Determining factors of preparedness of heads of families in facing flood disasters in river watersheds

Flood disasters are events caused by poor water and land conditions as well as high rainfall. Flood incidents in North Sumatra Province during the 2002-2019 period reached 450 incidents with the number of victims reaching 512 people and injuries reaching 12,630 people. Seeing the existing conditions and considering the large number of fatalities, to reduce the impact of flooding, community preparedness is a very important factor. Community preparedness Community preparedness in disaster management has an important role, because it will influence community actions when a disaster occurs. Based on BPBD data, in September 2018 there was a major flood and caused 5 sub-districts to be flooded, including Medan Johor Sub-district. The aim of this research is to analyze the determinants of preparedness of heads of families in facing flood disasters in the Kwala river basin. Bekala Village, Medan Johor District. This research is an analytical study with a cross sectional design from January to August 2022 with a sample of 170 heads of families. The research results showed that there were 104 heads of families who had preparedness to face floods. There is a relationship between knowledge (p=0.018), attitude (p=0.029), socialization (p= 0.033) and length of stay (p=0.024) with the preparedness of the head of the family in facing flood disasters, while the variables age and education are not related to the preparedness of the head. family in dealing with flood disasters. It is recommended to the sub-district government and the people of Medan Johor to clean up river flows, to sub-district officials to carry out disaster response outreach and training and to heads of families to carry out flood management simulations periodically so that each member knows what to do if a flood disaster occurs.


Introduction
Based on the 2020 Indonesian Disaster Information Data (DIBI) by BNPB, it was stated that between 2017 and March 2020, Indonesia experienced 6,881 disaster events.These disasters include 2,048 floods, 1,678 landslides, 53 tidal waves, 2,266 tornadoes, 181 droughts, 521 forest and land fires, 63 earthquakes, 2 tsunamis, There were 62 volcanic eruptions.The highest disaster occurred in 2017, reaching 2,853 disaster events.DIBI data for 2020, the floods that hit all of Indonesia in 2001-2019 recorded 9,442 incidents with the number of deaths and missing reaching 5,023 people and injuries reaching 263,607 people.Meanwhile, for North Sumatra itself, flood incidents in 2002-2019 reached 450 incidents with the number of deaths and missing people reaching 512 people and injuries reaching 12,630 people.One solution to the problem of the threat of flood disasters can be done through social activities and preparedness simulations in facing flood disasters [1].Community preparedness in disaster management has an important role, because it will influence community actions when a disaster occurs.Preparedness is closely related to knowledge about a disaster itself.Knowledge and attitudes are the first indicators to measure community preparedness for disasters.Knowledge of disasters is the main reason someone carries out existing protection activities or preparedness efforts."Head of the family" is a term used to refer to the person who plays a central or leading role in a family.He is responsible for making major decisions that affect other family members.The head of the family is expected to provide direction, support and protection to other family members.The number of flood events in Medan City itself during the last 10 years (2010-2020) recorded in DIBI as of March 2020 reached 35 flood events.The Medan City Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) also noted that 13 sub-districts in Medan City are areas prone to flooding.One of them is Medan Johor District.Medan Johor District is one of the sub-districts in Medan City which has an area of around 16.96 km2.Of the six sub-districts in Medan Johor District, Kwala Bekala District has the largest area, namely 5.50 km2.Based on BPBD data, in September 2018 there was quite a large flood which caused at least 5 sub-districts to be flooded, including Medan Johor Sub-district.Hundreds of families (KK), especially those around the riverbanks, were forced to flee.This high intensity rain caused the rivers that divide the city of Medan to overflow, such as the Deli River, Sikambing River and the worst case being the Babura River.Five sub-districts were flooded, one of which was Medan Johor District.This research aims to analyze the determining factors in the preparedness of family heads in facing flood disasters in river basins.

Methods
This research is a quantitative study with a cross sectional design.This research was conducted in the Kwala river basin, Bekala Village, from January to September 2022.The population of this study was all heads of families in the 1, II, III, VII and XIV Kwala Bekala river areas, Medan Johor, North Sumatra, totaling 609 heads of families.The sampling technique in this research used systematic random sampling, namely determining a population sample of 609, giving them serial numbers in the sampling frame, then taking the sampling ratio.The data in this research was obtained through interviews using a questionnaire.An overview of the frequency distribution of each variable is known from the results of univariate analysis.The relationship between each independent variable and the dependent variable is known from the results of bivariate analysis, and the most dominant factor related to the dependent variable is known from the results of multivariate analysis

Univariate Analysis
The frequency distribution of knowledge, attitudes, age, education, length of stay, socialization, and preparedness of family heads in facing disasters can be seen in the following table.Based on the table above, it can be seen that the majority of respondents had good knowledge, namely 52 people (61.2%).The majority of respondents had a good attitude, namely 67 (78.8%).The majority of respondents were older, namely 53 people (62.4%).The majority of respondents had higher education, namely 53 people (62.4%).The majority of respondents had a length of stay of more than 3 years, 49 people (57.6%).The majority of respondents felt that socialization was sufficient, namely 61 people (71.8%).The majority of respondents had sufficient readiness, namely 61 people (71.8%).

The Relationship between Knowledge and the Preparedness of Heads of Families Facing Flood
Disasters.The relationship between knowledge and the preparedness of family heads in facing flood disasters in river areas can be seen in the following table: Based on the table above, it is known that of the 33 people who answered with poor knowledge, 18 people were less prepared and 15 people were ready to face floods, then of the 52 respondents with good knowledge there were 15 people who were less prepared and 37 people were ready to face floods. .The results of the analysis of the relationship between knowledge and preparedness using the chi-square test obtained a value of p=0.01 8 (p<0.05)so it can be seen that there is a relationship between knowledge and preparedness.

The Relationship between Attitudes and the Preparedness of Heads of Families Facing Flood
Disasters.The relationship between attitudes and the preparedness of the head of the family in facing flood disasters in the river basin can be seen in the following table: Based on the table above, it is known that of the 18 people who answered with a bad attitude, 11 people were less prepared and 7 people were ready to face floods, then of the 67 respondents with good attitudes there were 22 people who were less prepared and 45 people were ready to face floods. .The results of the analysis of the relationship between attitude and preparedness using the chi-square test obtained a value of p=0.0 29 (p<0.05)so it can be seen that there is a relationship between attitude and preparedness.

The Relationship between Age and the Preparedness of the Head of the Family in Facing Flood
Disasters.The relationship between age and the preparedness of the head of the family in facing flood disasters in the river basin can be seen in the following table: Based on the table above, it is known that of the 26 people of older adults, 9 people are less prepared and 17 people are ready to face floods.The results of the chi-square test obtained a value of p= 0.085 (p>0.05),meaning There is no relationship between age and preparedness.

The Relationship between Education and the Preparedness of Heads of Families in Facing
Flood Disasters.The relationship between education and the preparedness of family heads in facing flood disasters in river basins Based on the table above, it is known that of the 53 respondents with higher education, 21 people were less prepared and 32 people were ready to face floods.The results of the chi-square test analysis obtained a value of p=0.846 ( p>0.05) , meaning there is no relationship between education and preparedness.Based on the table above, it is known that of the 36 people who responded with a length of stay of less than 3 years, there were 19 people who were less prepared and 17 people who were prepared to face floods, then of the 49 respondents who had a length of stay of more than 3 years, there were 14 people who were less prepared.and 35 people are ready to face floods.The results of the chi-square test analysis obtained a value of p=0.0 24 (p<0.05), meaning there is a relationship between length of stay and preparedness.

The Relationship between Socialization and the Preparedness of Heads of Families in Facing
Flood Disasters.The relationship between age and the preparedness of the head of the family in facing flood disasters in the river basin can be seen in the following table: Based on the table above, it is known that of the 24 people who responded who did not receive enough socialization, there were 5 people who were less prepared and 19 people who were ready to face floods, then of the 61 respondents who received sufficient socialization, there were 28 people who were less prepared and 33 people who were ready to face floods.flood .The results of the h chi-square analysis obtained a value of p=0.0 33 (p<0.05),meaning that there is a relationship between socialization and preparedness.

Multivariate Analysis
Multivariate analysis in this study used a logistic regression test.After that, bivariate analysis was carried out on all independent variables.The independent variables were entered into multivariate analysis with the criteria if they had a p value <0.25 and were important variables in this study.Regarding the independent variables that meet these criteria are as follows.Based on the table above, it is known that independent variables that meet the criteria for multivariate analysis can be seen based on the p value in the bivariate test results with a p value of ≤0.25 .Variables that meet the criteria are age, length of stay, knowledge, attitudes and socialization.Next, the independent variables (age, length of stay, knowledge, attitudes and socialization) were subjected to a multivariate analysis using the logistic regression test to estimate the influence of the independent variables on the preparedness of the head of the family using the Entering method .The results of the analysis are presented in the following table: In stage 2 it was discovered that the variables explained were length of stay, knowledge, attitude and socialization.It turned out that the attitude variable had the largest p value, namely p=0.175, so the attitude variable was not included in stage 3.
In stage 3 it was discovered that the variables explained were the length of stay, knowledge and socialization variables.It turned out that the socialization variable had the largest p value, namely p = 0.117, so the socialization variable was not included in stage 4.
In stage 4 it is known that the variables explained are the length of stay and knowledge variables.It can be seen that the length of life and knowledge variables have a p value <0.05 so that the length of life and knowledge variables are the most influential variables in this study with a value of Example B, the length of time variable.remaining 3.929 and the value of Example B of the knowledge variable is 4.140.

The Relationship between Knowledge and the Preparedness of the Head of the Family
Flooding is an event of overflowing water that inundates the surface of the land, at a height exceeding normal limits [2].The results of the analysis show that there is a relationship between knowledge and preparedness of the head of the family with a common ratio value of 2.960 .This means that heads of families who have good knowledge are more likely to be prepared to face floods 2,960 times compared to heads of families who have less good knowledge.
Based on the results of the research, it can be seen that the heads of families in general already know what the characteristics are when the air level rises or occurs from normal air levels, then the answers from the heads of the families studied mostly already know that the area they live in is an area prone to flooding, but because of the conditions economically they are forced to live in this area, but there are a small number of family heads who do not know that the house they live in is an area prone to flooding because since they live there, the overflow of river water has not yet reached the house they live in and the floods that occur are still in seasonal conditions or post-floods so they occur quickly.recede.
People who live along this area have various ways of doing things when the river level starts to rise, whether this is due to heavy rain or floods.One of the efforts they make is to prepare instant food, medicine, letters and important numbers.If a flood occurs, they just have to bring the important items and have prepared them to evacuate, but there are also people who do not prepare this, they argue that the flood occurred.is a sudden flood due to rain or as a result of a flood, so they don't feel the need to prepare for these things.
The community also knows the cause of the flood, as a result of the shallowing of the river and the narrowing of the Selin river flow.They also say that the shallowing occurred as a result of rubbish being thrown into the river.When there is quite heavy rain with a long duration and the river flow begins to rise above normal levels, the local community begins to be alert in case of flooding.However, there are still people who do not know the signs that a flood will occur and do not prepare before the flood occurs, for example preparing important files because they have never experienced this.
The results of this research are in line with those conducted by [3] that there is a relationship between knowledge and respondents' preparedness in facing flood disasters in Bukit Lawang Plantation Village.The knowledge of family heads in Bukit Lawang Plantation Village is low, especially regarding the aspects of actions that must be taken to anticipate the start of a flood, the family does not know the need to make decisions regarding where to convey a flood emergency, so that when a flood occurs the family feels confused about deciding where to evacuate.We know that knowledge related to preparing for disasters among disaster-vulnerable groups is the main focus.Various experiences show that disaster preparedness is often neglected among people who have not had direct experience with disasters.
The results of this research are also in line with what was stated by [4], that respondents' knowledge about disasters is related to their level of preparedness to face disasters.The greatest influence in calculating the preparedness level of rural families with a good level of knowledge increasing the family preparedness index.
Knowledge and attitudes have a significant influence on the preparedness of family heads in facing flood disasters in Sempaja Timur Subdistrict.The classification of the head of the family is included in the good category in the preparedness index [5].

The Relationship between Attitude and the Preparedness of the Head of the Family
The results of the analysis show that there is a relationship between attitude and preparedness of the head of the family with a common ratio value of 3.214 .This means that the head of a family who has a poor attitude is less likely to be prepared in facing floods 3,214 times compared to the head of a family Based on the research results, it can be seen as a whole that 78.8% of heads of families have a good attitude, but there are still many people who are not ready to take a stand in the event of a flood, for example people do not prepare equipment for use during an emergency, for example a first aid kit, then the head of the family rarely carries out simulations if a flood occurs and does not divide tasks in emergency situations in conveying disasters.A small number of family heads do not receive first aid training when a disaster occurs.
The researcher's assumption is that it is very necessary to have a good attitude in maintaining the preparedness of the head of the family for flood disasters which can occur at any time because the community lives in a river basin.It is very important for the head of the family to prepare equipment that can be used in an emergency, for example a first aid kit and a vehicle to convey both privately and publicly to the community.
The results of this research are in line with research conducted by [3] (Mukhtar, 2015) that attitudes have an influence on preparedness in facing disasters in Bukit Lawang Plantation Village in 2011.This can be seen in their low attitude that the area they live in is prone to flooding, not storing food as a supplies during floods, assumes that disaster preparedness is not important and does not have the readiness to convey when a disaster occurs which can occur suddenly.The community is also less aware of the consequences of the illegal cutting down of trees carried out by the community during previous flash floods.This also reflects the lack of public awareness of the consequences that will occur.
This research is also in line with research conducted by [6] Lastriani (2020) which shows that there is a relationship between community attitudes and preparedness in facing flash flood disasters.

The Relationship between Age and the Preparedness of the Head of the Family
The results of the analysis show that there is a relationship between age and the preparedness of the head of the family.
Based on the results of this research, it is known that young adults, middle adults, and older adults may not be prepared and if studied more deeply, everyone has.Not being prepared depends on your lifestyle and other factors that could be at risk when a flood occurs.The results of the bivariate analysis obtained a p value = 0.085, so the age variable was included in the multivariate analysis because the p value <0.25.The multivariate results showed that the age variable had no influence with a p value = 0.706 .
Based on the results of this research, it can be seen that the age of the heads of the families studied was mostly between 25 years old and up to 65 years old and a few were under 25 years old.In this research, it is known that there is no relationship between age and the preparedness of the head of the family in facing floods.It can be seen from the heads of families who were respondents in this study that preparedness cannot be assessed based on the age of the head of the family, because various ages of family heads gave the opinion that being prepared for floods in the environment was based on the experiences experienced by the head of the family.The researcher's assumption is that younger people should be empowered as cadres in flood preparedness, young people can respond more quickly to unexpected situations such as floods.For older age groups, simulations can be carried out periodically to find out what to do when a flood occurs.
Research conducted in Central Aceh District found that there was a relationship between age and the preparedness of health workers in facing disasters.Age is a variable that is inherent in a person, where as age increases, the person's maturity will also increase [7].

The Relationship between Education and the Preparedness of the Head of the Family
The results of the analysis show that there is a relationship between education and the preparedness of the head of the family.
Based on the results of this research, it is known that higher education and lower education may not be prepared and if studied more deeply, everyone has .Not being prepared depends on your lifestyle and other factors that could be at risk when a flood occurs.The researcher's assumption is that education in communities living in river basins has little influence on flood preparedness.Formal education does not provide much knowledge about natural disasters.This happens because people know more based on their experiences.Communities with high and low levels of education have the same preparedness in facing floods, people will be more prepared in facing floods if a direct simulation is carried out about what actions will be taken first in dealing with floods.
The results of the bivariate analysis obtained a p value = 0.846 , so the education variable was not included in the multivariate analysis because the p value was> 0.25.Based on previous research that has been conducted, almost all of them compare the relationship between education and disaster preparedness.
Based on the results of this research, it can be seen that the education of the heads of the families studied was mostly in the high category (high school and university) as much as 62.4%.In this research, it is known that there is no relationship between education and the preparedness of the head of the family in facing floods.The results of this research were that heads of families with higher education and lower education gave responses that were not much different regarding preparedness in facing flood disasters.Heads of families with elementary, middle school, high school and tertiary education have the same level of preparedness because the heads of families explained that in the formal education they had undergone they did not gain much knowledge about disaster management so they were unable to apply the knowledge they had in their daily lives.day regarding flood disaster preparedness.
Research conducted by [8] Revy (2021), there was a significant relationship between respondents' education and family preparedness in facing disasters.Education completely influences family preparedness behavior.Experience and knowledge are other factors that influence family preparedness behavior.

The Relationship between Length of Residence and Preparedness of the Head of the Family
The results of the analysis show that there is a relationship between length of stay and the preparedness of the head of the family with a common ratio value of 2.794 .Heads of families who have a length of stay of less than 3 years are 2,794 times less likely to be prepared to face floods than heads of families who have a length of stay of more than 3 years.
The results of the bivariate analysis obtained a p value = 0.024 , so the length of stay variable was included in the multivariate analysis because the p value <0.25.It was found that the multivariate results of the length of stay variable had an influence with a value of p=0.00 8 .
Based on the research results, it can be seen that the length of stay in a river basin that is prone to flooding is one of the influencing factors in this research.The head of the family knows the conditions in the environment based on experience while living in the area.Heads of families who have lived in the area for quite a long time have experience in facing flood disasters, they experience floods in various situations, for example floods resulting from heavy rain that last for a long time or floods caused by heavy rain that occur upstream of the river.The community also believes that one of the causes of flooding in the area is because people throw rubbish into the river which causes silting in the riverbed.

The Relationship between Socialization and the Preparedness of the Head of the Family
24 heads of families received socialization in the poor category ( 28.2 %) and 61 people ( 71.8 %) with good attitudes.
The results of the analysis of the relationship between socialization and the preparedness of the head of the family show that there is a relationship between socialization and the preparedness of the head of the family with a p value = 0.033 and a common ratio value of 0.310 .Heads of families who received socialization in the poor category were less likely to be prepared in facing floods 0.310 times compared to heads of families who received socialization in the good category.The results of the bivariate analysis obtained a p value = 0.033 , so the socialization variable was included in the multivariate analysis because the p value <0.25.It was found that the multivariate results of the socialization variable had no influence with a value of p=0.130.
Based on the research results, it can be seen that family heads are quite good at getting socialization regarding flood disaster preparedness, but only a few family heads carry out simulations for each family member, so family members do not know and understand how to deal with emergency situations when a flood occurs.Then, in general, heads of families have flood disaster preparedness materials/guidelines but do not study and apply them in their daily lives because they assume that they understand better based on the experiences they have had during floods.The researcher's assumption is that outreach to communities living in river basins has a big impact on their preparedness in facing floods.With socialization, the community will know what will happen if a flood disaster strikes.Socialization carried out simultaneously with simulation will be able to increase community preparedness in facing floods, with this it can provide experience to the community and the community itself will already know what actions to take when a flood occurs [9] [10].
The research conducted was in line with [11] Priyo and Chilyatiz in 2020, there was an influence of providing simulations on students' skills related to disaster preparedness.
Apart from that, research conducted in Tudi also found that there was a significant relationship between knowledge and community preparedness for flood disasters.This attitude of preparedness is most likely related to the community in Tudi village having received counseling or socialization related to disasters.This community knowledge becomes a strong asset in facing flood disasters [12].

Conclusion 1.
There is a relationship between knowledge, attitude, age, length of stay, socialization, and the preparedness of the head of the family in facing flood disasters.2. The most dominant variable related to the preparedness of the head of the family in facing flood disasters is knowledge with a value for Example B of the knowledge variable of 4.140 .

Suggestion
1. Heads of families should continue to participate in flood disaster outreach activities and provide information to each member of their family about the signs that a flood will occur.2. To sub-district officials to carry out socialization and regular disaster response training for communities living around river flows so that people better understand that they live in an area prone to flood disasters.

3. 1 . 5 .
The Relationship between Length of Residence and the Preparedness of the Head of the Family in Facing Flood Disasters.The relationship between length of stay and the preparedness of the head of the family in facing flood disasters in the river basin can be seen in the following table:

Table 1 .
Frequency Distribution of Knowledge, Attitudes, Age, Education, Length of Stay, Socialization, and Preparedness of Heads of Households in Facing Flood Disasters in River Basins

Table 2 .
Relationship between Knowledge and Preparedness of Heads of Families Facing

Table 4 .
Relationship between age and preparedness of family heads in facing flood disasters in river basins

Table 5 .
Relationship between education and preparedness of family heads in facing flood disasters in river basins

Table 6 .
Relationship between length of stay and preparedness of family heads in facing flood disasters in river basins

Table 7 .
Relationship between Socialization and the Preparedness of Heads of Families in

Table 8 .
Independent Variables That Meet Multivariate Analysis Criteria

Table 9 .
Results of Multivariate Logistic Regression AnalysisBased on the results of the analysis in the table above, in stage 1, after that the variables age, length of stay, knowledge, attitudes and socialization were entered into the multivariate analysis, it turns out that the age variable has the largest p value, namely p=0.706 so that the use of age not included in stage 2.