Community adaptive capacity in facing landslide disaster

Tawangmangu District is located on the slopes of Mount Lawu, with most of its area being at an altitude of +- 1200m above sea level. Tawangmangu District has an uneven slope, and the eastern region has a +- 40% slope. This resulted in the area in Tawangmangu District frequently experiencing landslides. Data from the Karanganyar Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) for 2022 shows more than 11 landslides. The resulting impacts are different but certainly result in morphological changes in the Tawangmangu District according to the type of landslide that occurred. Living in areas with a high risk of landslides is challenging for the community, so people must adapt to a vulnerable environment. This study aims to analyze the adaptive capacity of the community against landslides. The study area covers ten villages in the Tawangmangu District. The study area covers seven villages. The evaluation uses a quantitative descriptive method based on human, social, natural, physical, and financial factors. The results obtained show that there are variations in the adaptive capacity of the community, which depend on the intensity of exposure.


Introduction
Landslide disasters cause damage to physical, social, and economic aspects that are globally significant [1,2].The intensity of events and the resulting impacts are expected to increase due to climate change [3,4] and increased human activity in nature [5].These trends pose essential challenges for understanding the long-term dynamics of landslide triggers, on the one hand, and social vulnerability to, impacts of, and adaptive responses to landslide events, on the other.For the latter, most studies exploring changes in landslide frequency and intensity over a decade to a hundred years and responses to landslide impacts are empirically based on historical landslide inventories [6,7] using documentary data.The value of this approach lies in the potential of written and iconographic data to reveal events obscured by later human changes to landslide locations and landslide impacts [8], and to tell a currently unknown discourse on landslide risk.By researchers and the public [9,10].In this case, documentary data allows us to understand the factors that create or contribute to social vulnerability to landslides in the long term [11].
Landslide disasters often occur in Indonesia, including Karanganyar Regency, especially during the rainy season [12].Figure 1 shows data on landslide events in Karanganyar Regency over the last three years, leading to 99 incidents in 2022, 84 incidents in 2021, and 86 incidents in 2020 [13].

Figure 1. Landslide incident in Karanganyar
Tawangmangu District ranks fourth in the intensity of landslides that occur every year.Tawangmangu District is located on the slopes of Mount Lawu, with most of its area being at an altitude of +-1200m above sea level.Tawangmangu District has an uneven slope, and the eastern region has a +-40% slope.This resulted in the area in Tawangmangu District frequently experiencing landslides.The Karanganyar Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) data for 2022 shows more than 11 landslides [13].This is also reinforced by the landslide susceptibility map in Tawangmangu District, leading that Tawangmangu District is included in the medium-level vulnerability category with an area of 2,674,888 ha (42.7%), the high-level vulnerability class with an area of 2,332,051 ha (37.3%).Regional development in the eastern part of Karanganyar Regency, supported by improvements in the accessibility of the road linking Karanganyar Regency with Magetan Regency, has led to the diversification of more productive land use, thus having an impact on socio-economic life [14] which is oriented towards agribusiness, natural tourism destinations and the establishment of residential buildings, which provides more and more job and business opportunities so that there is an increase in the income of the government and the surrounding community.
This phenomenon will give rise to new growth centers, resulting in a natural increase in population or migration [15].In 2011, the population density was 614 people/km2, but in 2020, it increased to 671 people/km2, which impacts the growing population pressure on land.Paying attention to the physical condition of the area, the increase in pressure will result in a higher risk of landslides [16,17].
The resulting impacts are different but certainly result in morphological changes in the Tawangmangu District according to the type of landslide that occurred.Living in areas with a high risk of landslides is challenging for the community, so people must adapt to a vulnerable environment

Research sites
The research was conducted in Tawangmangu District, Karanganyar Regency, which is an area where landslides frequently occur.Astronomically, Tawangmangu District is located between 07°37'30" South Latitude-07°42'00" South Latitude and 111°04'00" East Longitude-111°12'00" East Longitude.Ngargoyoso District borders Tawangmangu District to the north, Jatiyoso District to the south, to the west by Karangpandan and Matesih Districts, and to the east by Magetan Regency, East Java Province.Tawangmangu District is divided into three sub-districts and seven villages, namely: Subdistricts: Tawangmangu, Blumbang, Kalisoro; Villages: Bandardawung, Gondosuli, Karanglo, Ngeblak, Plumbon, Sepanjang, and Tengklik.The boundaries of the Tawangmangu area include Ngargoyoso District to the north, Matesih District to the west, Jatiyoso District to the south, and East Java Province to the east.[13]

Timing and Research Approach
The research was conducted from mid-March to the end of August 2023.The approach used in this research was spatial.The method used in this research is a combination of quantitative and qualitative, which is narrated in descriptive form.

Data, Data Collection and Data Analysis
The data needed in this research relates to physical capacity parameters based on how people adapt to the conditions of house buildings and land management.Social capacity is based on indicators of assistance during drought, information boards regarding landslides, and other social activities in states before, during emergency response, and after a disaster.Financial capacity is based on monthly income and savings to anticipate the possibility of landslides and rehabilitation after landslides.
Data was obtained through field surveys, village monographs, the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), and interviews.Interviews were conducted with 107 respondents spread across all villages/sub-districts in Tawangmangu District.Every question with the answer "Yes" gets a score of "1" while the answer "No" gets a score of "0".The community's adaptive capacity was analyzed quantitatively using scoring.The adaptive capacity class is in Table 1.

Respondent Characteristics
The characteristics of the respondents in this study varied quite widely in terms of age and education.Vegetable farmers dominate the livelihoods of the people of Tawangmangu District.This is because the research area is a reasonably fertile highland.Most of the population depends on agricultural products for their livelihoods, so agricultural land is intensively cultivated to produce vegetable crops.Even though most of the Tawangmangu District area is on high slopes and unstable soil, people still need proper soil and water conservation to use as agricultural land.Age characteristics are based on groupings: Late Adolescence: 17-25 Years, Early Adulthood: 26-35 Years, Late Adulthood: 36-45 Years, Early Elderly: 46-55 Years, Late Elderly: 56-65 Years, and Old Age: > 65 Years (Al Amin, 2017).The respondents' ages varied greatly, with the youngest being 18 and the oldest being 85.The age characteristics of respondents were dominated by those aged 46 -55 years, as much as 32.1%, and the lowest were aged 17 -25 years, as much as 3.8%, and old> 65, as many as 3.8%.Other compositions at ages 26 -35 were 16%, 36 -45 were 17%, and 56 -65 were 27.4%.

Figure 4. Age Characteristics of Respondents
The early ages dominate the age of the respondents due to the composition of the population of the Tawangmangu District, which is included in the old population pyramid.This is because the age group in late adolescence and early adulthood is likelier to work outside Tawangmangu to seek a better life.

Figure 5. Characteristics of Respondents' Education Level
The educational characteristics of the respondents also varied, with the most significant percentage being elementary school at 34.9% and high school at 34.9%.They were followed by junior high school at 13.2%, tertiary education at 13.2%, out of school at 3.8%.

Physic Capacity.
Physical capacity is based on using technology to reduce the risk of landslides in settlements and agricultural land.According to [18] , the greater the percentage of households working in the vulnerable sector (agriculture), the more vulnerable they are to landslides.Landslide-prone areas are areas with a slope of more than 20 degrees.Characteristics of landslide-prone areas are areas with many springs on cliffs and accompanied by small landslides.Understanding the signs of landslides can only be seen from cracks in the ground [19].This parameter revealed that 61.3% of respondents had planted bamboo, teak, and albizia plants.This plant is suitable for planting to reduce or minimize the occurrence of land landslides.65.1% of respondents had made terraces to slope steep slopes.Terracing is a method that can be used to level slopes by creating horizontal decks that have a flat surface to reduce the risk of landslides and make it easier to plant for agricultural purposes.Terracing helps reduce the speed of water flow and often reduces the possibility of landslides.
Installing wire gabions and retaining walls was also carried out by 42.5% of respondents as an adaptation effort to the landslide disaster in the Tawangmangu District area.Establishing wire gabions can strengthen the soil from landslides, which are usually made from woven steel wire structures and filled with stones, is quite effective in reducing the risk of land landslides, but less than half of respondents did this.As many as 63.2% of respondents implemented a drainage system to minimize water entering the soil.The mini system controls water flow and reduces water entering the ground.It seeks to drain surface water, such as rainwater, to prevent puddles and excess absorption by the soil.
Experience in dealing with landslides is crucial in determining community capacity in reducing the risk of subsequent landslides [20].One way of adapting to minimize and anticipate land landslide incidents is to construct buildings using elastic wood or reinforced concrete.In this case, the advantage of flexible timber is that it can help absorb shocks and ground movements because of its adaptable nature.This wood can be installed more efficiently and cheaper than reinforced concrete.Reinforced concrete has excellent stability and strength to withstand ground pressure that may occur due to ground movement.As many as 60.4% of respondents have made building construction using elastic wood or reinforced concrete for their residences.

Financial Capacity.
Financial capacity in adapting to land landslide disasters refers to the ability of a region, community, or individual to face the risks and impacts of land landslide disasters that occur from an economic aspect.The adaptation process is essential for society to adapt to the existing environment [21].Adapting financial capacity is to reduce economic losses, protect livelihoods, and support recovery after a landslide disaster.Communities need solid economic capabilities to overcome the direct impacts of disasters [22].In this parameter, it was revealed that 44.3% of respondents knew that the existence of cooperatives or village banks could be used as a forum for saving and borrowing money either after a disaster or before a disaster occurs.Cooperatives or village banks can function as a helpful forum for the community, especially in post-disaster situations, and as a means of saving for emergency funds if they are affected by landslides.Emergency funds in the form of personal savings will make a negligible contribution to coping capacity [22].Unfortunately, less than half of the respondents know about the existence of cooperatives or village banks.This is because access to cooperatives and village banks is quite far in the research area, with few of them.As many as 68.9% of respondents had participated in RT or RW social gathering groups as a medium for friendship and as a means of saving in the form of social gathering activities.Arisan group activities can increase economic adaptation capacity because, in arisan, a group of people gathers periodically to contribute the same amount of money or goods as mandatory cash and social funds.The money or goods are given to one of the members in turn.This can help the community if one of its members is affected by a landslide so they can help each other financially.Apart from providing economic benefits, social gatherings also help build social relations, solidarity, and togetherness between communities.
As many as 45.3% of respondents provided basic needs such as ready-to-eat food, flashlights, and first aid kits as adaptation and anticipation measures when landslides occurred and they had to leave their homes.This is related to the community's economic adaptation capacity.Suppose the community has a high or stable financial condition.In that case, they will prepare all basic needs as an adaptation measure because their residence is in an area prone to landslides, and they have to leave their place at any time.Only 22.6% of respondents had ever left their homes temporarily or evacuated when heavy rain occurred for more than five hours with high intensity.This condition is related to economic adaptation capacity because people who have high financial needs will tend to quickly flee if there is potential for landslides from high-intensity rain without thinking twice because they feel they can renovate or buy a new house when the impact of land landslides crushes their house, but in People who have low financial conditions will tend to stay at home when there is high-intensity rain which could potentially cause landslides, this is because they consider their house as the only asset they have and think it will be difficult to renovate or buy a new house if their house is affected by landslides.
Only 33% of respondents had reconstructed or modified the shape of their house differently from before when a landslide disaster hit it.This parameter is related to economic adaptation capacity because people who have high financial strength after their homes are affected by land landslides will carry out reconstruction or modify different of houses to minimize or prevent land landslides in the future, while people who have low financial strength after Their homes are affected by landslides.They tend to build their homes as they are so that they can be occupied again without carrying out reconstruction or modifying the shape of the house because they are financially constrained.

Social Capacity.
Social adaptation capacity refers to the ability of individuals, groups, or communities to reduce the risk of landslides through social interaction, coordination, and jointly developed strategies.People living in areas prone to landslides must adapt to the surrounding environment to survive [23].As many as 42.5% of respondents had taken part in night patrols during the rainy season when the rain intensity was high.This parameter is related to the capacity for social adaptation.If the community carries out night patrols when the power of rain is high, it will increase community preparedness to recognize the early signs of landslides.This condition will also increase social interaction between communities.As many as 70.8% of respondents had cleaned landslide material with other communities.This shows that the social and cultural exchange of "Gotong Royong" is still well maintained in the Tawangmangu District area.As many as 76.4% of respondents had closed cracks in the ground and repaired public facilities affected by landslides.This shows that social interaction and awareness of the people of Tawangmangu District are high in improving public facilities affected by landslides.As many as 82.1% of respondents had worked together to help communities affected by landslides by asking for assistance from related parties and disseminating information to other communities.In this parameter, it can be seen that the "gotong royong" of the Tawangmagu District community is relatively high, not only helping in terms of physical handling of land landslides but also helping in financial matters in the form of providing direct assistance to affected communities and helping inform parties involved in handling landslide.
Meetings held before the arrival of the rainy season to handle land landslides are a good adaptation step to prepare the community to coordinate and reduce the risk of land landslides.However, only 47.2% of respondents had held meetings before the arrival of the rainy season in villages or RT and RW to plan activities to anticipate landslides.Norms related to land landslides involve various aspects, such as building regulations and spatial planning, which aim to reduce the risk of land landslides.As many as 63.2% of respondents had known or followed the norms in their respective areas of residence to reduce the risk of landslides.

Classification of Adaptive Capacity.
Adaptive capacity is grouped into five categories: very low, low, medium, high, and very high.The higher the adaptation, the less the negative impact of disasters.

Figure 6. Percentage of Adaptation Capacity Parameters
The scoring results based on three parameters, namely Physical Capacity, Financial Capacity, and Social Capacity, show the parameters used to classify adaptive capacity.The most vital parameter is social capacity, 61% (Figure 6).Apart from the fact that respondents still prioritize the high spirit of "Gotong Royong" in terms of cleaning and repairing public facilities affected by landslides, the community also implements night patrols during the rainy season and holds Village, RT, and RW meetings to plan landslide anticipation activities together.The data acquisition results show a spatial distribution of each adaptation capacity parameter in the Tawangmangu District area. in the previous discussion, social capacity is the parameter that has the highest value of the three existing parameters.The spatial distribution includes Kalisoro Village 57%, Panjang Village 58%, Bandardawung Village 87%, Nglebak Village 66%, and Plumbon Village 71%.However, several villages have the highest parameters for Physical Capacity: Blumbang Village 32%, Tengklik Village 92%, Tawangmangu Village 61%, Gondosuli Village 62%, and Karanglo 22%.The height and topography of a place can trigger a disaster; hilly areas with topography have the potential for landslides if their slope and hydrological stability are disturbed [23].The existence of physical facilities in the form of applying technology to reduce and minimize the impact of landslides, such as planting bamboo and teak, installing wire gabions, and creating a drainage system, also has high value after social capacity.
Social Capacity explains the growth or development of each hierarchical level of human or social integration within a specific time, formed by unilateral, multilateral, reflexive, and interdependent processes between individuals or groups in a particular area [24].This means that various developments such as facilities, physical development (buildings, housing, malls, department stores, and others), economic development, environmental development, and others are carried out, but social development and increasing human resource capacity should be addressed [25].Social capacity is an essential value in adapting to land landslide disasters.With good social capacity, it is hoped that the Tawangmangu District Community can adjust and handle land landslide disasters together by prioritizing "Mutual Cooperation."This is the same as a study [26] conducted in Tempur Village, Keling District, Jepara Regency, which found that the adaptation strategies in social aspects in Tempur Village were cooperation, night patrols, and disaster training.Of these types of adaptation, the most dominant is cooperation, shown with a percentage of 100%.This indicates that social adaptation through cooperation in handling landslide disasters is an effective strategy.In contrast to the study conducted by [27] in the northern mountainous region of Vietnam, which stated that the social capacity of respondents was lower than the physical capacity of respondents, the adaptation strategies most commonly used by respondents were changing planting patterns, plant variegation, changing plant varieties, plant management, and protection methods (soil and plants).
The Economic capacity parameter gets the lowest score among the other parameters because many people in Tawangmangu District still need to prepare emergency funds and basic needs during a landslide disaster.The economic aspect of community adaptation to landslide disasters is utilizing the financial resources owned by each individual or group so that the community can meet their needs when a disaster occurs [23].
Based on data processing and calculations of the three parameters, the classification of the level of adaptation capacity in the research area is dominantly in the very high category, with 24 respondents or 22.6%, followed by low, with 23 respondents or 21.7%, and medium with 22 respondents or 20.8%, deficient of 20 or 18.9%, and a high of 17 respondents or 16%.The spatial distribution of the classification of adaptation capacity levels in each village and sub-district can be seen in the figure 8.

Figure 8. Adaptation Capacity Classification Map
This picture shows that the classification of Blumbang Village's adaptation capacity is at a very low level at 10%, low at 40%, and high at 50%.In this parameter, there is no medium and very high adaptation capacity.The classification of the adaptation capacity of Tengklik Village is at a high level of 11.1%, a very high level of 88.9%.This parameter has no very low, low, or medium adaptive capacity.This makes Tengklik Village the village with the highest adaptive capacity among the nine other villages.The classification of the adaptation capacity of Kalisoro Village is at a low level of 22.2% and a medium level of 77.8%.This parameter has no very low, high, and very high adaptive capacity.The classification of Tawangmangu Village's adaptation capacity is at a very low level of 15%, a medium level of 40%, a high level of 25%, and a very high level of 20%.In this parameter, there is no low adaptive capacity.The classification of the adaptation capacity of Gondosuli Village is at a medium level of 37.5%, a high level of 37.5%, and a very high level of 25%.In this parameter, there is no very low and low adaptive capacity.
The classification of the adaptation capacity of the Long Village is at a low level of 66.7%, a medium level of 22.2%, and a high level of 11.1%.There is no very low and very high adaptive capacity in this parameter.The classification of the adaptation capacity of Bandardawung Village is at a low level of 33.3%, a medium level of 22.2%, a high level of 11.1%, and a very high level of 33.3%.The classification of the adaptation capacity of Karanglo Village is at a very low level of 55.6%, a low level of 11.1%, and a medium level of 33.3%.In this parameter, there is no high and very high adaptive capacity.This makes Karanglo Village the village with the lowest adaptive capacity among nine other villages.The classification of the adaptation capacity of Nglebak Village is at a low level of 33.3%, a medium level of 16.7%, and a high level of 50%.There is no very low and very high adaptive capacity in this parameter.The classification of the adaptation capacity of Plumbon Village is at a very low level of 9.1%, a low level of 9.1%, a medium level of 36.4%, a high level of 36.4%, and a very high level of 9.1%.These parameters are dominated by social and physical capacity.Many respondents need to understand the importance of financial capacity, even though financial capacity is essential to the sustainability of life after a disaster.

Conclusions
Overall, the results of this research on adaptive capacity can be drawn as follows: Respondent characteristics based on age are dominated by the 46-55-year age group, and based on education level, they are elementary and high school graduates.Community adaptation capacity is based on the parameters of physical capacity, financial capacity and social capacity.The results are very varied.Each parameter makes a contribution whose spatial distribution can be seen.Two parameters are the highest in every sub-district and village, namely Kalisoro Village, Panjang Village, Bandardawung Village, Nglebak Village, and Plumbon Village, which have the highest social capacity.Blumbang Village, Tengklik Village, Tawangmangu Village, Gondosuli Village, Karanglo have.Classification of Kalisoro Village's adaptation capacity at low level is 22.2%, and medium level is 77.8%.The classification of Tawangmangu Village's adaptation capacity is at a very low level of 15%, a medium level of 40%, a high level of 25% and a very high level of 20%.The adaptation capacity classification of Gondosuli Village is at a medium level of 37.5%, a high level of 37.5%, and a very high level of 25%.The classification of the adaptation capacity of Panjang Village is at a low level of 66.7%, a medium level of 22.2%, and a high level of 11.1%.The classification of the adaptation capacity of Bandardawung Village is at a low level of 33.3%, a medium level of 22.2%, a high level of 11.1%, and a very high level of 33.3%.The classification of the adaptation capacity of Karanglo Village is at a very low level of 55.6%, a low level of 11.1%, and a medium level of 33.3%.The classification of the adaptation capacity of Nglebak Village is at a low level of 33.3%, a medium level of 16.7%, and a high level of 50%.The classification of the adaptation capacity of Plumbon Village is at a very low level of 9.1%, a low level of 9.1%, a medium level of 36.4%, a high level of 36.4% and a very high level of 9.1%.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Landslide Vulnerability Map of Tawangmangu District

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Spatial Distribution Map of Adaptation Capacity Parameters

Table 1 .
Adaptation Capacity Class