A simple water purification tool as an effort to meet clean water needs

Water is necessary for all types of life on Earth. Water is also essential for daily activities, such as cooking, washing dishes and dirty clothes, and cleansing oneself. Water is scientifically constituted of numerous components despite its appearance of being clear and odorless. Among these numerous applications, bathing, washing clothing, and defecating account for almost 85% of total water usage. According to Water Aid 2016, more than 40% of the population in 16 nations lacked access to water facilities and wells. These impoverished groups must gather water from ponds and rivers and spend a significant portion of their daily income on safe drinking water. As a result, this study was carried out to perform simple filtering of clothing convection factory waste utilizing a simple water filtration method. This study used experimental research methods. The pretest-posttest design (pretest-posttest design) was employed in the study. The convection manufacturing wastewater was sampled in Semanggi Village, Pasar Kliwon, Surakarta City. The investigation findings revealed that the BOD and COD indicators remained below the quality criteria. After processing, the quality of liquid waste has improved and satisfied quality criteria. TSS (37.5), pH (1.08), BOD (5.4), and phosphate (9.2) efficiency all decreased. Meanwhile, the COD parameter climbed in value but remained inside the quality standard’s lower limit; therefore, it had no significance for efficacy.


Introduction
Water has a crucial role in the life of all living things, including humans.Apart from being consumed, water is also used to support human life, such as bathing, washing clothes, defecating, and irrigation.Among these various uses, almost 85% of water consumption is used for bathing, washing clothes, and defecating.Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Health (Permenkes) RI No. 416/MENKES/PER/IX/1990 concerning Requirements and Supervision of Water Quality, it is known that clean water has initial characteristics of odorless, colorless, tasteless, and not cloudy.In fact, the use of dirty water has the potential to cause various health problems.Diseases caused by the water crisis include cholera, hepatitis, polyneuritis, typhoid, dysentery, trachoma, scabies, malaria, yellow fever, and intestinal worms [1].Currently, many people in various regions of Indonesia still have not been able to enjoy the availability of clean water to support their daily activities.This issue is also faced by residents in Cukanggenteng Village, Ciwidey, Bandung Regency.
Water safety and quality are also critical to human development and well-being.Providing access to clean water is one of the most effective instruments in promoting health and reducing poverty.As the international authority on public health and water quality, WHO leads global efforts to prevent the transmission of waterborne diseases.It is achieved by promoting health-based regulation to 1314 (2024) 012111 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012111 2 governments and working with partners to promote effective risk management practices to water suppliers, communities, and households [2].Water Aid 2016 reported that more than 40% of the population in 16 countries did not have access to water facilities and wells.These marginalized communities must collect water from ponds and rivers and spend much of their daily income on clean water [3].Even worse, around two billion people drink water contaminated with feces, of which 4.5 billion use sanitation systems that do not adequately protect their families [4].
The WHO WASH Strategy has been developed in response to WHA Member State Resolution 64.4 and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).Also, it requires the progressive realization of the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, which the UN General Assembly adopted in July 2010.A strategy end date 2025 is proposed to allow for both reasonably managed forward-looking views.The period for adopting the new WHO strategy in 2025 is to allow course corrections in the last five-year period of the SDGs [5].
Based on the results of observations, the condition of the river water in the Semanggi Village, Surakarta City, is very turbid, and there is much waste from clothing convection factories, which is the primary problem experienced by the villagers.Based on information provided by village officials, this condition is worsening, especially during the dry season, because the water source will be mixed with convection factory waste.As a result, the water will become more turbid.Therefore, a water purification method is needed so that the water becomes fit for use.
One method of water purification often used is coagulation using coagulants, such as alum (KAl [SO4]2.12H2O),[6] alum (AlCl3), iron (III), chloride (FeCl3), and poly aluminum chloride (PAC), known as effective and commonly used [7].The use of conventional coagulants will incur additional cost components, produce large amounts of sludge waste, cause a decrease in water pH, and the water consumed can have a negative impact on human health [8].In addition, the construction of large sedimentation tanks could not be realized due to limited land.Due to consideration of field conditions, up-flow sand filtering and gradual pipe filtering filled with filter media were also used.Upflow operation can filter processes with fast flow rates and even up to 230 liters/hour [9].Upflow sand filtering can also effectively reduce metal content, such as iron and manganese [10].The filter media for filtering pipes uses coconut shell charcoal, sand, and sponges.This system was designed by considering the convenience of local residents to obtain filter materials.Besides, the construction of the filtering system is made as simple as possible so that it can be maintained, operated, and even duplicated by residents.
Further, the target of the SDGs in 2030 is achieving universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all.According to Indonesia.go.id in 2019 for Indonesia, these targets and targets have been set in the 2015-2019 RPJMN (National Medium Term Development Plan, hereinafter abbreviated as RPJMN) by increasing access to proper drinking water services in 2019 to 100%.Nevertheless, access to safe drinking water services in Indonesia has only reached 72%.
The water quality requirement in the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 416/MENKES/PER/IX/1990 dated September 3, 1990, which was emphasized in the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 32 of 2017, is 1mg/l.Environmental health quality standards for water media for sanitary hygiene include physical, biological, and chemical parameters, which can be mandatory and additional parameters.Mandatory parameters must be checked periodically following the provisions of laws and regulations.In contrast, additional parameters must only be checked if geohydrological conditions indicate the potential for pollution related to additional parameters.The water for sanitation hygiene purposes is used for maintaining personal hygiene, such as bathing and brushing teeth, and for washing food, cutlery, and clothing.In addition, in 2017, the Ministry of Health stated that water can be used as drinking water for sanitary hygiene purposes.
Increasing access to clean water and sanitation was found to have a positive effect on increasing the GRDP value of regencies/cities in Indonesia and influence decreasing the morbidity rate of the population [11].The study conducted by Febriany focused on the effect of access to clean water and improved environmental sanitation on infant mortality under five years of age and slowing physical growth (stunting).It used data from the 2009 and 2010 National Social and Economic Surveys (Susenas).Generally, the study analysis found a negative correlation between increased access to clean water and improved environmental sanitation on infant mortality under five years of age and slowed physical growth [11].
Moreover, providing clean water for the community is not only the responsibility of the central and local governments but also a shared responsibility, i.e., the government (central and regional), the private sector, and the community.Each of them carries out their role according to their capacity based on the awareness that the availability of clean water requires shared awareness to maintain existing water sources so that they remain sustainable and not wasteful in using existing clean water [12].Based on the background above, the researchers are interested in the simple filtration in convention factory wastewater in Semanggi Village, Pasar Kliwon, Surakarta City.

Research Methods
This research was conducted with experimental research.The research design employed one group pretest-posttest (pretest-posttest design), namely research conducted by giving a pretest (initial observation) on water quality before being given treatment and then carrying out a posttest (final observation) after processing with the filtering method combination of zeolite sand and coconut shell activated charcoal (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Zeolite Sand Gravel Activated Charcoal Gauze Treatment Results
The sampling location for convection factory wastewater was in the Semanggi Village, Pasar Kliwon, Surakarta City.Water quality analysis was carried out in the laboratory.Implementation of research and construction of convection wastewater treatment facilities was divided into four stages: equipment preparation, wastewater preparation, filtering process, and water parameter analysis.

Equipment Preparation
Clean the aqua bottle first and then dry it.After drying, cut the mouth of a 15-liter aqua bottle with a knife so that the zeolite sand media, activated charcoal, gravel, and gauze could be inserted.Make a small hole at the bottom to insert a pipette so the treated water can come out.Then, it was made like a cotton cloth pad as a wrapper for coconut shell-activated charcoal so that the coconut shell-activated charcoal powder did not get carried away with the processed water.The inside of the bottle was covered with gauze so that the grains of sand were not carried away with the treated water.Then, put coconut shell-activated charcoal pads, gravel, and zeolite sand into the prepared aqua bottles with a thickness of 15 cm each.

Wastewater Preparation
The bottles used for sampling were cleaned first.Furthermore, samples of convection wastewater were taken at the point of the wastewater discharge pipe according to SNI 6989.59:2008.The water taken was put into the conducting bottle as a research sample until it was full.Once full, the conducting bottle was closed.Some samples were brought directly to the laboratory for preliminary tests before treatment, and the parameters examined were physical (TSS) and chemical (BOD, COD, and Phosphate) parameters.The remaining sample was used for treatment on the designed tool.

Filtering Process
Sample water was flowed manually at the mouth of the bottle with a volume of 3 liters.Water was allowed to flow until clear (not black).After all the water was filtered, put the sample into a mineral water bottle that had been washed clean and labeled.The treatment was carried out with as many parameters as needed.

Water Parameter Analysis
Samples given treatment were then returned for laboratory tests to determine the effectiveness of the simple design method.

Results and Discussion
The description of the quality of convection wastewater in the Semanggi Village area, Surakarta City, physically and chemically, could be seen.This preliminary examination was a guideline for further treatment.The convection wastewater positively contained suspended materials, which would cause a decrease in the quantity of phytoplankton if left unchecked, so the primary productivity of the waters decreased.The results of examining the pH value of the samples measured did not meet the quality standard requirements, i.e., outside the range of 6.0-9.0 or below the specified value range.
Water with a pH of less than four can cause death to aquatic organisms due to the inability to adapt to highly acidic water conditions [13].The examination results of the BOD value in the samples measured met the quality standard requirements, below 75 mg/L, according to the established quality standards, or below the specified value range.BOD is the amount of oxygen aerobic microbes need to oxidize organic matter into carbon dioxide and water [14].Moreover, the results of examining the COD value in the samples measured met the quality standard requirements, below 180 mg/L, according to the established quality standards, or below the specified value range.The COD value measures the level of contamination by organic matter [15].
The following is the data from the analysis of wastewater quality before and after filtering with a combination of zeolite sand and activated coconut shell charcoal: Based on the wastewater analysis before and after processing (Table 1), parameters that exceeded the quality standards for industrial activities according to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry regulation No. 5 of 2014 before processing were TSS, pH, and phosphate.Meanwhile, BOD and COD were still below the quality standard.Pollution levels of each parameter before and after processing using zeolite sand and activated coconut shell charcoal improved, except for the COD parameter, which increased in value but was still below the quality standard.
Furthermore, TSS improved around 37.5, pH = 1.88,BOD = 5.4, and Phosphate = 9.2.In fact, zeolite has a very open pore structure and a large internal surface area so that it can adsorb a large number of particles other than water so that the molecules in the waste, which are the adsorbate, are attracted/bound to the zeolite molecules, which are the adsorbent [16].The absorption capacity of activated coconut shell charcoal is substantial, namely 25-100%, for organic and inorganic compounds.The surface area of activated charcoal ranges from 300-350 m2/g, causing activated charcoal to act as an adsorbent [17].The finer the granules used as filter media, the better the water produced.If the diameter of the zeolite grains is small, it will improve the filtering.If the medium's diameter is small, the surface area will be significant, so the hardness to be absorbed by the media will increase.Conversely, a large media diameter will create a hollow space, so the media will absorb less because water will easily pass through the media.Meanwhile, the properties of activated carbon from coconut shells are that its structure is primarily microporous, easily regenerated, and has a high absorption of iodine.

Discussion
Water is an essential compound for all forms of life on Earth.Water is also needed for everyday needs, such as preparing food, washing dishes and dirty clothes, and cleaning oneself.Even though water looks clear and odorless, water is scientifically composed of several compounds [18], [19].Drinking safe water is an essential factor in human beings, which is a fundamental lifestyle; disease occurs because of one's unhygienic lifestyle, and the cleanliness of the water is one factor that should not be ignored.At home, most people have a purifier installed [20].In fact, water almost covers 71% of the Earth's surface.It recorded 1.4 trillion cubic kilometers (330 million miles) [21].The most considerable amount of water is in the sea, 97%, and the remaining 3% is freshwater, used to support life; thus, clean water is a basic or primary human need [22].The quality of groundwater in some parts of the country, especially shallow soils, is changing due to human activities [23].In Indonesia, clean water is protected by the government through the Indonesian Ministry of Health (IMH).IMH regulates the definition of clean water in Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No: 416/MENKES/PER/IX/1990, dated September 3, 1990.Therefore, clean water consumed in Indonesia is protected and goes through a strict process.For this reason, a process to purify water is a must [24].
In this case, the river is a place of water, including the non-living natural resources contained therein and the water drainage network, starting from the springs to the estuary, bounded on the right and left and along the boundary line (Republic of Indonesia Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001) [25].Thus, water contamination has become a serious public health problem and is of concern worldwide and even in developed countries.According to the World Health Organization (WHO), improving the quality of drinking water, sanitation, hygiene, and management of water resources can reduce the global burden of disease [26] [27].In addition, water treatment depends on surface water sources exposed to environmental elements, such as loss of wildlife, urban and agricultural runoff, and waste [28].The water contained in rivers can also be contaminated by chemicals, sediment, microorganisms, or human or animal remains that are harmful to the health of populations [29].Although water is a life-sustaining beverage essential for all living organisms' survival, toxic contaminants can present in water, causing many life-threatening health risks.Hence, water must be protected from contamination for public health and environmental reasons.Specifically, drinking water obtained from raw resources requires the important step of removing turbidity in suspended matter and colloids by removing organic compounds, bacteria, algae, and color, which is also a crucial step in surface water treatment processes [30].
Additionally, water is vital for survival.Deterioration of water quality due to human activities that causes changes in water conditions for the worse in water reservoirs, such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater, is a common phenomenon.Water, in fact, has the property of quickly dissolving other substances, so water is very easily contaminated by substances that pass through it.Here, clean water is safe (healthy), suitable for drinking, colorless, odorless, and tastes fresh.The most critical water requirement for humans is drinking water.However, clean water is not only as previously described; clean water must also meet health requirements.Health requirements include not containing toxic chemicals or bacterial germs that can interfere with health [31].In this regard, fluoride is a naturally occurring element derived from fluorine.This element can be found in all types of water and soil.Of every kilogram of the Earth's outer layers, 0.3 grams is fluoride.Mineral water has a more significant amount of this element compared to other sources.Water quality is also affected by the quality of the water supply from the catchment area.In contrast, the quality of the water supply from the catchment area is related to human activities [32].
There are several methods to purify water, but these are not economically feasible for rural communities.Water purification is crucial for living a healthy life, as water plays a significant role in everyday life, especially in rural areas where limited access to safe drinking water is essential [33].Moreover, the formation of acid mine drainage is influenced by three main factors: water, air, and materials containing sulfide minerals.Dissolved pyrite causes a low water pH and has high Fe and Mn metals.Especially when a disaster occurs, the availability of water is minimal [34], [35] Further, water is one of the components that make up the Earth's mantle, where nearly 70% of the Earth is surrounded by water, and 15% is in the vapor phase.The presence of DO in water does not only depend on the presence of contaminants but also depends on other parameters.As they mix and agitate the water masses, biological processes, such as photosynthetic activity, respiration, and organic matter remineralization, significantly affect oxygen dissolution in water [36].From a quality perspective, there is an opportunity to utilize water from wastewater treatment because wastewater quality is monitored and maintained through effluent standards.Therefore, it is necessary to study best practices regarding water recycling, and the analysis of water recycling is carried out [37].
As stated above, drinking water is a basic need for human survival.Drinking water safety is closely related to public health and national security.Therefore, drinking water is purified through appropriate and advanced technology to remove disinfection by-products and traces of organic pollutants; many people have recognized it.It has become an effective way to ensure drinking water safety and has been widely applied to improve drinking water quality, expand drinking water sources, and ensure emergency water supply [38].
Several requirements for clean water meet the criteria for physical, chemical, and biological parameters.The quality of health is strongly influenced by the excellent processing of the water sources used.Physical parameters observed were odor, turbidity, color, and total dissolved solids (TDS).Then, the chemical parameters observed are pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), iron levels, manganese, and hardness [39].In addition, the physical requirements for water are that the water must be clean and not cloudy, colorless, tasteless, or odorless, the temperature does not differ more than 3 0 C from the air temperature and does not leave sediment, while the chemical requirements for water are that it does not contain excessive chemical substances, enough iodine, and the pH of the water between 6.5-8.5 [40], [41].The main processes of water treatment consist of flocculation, sedimentation, and media filtration intending to remove colloids and suspended solids, ion exchange, carbon adsorption, and membrane processes to extract dissolved solids, and lastly, microbial inactivation disinfection, which is most often accomplished by chlorination, ozonation, and ultraviolet radiation [42] [43] Based on the research results, the pollution levels of each parameter before and after processing using zeolite sand and coconut shell activated charcoal have improved, except for the COD parameter, which has increased in value but is still below the quality standard.In other words, the finer the granules used as filter media, the better the water produced.If the diameter of the zeolite grains is small, it will improve the filtering.

Conclusions
In the data from the analysis of liquid waste before processing using a combination of zeolite sand and activated charcoal, the parameters that exceeded the quality standards for industrial activities according to the Ministry of Environment and Forestry No. 5 of 2014 were TSS, pH, and phosphate.Meanwhile, the BOD and COD parameters were still below the quality standard.The quality of liquid waste after processing had improved and met quality standards.TSS reduction efficiency was (37.5), pH was (1.08), BOD was (5.4) and phosphate was (9.2).Meanwhile, the COD parameter increased in value but was still within the lower limit of the quality standard, so it had no effectiveness value.

Table 1
Results of analysis of wastewater quality before and after filtering