4].There are two main factors that cause landslides, namely controlling factors and triggering factors.[5] defined controlling factors and triggering factors of landslides, where controlling factors are factors that affect the material conditions in an area ranging from slope, geological conditions, lithology, and so on while triggering factors are factors that cause the material to move such as earthquakes, human activities, rainfall, and erosion at the foot of the slope.Landslides in Indonesia in 2021 ranked third after floods and extreme weather with a total of 1,321 cases of landslides [6].
Karanganyar Regency is one of the regencies in Central Java Province that frequently experiences landslides.Based on data from the Indonesian Disaster Risk Index (IRBI) in 2021, landslides in Karanganyar Regency are in the moderate risk class with a score of 10.28 [6].The same thing is also shown by the data on the number of natural disasters in Karanganyar Regency published by the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) in 2020 which states that during 2020 there were 86 landslide natural disasters with 12 sub-districts affected including Ngargoyoso, Jenawi, Jumapolo, Tawangmangu, Jatiyoso, Karangpandan, Matesih, Kerjo, Jatipuro, Jumantono, Tasikmadu, and Mojogedang sub-districts [7].Based on this data, Jatipuro Sub-district is one of the sub-districts in Karanganyar Regency that is prone to landslides.Jatipuro sub-district is located at the foot of Mount Lawu with an average altitude of 770 m above sea level with a sub-district area of 40.36 km² which is geographically located in the southernmost area of Karanganyar Regency.This is one of the factors that make Jatipuro sub-district vulnerable to landslides.
Losses caused by landslides not only cause casualties but also damage to building infrastructure.One of the building infrastructures affected by landslides in Jatipuro Sub-district in 2020 is a school infrastructure, precisely the Jatipuro State Vocational School.SMK Negeri Jatipuro was affected by a landslide natural disaster on January 15, 2020 in the afternoon at around 17.00 WIB when heavy rains flushed the area for almost an hour, where a 20-meter-long talud with a height of 4 meters experienced a landslide and hit the wall of the school laboratory room.
The landslide disaster that occurred at SMK Negeri Jatipuro will certainly make the school, especially students, must be able to adapt to the new situation where the location of their learning place includes areas prone to landslides, so that with the ability to adapt, it is expected that students can adjust to the existing conditions.Schools have a high vulnerability to disasters.Based on [8], adaptation is needed in these stressful conditions, so that schools can continue to carry out the learning process.Behavioral adaptation from students to be able to improve the ability and resilience of students in dealing with landslide natural disasters is needed to maintain students' adaptive behavior.
According to Altman in [9] Adaptation is a change in behavior as a form of adjustment to the environment.The same thing is also expressed by [10] which reveals that adaptation is the ability of living things to adapt to their environment.Based on the definition of adaptation, it can be concluded that adaptation is the ability of living things to change their behavior so that they can adjust to their new environment.Behavioral adaptation is part of a form of disaster adaptation.Behavioral adaptation according to Jain & Wong in [11] is the first response that will be done by humans in the face of change.Therefore, behavioral adaptation emphasizes more on human reactions when facing an imbalance with the environment.
Quoting [12] statement that in facing a certain environmental condition, the population is not able to work passively, but also provides space for individuals to be able to work actively and can modify their behavior in order to maintain new conditions and be able to cope with certain risks.Behavioral adaptation is one of the active strategies in dealing with the new environment for students in landslideprone areas, one of which is SMK Negeri Jatipuro.SMK Negeri Jatipuro was chosen as the research location because the school is located in a medium level landslide prone area (Figure 1) and has experienced landslides, and there has been no research related to the effect of behavioral adaptation on student resilience in dealing with landslides in the school.
The objectives of this research are: (1) to analyze the level of students' behavioral adaptability in facing landslide natural disasters, and (2) to analyze the influence between students' behavioral adaptability on students' resilience in facing landslide natural disasters at SMK Negeri Jatipuro.

Methods
This study used a quantitative approach with a survey design.The reason for using a quantitative approach according to [13] is to enrich the research context.This research was conducted at SMK Negeri Jatipuro, Jatipuro District, Karanganyar Regency, Central Java (Figure 1).This research was conducted for four months, starting from September to December 2022.The sampling technique used was stratified random sampling using the slovin formula (Table 1).The results of the analysis obtained a sample size of 290 students.The stratified random sampling technique was chosen because students are a vulnerable group when a disaster occurs, this is supported by the occurrence of landslides that have occurred at SMK Negeri Jatipuro, so that all grade levels need to be sampled and studied to ensure that each sub-class has been adequately represented to find out how the level of behavioral adaptability to student resilience in the face of landslides as an effort to minimize casualties when natural disasters occur in the future.
Data collection techniques in this study used questionnaires, observations, and interviews.The questionnaire used in this study used two variables, namely behavioral adaptation and resilience.The behavioral adaptation variable consists of five indicators, namely disaster preparedness, networks, disaster communication, participation, and policies.The resilience variable consists of five indicators, namely physical, social, economic, institutional, and natural (Table 2) [14,15,16].The questionnaire in this study was used to determine the level of students' behavioral adaptation skills and the relationship between behavioral adaptation and students' resilience in facing landslides.Observation in this study was to determine the completeness of facilities and infrastructure as well as school readiness in facing landslide natural disasters.Meanwhile, interviews in this study used direct interviews to find out the efforts used to improve students' behavioral adaptation.
Data analysis techniques in this study used descriptive statistical analysis and inferential statistical analysis.Analysis of the level of adaptability was carried out using the questionnaire indicator criteria [17] shown in (Table 3).Hypothesis testing in this study used simple linear regression analysis.Simple linear regression analysis is used to determine whether there is an influence between the behavioral adaptation variable (X) on the student resilience variable (Y) and how significant the effect is.This is in line with the analysis used in the research of [18] to determine the effect on two variables.
Data processing to determine the level of behavioral adaptability of students at each grade level is through the total average results on each indicator, where from the average the percentage can be known, so that each percentage can be known on each indicator on the behavioral adaptation variable (X), where the classification of the percentage level of behavioral adaptation refers to the criteria (Table 3).While data processing to determine the effect between behavioral adaptability on student resilience is done using regression tests through SPSS by entering student scores on each behavioral adaptation variable (X) and student resilience (Y).The adaptability of student behavior is very important to understand, especially for schools located in landslide prone areas such as SMK Negeri Jatipuro which is located in a medium landslide prone area.According to John Bannet's theory in [19] Behavioral adaptation is a behavior that is considered as something that occurs repeatedly and is dynamic, where in this case the behavior is carried out to be able to maintain itself against changes that occur in a new environment.Therefore, the stronger the behavioral adaptation skills possessed by students will be able to minimize the impact of disasters because it is related to what actions students take when a disaster occurs.This is reinforced by [20,21] who state that behavioral adaptation is referred to as risk compensation, which through behavioral adaptation can reduce accidents with less severe impacts.Thus, students who have very high behavioral adaptation skills do not guarantee themselves to be safe when a landslide natural disaster occurs, but through these behavioral adaptation skills students can minimize themselves from becoming victims when a landslide natural disaster occurs.
The results of the research previously described show that the behavioral adaptability of students in class X, class XI, and class XII of SMK Negeri Jatipuro on average falls into strong criteria with a percentage between 61%-80%.The behavioral adaptability of class X and class XII students is dominated by policy indicators with a percentage of 79% in class X students and 77% in class XII students, where the percentage is included in the strong criteria.School policies are decisions made formally related to matters that need to be supported in the implementation of disaster risk reduction in schools that are carried out both specifically and integrated [22].Policy indicators play a very important role in the adaptation of student behavior, where the policy has certainly been carefully prepared as a good disaster risk reduction effort for every school community.The binding policy makes students inevitably have to comply with every policy that has been determined by the school, so it is hoped that the policies made by the school will be able to improve disaster adaptation, especially student behavior adaptation.
The behavioral adaptability of class XI students is dominated by the network/forum indicator with a percentage of 82%.Networks play an important role in reducing disaster risk if done well.According to [23], the establishment and strengthening of networks/forums is one of the main priorities in capacity building as a form of disaster risk reduction involving all relevant stakeholders.The existence of the network certainly helps to understand the preparedness management among schools located in landslide-prone areas.So that the existence of this network/forum becomes an important factor in improving students' behavioral adaptation.

The Influence of Behavioral Adaptability on Resilience
Based on simple linear regression analysis, the results of analysis related to the influence of behavioral adaptability on student resilience in the face of landslides at SMK Negeri Jatipuro.The results of data analysis in (Table 4) show that the magnitude of the correlation or relationship value (R) is 0.436.Based on the results of the output obtained the coefficient of determination (R Square) of 0.190 which implies that the influence of the independent variable (behavioral adaptation) on the dependent variable (resilience) by 19%.The Anova test results (Table 5) show that the F value = 67.734with a significance level of 0.000 <0.05, so the regression model can be used to predict the resilience variable or in other words there is an influence between the behavior adaptation variable on the resilience variable.The results of the coefficient test (Table 6) show that the Constant (a) value is 28.853, while the value of behavioral adaptation (b / regression coefficient) is 0.427, so the regression equation can be written as follows: Based on this equation, it can be translated that the constant value is 28,853, which means that the consistency value of the resilience variable (Y) is 28,853.Then the regression coefficient X obtained a value of 0.427 which states that every 1% increase in the value of behavioral adaptation, the resilience value will increase by 0.427.The regression coefficient is positive, so it can be concluded that the direction of the influence of variable X on Y is positive.Decision making in the simple regression test in this study was taken based on the significance value obtained from (Table 6) where the significance value obtained a value of 0.000.The significance value of 0.000 <0.05, so it can be concluded that the Behavior Adaptation variable affects the Resilience variable.Based on the results of the research that has been described, it can be seen that there is a significant influence between behavioral adaptation on student resilience in the face of landslides at SMK Negeri Jatipuro.This can be seen from the significance value obtained of 0.000 which means < 0.05, it can be said that H1 is accepted while H0 is rejected.So it can be concluded that the ability of behavioral adaptation has a positive and significant effect on student resilience in the face of natural disasters landslides at SMK Negeri Jatipuro.The results of this study are in line with research conducted by [24] which in his research found the results that the impact of high psychological and behavioral adaptation during the disaster period, human resilience to disasters will also be better.
Disaster adaptation itself is an important part of the disaster management process to be able to minimize the negative impacts of disasters.Jain & Wong in [11] define behavioral adaptation as the first response that humans will make in the face of change.The first response given by students during a disaster will affect student resilience.The ability to adapt this behavior will be even better if it is supported by a high level of student knowledge, where students who have a high level of knowledge will be able to respond to changes that occur around them according to their understanding so that they can build stronger student resilience and vice versa.The limitation of researchers in this study is in controlling respondents to fill out research questionnaires, so that the number of research questionnaires collected to researchers does not match the number of research respondents.Therefore, the researcher must redistribute this research questionnaire to complete the shortage of respondents.

Conclusions
The conclusions of this study are: (1) The level of behavioral adaptability of Jatipuro State Vocational School students on average falls into the criteria of strong indicators, namely between 61-80%.Behavioral adaptability of class X students is dominated by policy indicators with a percentage of 79%, class XI is dominated by network indicators by 82%, and class XII is dominated by policy indicators by 77%.(2) The effect of students' behavioral adaptability on students' resilience in facing landslides shows a significance value of 0.000 which means < 0.05, it can be said that H1 is accepted

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Behavior Adaptation Level of Class XII Students

Table 1 .
Research Sample

Table 3 .
Classification of Behavioral Adaptation Level Based on Figure2above, it can be seen that the level of behavioral adaptation of class X students is highest in the policy indicator with a percentage of 79%, the disaster communication indicator is 74%, the network indicator is 72%, the disaster preparedness indicator is 66%, and the participation indicator is 63%.behavioral adaptation, it can be concluded that the level of behavioral adaptation of class X students on average has a strong level of behavioral adaptation.
Figure 3. Behavior Adaptation Level of Class XI Students 3.1.3.Behavior Adaptation Level of Class XII Students.Based on Figure 4 above, it can be seen that the level of behavioral adaptation of class XI students is highest in the policy indicator with a percentage of 77%, disaster communication indicator 76%, disaster preparedness indicator 70%, participation indicator 66%, and network indicator 63%.Based on the five indicators of behavioral adaptation, it can be concluded that the level of behavioral adaptation of class XII students on average has a strong level of behavioral adaptation.

Table 4 .
Model Summary