Looking at the relationship of PM10 suspended particle concentration from daily observations and annual observations of the Ipoh Meteorological Department, Perak

The objective of the study is to see the relationship between the concentration of suspended particulate matter (PM10) from daily observation data and annual observation data from the Ipoh Meteorological Department. In general, the data required in this study can be divided into two groups of data, namely primary data and secondary data. Primary data is obtained through observation using the field study method and observed in the field horizontally while secondary data is from annual observation records. Observations are carried out at 34 stations determined based on the source of pollution. In this study, the selected location is in the Ipoh, Perak area and the focus of the research problem is the high data obtained from the annual observation of suspended particles. The results of the study found that there is a relationship between the annual concentration of suspended particles and the concentrations of daily observations. Studies have shown that industrial areas and factories such as cement factories, limestone factories, and stone crushing areas are the main sources of pollution with high concentrations of suspended particles in Ipoh.


Introduction
Suspended particles, play a crucial role in air pollution and constitute a significant topic of discussion concerning its impact on human health [1].Based on the world's air pollution data, more than 80% of people living in urban areas monitor the level of air pollution in their area.Populations in low-income cities are most impacted by air pollution [2,3].Based on the latest urban area air quality database report, 98% of cities in middle and low income countries do not meet air quality guidelines [4].Studies in Malaysian urban areas, such as Ipoh, are important and should be given attention based on worrying annual observational data The primary focus of this research centers on examining the concentration of PM10 which is influenced by environmental elements and human factors.However, data observation for PM2.5 concentrations was also carried out to further strengthen the study.This is because the most dangerous particle size in air pollution ranges from 0.01 µm to 100 µm [5,6].

Data Collection
The selection of the study location was based on several factors, including area characteristics, land use development, time, accessibility, appropriateness of data acquisition, and cost were taken into account in the implementation of the study.In this study, the selected location is in the Ipoh, Perak area, and the study's main focus centers on the elevated concentration values seen in Ipoh Meteorological Department located in the Tasek area.The data taken is through horizontal observations in the Ipoh city area and raw data from the Meteorological Department within 10 years.The concentration value of suspended particles was obtained using the Model 164 GRIMM dust indicator as the primary measuring tool.Figure 1 show the location of the study station based on the main characteristics of industrial areas, factory areas, and dense residential areas.Observations were taken within twelve days for the study area.Within those twelve days, there were three observations from 34 observation locations in Ipoh, Perak.

Results
Through observation in the field, it can be seen from Figure 2 that clearly shows the state of the concentration of suspended particles.Based on the average PM10 and PM2.5 in Ipoh shows an increase and decrease in each station.The results of the study showed that the average concentration at the study location showed the highest increase above international air quality standards for PM10 and PM2.5 parameters at four stations, namely stations 1, 2, 7, and 10.Station 1 recorded a concentration of PM10 of 231.7 µg/m3 and PM2.5 of 146.3 µg/m3, station 2 recorded a concentration of PM10 of 81.8 µg/m3 and PM2.5 of 39.3 µg/m3, station 7 recorded a concentration of PM10 of 93.4 µg/m3 and PM2.5 of 45.7 µg/m3 and station 10 recorded a concentration of PM10 as much as 213.7 µg/m3 and PM2.5 as much as 121.2 µg/m3 (Figure 2).This indicates a high concentration of suspended particles and serves as a yardstick for the surrounding conditions [7,8].Table 1 can show more clearly the state of PM10 concentration at each station with the highest value display.   2 show the average concentration between PM10 and PM2.5 in the field at the appropriate time.A clear difference can be seen from station 1 to station 34 which shows the observation in the northern area of Ipoh (station 1 to station 17) has a higher weekday concentration rate than the observation in the southern area (station 18 to station 34).Based on table 1  shows that Khantan cement factory station (station 1), Tasek cement factory (station 10), and Pinji cement factory (station 32) have a high concentration of suspended particulate matter.This area has a high value because it is located close to industries that emit dust.
Next, looking at the observation record data from the Department of Meteorology station taken within 10 years shows the monthly value of PM10 concentration.Table 3 shows the monthly PM10 concentration from 2009 to 2018.From the average monthly data for 10 years of data recording, the data shows that every year the PM10 concentration reaches 100 µg/m3 except in 2010 and 2016.Based on the figure, it can be seen that the concentration rate in 2015 is very high compared to other years in September and October with readings of 317.18 µg/m3 and 285.13 µg/m3.This situation occurred following Malaysia going through a haze phase (haze episode) in 2015 [9,10].While the year 2010 was a year with a low concentration of PM10 with the highest reading of only 64.96 µg/m3.
The average concentration of PM10 is between 52.53 µg/m3 to 110.99 µg/m3.The lowest average value of the annual suspended particle concentration was 52.53 in 2017.The highest annual average value of the particle concentration was in 2015 with a reading of 110.99 µg/m3.The maximum average value was recorded in 2013 and 2015 with readings of 271.32 µg/m3 and 317.18 µg/m3 respectively.The minimum value recorded in 10 years was in 2010 with a reading of 39.85 µg/m3.

Conclusions
Based on the Malaysian air quality guidelines, the guidelines for looking at PM10 and PM2.5 within 24 hours are 100 µg/m3 and 35 µg/m3 (Table 4).Looking at the study conducted, the overall average for the six observation days showed the highest value of 231.7 µg/m (PM10), which exceeded the established guidelines.This shows that the level of pollution is very high in the rural areas of Ipoh.The maximum value was also found to be high which is 329.3 µg/m3.Referring to Table 5, within 24 hours, the concentration of PM2.5 cannot exceed 35 µg/m3.Based on the results of the study, the highest average in the Ipoh area is 146.3 µg/m3 (station 1 -Khantan Factory) which exceeds the air quality guidelines set by the U.S. EPA [11,12].This significant finding emphasizes the need for heightened attention to the pollution state in Ipoh, urging concerted efforts to mitigate and reduce the level of air pollution.The finding of the highest concentration of PM10 for five stations namely stations 1, 2, 7, 10, and station 34 shows that industrial areas are the main source of air pollution in the observations taken.This highest concentration can be supported by secondary data findings that of the 10 years of average

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Location of the Observation Station in the North and Southern Area of Ipoh, Perak.Source: www.googlerth.com

Table 1 .
Average Concentration of PM10 North Area (a) and South Area (b) In Ipoh, Perak.

Table 3 .
Monthly PM10 Concentration From 2009 To 2018 Figure 2, Table 1, and Table and Table 2, clearly

Table 4 .
Malaysia's Recommended Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (at 25°C and 101.13 kpa) In IPU Calculations and Study Results in Ipoh.

Table 5 .
National Ambient Air Quality Guidelines (NAAQS) Formulation of Particulate Matter (PM) Concentrations Implemented by the U.S. Environment Protection Agency (U.S.EPA) and Study Source: Study modified from Junji, (2013).