Effectiveness of landslide mitigation education on disaster knowledge and preparedness of students in class VIII SMPN 1 Jenawi

The implementation of landslide disaster mitigation education for students is an effort that can be made to increase students’ disaster knowledge and preparedness for landslides. Actions are needed to increase disaster knowledge and preparedness to minimize the impact caused by disasters. The objectives of this study are (1) to analyze the level of disaster knowledge of grade VIII students towards landslides; (2) to analyze the preparedness of grade VIII students of SMP Negeri 1 Jenawi towards landslides; and (3) to analyze the effectiveness of the implementation of landslide disaster mitigation education on the level of disaster knowledge and the level of preparedness of grade VIII students of SMP Negeri 1 Jenawi. This quantitative research method uses a pretest-posttest control group experimental design that uses questionnaires for data collection. The results showed that 1) The level of disaster knowledge of experimental class students on pretest results has an average of 81.59, while the control class has an average of 79.71, 2) The level of preparedness of experimental class students has an average of 64.97, while the control class has an average of 66.52. 3) The effectiveness of implementing disaster mitigation education on the level of disaster knowledge and preparedness of students in the N-Gain Score test shows that it is effective enough to be applied as an appropriate and effective step in reducing the risk of landslides.


Introduction
BNPB data in 2015 recorded 1,681 landslide disasters that hit several regions in Indonesia.Based on the occurrence of disasters, all parties' efforts are needed to improve disaster knowledge and student preparedness.One of them is through the implementation of disaster mitigation education in schools.It is known that students belong to a group vulnerable to disasters [1].Implementing landslide disaster mitigation education is very effective in improving students' knowledge and preparedness [2].Each individual's knowledge and disaster mitigation level is categorized as prepared to face landslides [3].The research focuses on increasing disaster and preparedness attitudes when facing landslides.
A landslide is a sudden collapse of soil material caused by the movement of large amounts of soil gradually occurring in steep areas with unstable soil conditions [4].Landslide disasters can occur quickly, triggered by human factors, namely uncontrolled land use changes, thereby increasing the risk of landslides [5].Landslides that hit Indonesia caused the loss of human lives and many losses, especially in damage to people's homes [6].In 2015, 1.681 landslides hit several regions in Indonesia, IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012102 2 resulting in 259 deaths, environmental damage, and damage to community property, especially houses buried by the ground [7].
Karanganyar Regency is one of the areas in Central Java that is included in the landslide-prone areas with high categories because, when viewed geographically, some areas of Karanganyar Regency have steep slope topography prone to land movement [8].According to BPBD Karanganyar Regency (2017), 14 sub-districts are prone to landslides.Jenawi sub-district is one of the sub-districts that has a high potential for landslides.According to BPBD Karanganyar Regency (2017), 14 sub-districts are prone to landslides.Jenawi sub-district is one of the sub-districts that has a high potential for landslides.
Community preparedness and understanding in dealing with disasters are crucial to reducing the risk of landslides in Jenawi District, Karanganyar Regency [9].The main factors that cause casualties and property losses are the lack of understanding and knowledge of the community related to potential disaster hazards in the area, the lack of information about disasters, and the inability of the community to deal with disasters because they do not have disaster knowledge [10].It shows that knowledge of disasters is essential for people living in disaster-prone areas and that disaster knowledge can affect community preparedness so that casualties can be minimized when a disaster occurs [11].

Methods
The objectives of this study are: 1) analyzing the level of disaster knowledge of grade VIII students of SMP Negeri 1 Jenawi on landslide disasters; 2) analyzing the level of preparedness of grade VIII students of SMP Negeri 1 Jenawi on landslide disasters; and 3) analyzing the effectiveness of the application of landslide disaster mitigation education at the level of disaster knowledge and the level of preparedness of grade VIII students of SMP Negeri 1 Jenawi.This research is quantitative with an experimental design using a pretest-posttest control group.Researchers used the pretest-posttest control group method in this study because the method was in accordance with the purpose of the study, namely to determine the effectiveness of the application of landslide disaster mitigation education on disaster knowledge and student preparedness by comparing the learning outcomes of experimental class students and control classes through prerest and posttest.There are advantages and disadvantages of using the pretest-posttest control group method, namely the advantage of using the pretest-posttest control group method is being able to identify the presence or absence of cause or effect from the application of certain treatments given by researchers to students through pretest and posttest which can be used to compare before and after treatment, while the disadvantages of using the pretest-posttest control group research method are Researchers need to ensure the experimental group and the control group have the same characteristics and conditions so that at the time of data collection factors that are not measured can be controlled by the researcher.The sample used in this study was 63 students with a purposive sampling technique.The parameters used in this study are disaster knowledge, student preparedness, and the application of landslide disaster mitigation materials in schools, other parameters include: the location of landslides, the condition of classrooms affected by landslides, loudspeaker facilities to provide information to students, and mapping landslide-prone areas at school points.The indicators tested include understanding disasters, knowledge of emergency response and mitigation, knowledge of selfrescue actions during disasters, preparedness activities, and signs of landslides.These tests are multiplechoice tests and statement items.Learners (respondents) fill out the test for 30 minutes in both the pretest and post-test.The answers are then assessed using scoring techniques, namely, 1 for correct answers and 0 for incorrect answers.At the same time, the statement items are scored based on the Likert scale; data collection techniques are used in the form of tests, observations, and interviews.The analytical techniques used in this study are descriptive statistics related to the results of disaster knowledge and preparedness tests for grade VIII students at SMP Negeri 1 Jenawi.The effectiveness test in data analysis in this study was used to analyze the effectiveness of landslide disaster mitigation education on the disaster knowledge and preparedness of grade VIII students of SMP Negeri 1 Jenawi Karanganyar.  1 shows that of the 32 respondents in the VIII B experimental class, there were changes before the landslide disaster mitigation material was applied.After applying it, as shown through the pretest results, seven students got a low level with a score range of 0-33.33.After applying the treatment, these students' scores increased, whereas the post-test results did not show a low score level.At the medium level, with a score range of 33.33-66.66,were 23 students in the pretest results and four students.At a high level with a score range of 66.66-100, two students were in the pretest and 28 in the post-test results.The presentation of the diagram of the results of the recapitulation of the pretest and post-test values of the experimental class: in the average pretest score of 46.59 and the average post-test value of 81.59.Through Figure 4, it can be seen that there are differences in the lowest scores, highest scores, and average pretest and post-test scores of experimental class students.The diagram shows that there is an increase in students' disaster knowledge through the application of landslide disaster mitigation material, which is seen from the increase in student learning outcomes that have been given treatment by 81.59, so it can be said that the level of disaster knowledge of the experimental class is very good.

Control Class Disaster Knowledge
The results of the pretest and post-test scores of control class disaster knowledge in landslides are as follows: Table 2 shows the results of the control class for the disaster knowledge level of 31 grade VIII A students who responded at a low level, with a range of 0-33.33.Six students were in the pretest results, while no student got a low score in the post-test results.At the medium level, with a score range of 33-66.66,there were 22 students from the pretest and six from the post-test results.At the high level of pretest results, there were three students and 25 students in the post-test results.The diagram of the results of the recapitulation of the pretest and post-test values of the control class shows: Based on Figure 2 on the diagram of pretest and post-test results of landslide disaster knowledge, the control class shows differences from the lowest scores, highest scores, and average pretest and post-test scores of students.In the control class, landslide disaster material was given by social studies maple teachers so that they already had landslide disaster knowledge, which was then carried out simultaneously, and questionnaires were used in data collection in the experimental class.The results of the questionnaire show that the control class has a level of disaster knowledge with an average pretest of 47.26 and a post-test of 79.71, so it can be said that the control class's disaster knowledge is categorized as good, as seen through the learning outcomes of students who have been given landslide disaster treatment or material.

Preparedness.
In this study, the level of preparedness was measured using a pretest and post-test design with a pretest post-test control design to obtain data.Researchers used two classes consisting of an experimental class (VIII B) and a control class (VIII-A) through pretest and post-test by providing a questionnaire of 15 statements to measure student preparedness for landslide disasters.

Experimental Class Student Preparedness
The results of the experimental class preparedness pretest and post-test scores in landslide disasters are as follows: The preparedness level of experimental class students, based on Table 3, shows that none of the students get a low score level with a range of 0-25 from both pretest and post-test results.At the medium level, with a score range of 26-50, there are 27 students from the pretest results, while at the high level, with a score range of 51-75, there are five students and, from the post-test results, 32 students.The presentation of the diagram of the results of the recapitulation of the pretest and post-test values of the experimental class:   4 shows that the preparedness level of control class students is low, with a score range of 0-25.No student gets a low grade from both pretest results and post-test results.At the medium level, with a score range of 26-50, there were 21 students from the pretest results, while at the high level of pretest results, there were 10 students and 31 students from the post-test results.The diagram of the results of the recapitulation of the pretest and post-test values of the control class shows: Figure 4 of the diagram of the results of the pretest value and the post-test value of the landslide preparedness of the control class shows that there is an increase that occurs before the application of treatment and after the application of treatment through the application of landslide disaster mitigation materials so that it can be seen that the preparedness of the control class students of SMP Negeri 1 Jenawi from the pretest results has an average of 46.58.The post-test has an average value of 66.52, categorized as excellent.From these results, we can see that some changes or differences occur after students are given landslide disaster mitigation material, so student preparedness is perfect for dealing with landslides if they occur at school.SMPN 1 Jenawi.The effectiveness of the application of landslide disaster mitigation education was measured using the N-GAIN Score test in calculating the effectiveness of the application of landslide disaster mitigation education in this study using SPSS 17.0.The measurement of the effectiveness of applying landslide disaster mitigation education in this study uses disaster knowledge data and corrected preparedness level scores.The classification of N-Gain effectiveness levels is as follows: Based on the calculation of the N-Gain Score test in Table 6, it shows that the average N-Gain Score for the experimental class, which is 63.6159 or 63.6%, is included in the category of quite effective, with a minimum N-Gain Score of 22.22% and a maximum of 100%.In the control class, the average N-Gain score of 60.5658 or 60.5% is included in the category of quite effective, with a minimum N-Gain Score of 17.50% and a maximum of 100%.So, from the results of the calculation test of the N-Gain score test analysis, it can be concluded that the experimental class and control class in applying landslide disaster mitigation educational materials to students' disaster knowledge are classified as quite effective.

The effectiveness of the application of landslide disaster mitigation education on disaster knowledge and preparedness of grade VIII students of
Based on the results of the calculation of the N-Gain test on disaster knowledge of grade VIII students of SMP Negeri 1 Jenawi, the following are the results: Based on the calculation of the N-Gain Score preparedness test analysis in Table 7, it shows that the average N-Gain Score for the experimental class of 66.6883, or 66.6%, is classified as quite effective, with a minimum N-Gain Score of 27.3% and a maximum of 100.00%.In the control class, the average N-Gain Score showed a result of 69.2830, or 69.2%, with a minimum N-Gain Score of 4.55% and a maximum of 100.00% classified as quite effective, so it can be concluded that the results of the N-Gain test of the experimental class and control class on the application of landslide disaster mitigation education in preparedness are quite effective when applied to grade VIII students of SMP Negeri 1 Jenawi.

Discussion
This research was conducted at SMP Negeri 1 Jenawi.Data was collected on 63 students in classes VIII A and VIII B. The research process is carried out face-to-face.The research method used in this study IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/0121028 was quantitative with a pretest-posttest control group research design.The parameters used in this study were disaster knowledge, student preparedness, and the application of landslide disaster mitigation education.The parameters used by researchers in this study aim to determine the differences before and after the implementation of landslide disaster mitigation education to students so that through the research parameters researchers can find out the knowledge and preparedness of students in facing landslide disasters in schools.The difference between this study and other studies is that in this study researchers measured the effectiveness of the application of landslide disaster mitigation education for junior high school students who have school locations in landslide-prone areas in the middle category by measuring disaster knowledge and preparedness of grade VIII students.This research focuses on determining the level of disaster knowledge, preparedness, and effectiveness of applying landslide disaster mitigation education to the disaster knowledge and preparedness of experimental and control class students.The effectiveness of applying landslide disaster mitigation education can be seen from the change in improvement between disaster knowledge and preparedness tested through the pretest and post-test.

Landslide Disaster Knowledge
Level.The pretest test results are the distribution of students' landslide disaster knowledge levels from the experimental classes.There are seven students (22%) at the low level, 23 students (72%) at the medium level, and two students at the high level (6%), while in the post-test results, there are four students (13%) in the medium category and 28 students (87%) in the high category, with the average post-test test It has 89.59, which is classified as a high category.The level of disaster knowledge of the control class on the pretest test Six students (19%) had a low level, 22 students (71%) had a medium level, and three students (10%) had a high level.In contrast, in the post-test test, three students (19%) had a medium category, and 25 (81%) had a high category.No students got a low category on the post-test test.The results of the pretest and post-test tests have increased students' disaster knowledge, so it can be concluded that applying landslide disaster mitigation materials affects the level of students' disaster knowledge of landslide disasters.
Disaster mitigation education must be implemented through formal school education [1].Through education, it is expected to be able to improve the ability to think and act effectively and effectively during disasters in schools [1].The results in this study are continuous with research conducted by Kharina Rahmanika (2018), which found that based on 12 sub-districts in Karanganyar Regency, the highest percentage of landslide disaster knowledge level was in Karangpandan District with 70.82% [12].An individual's knowledge can influence attitudes and concerns in anticipating disaster risks [13].
Knowledge of landslide disasters is fundamental for every individual to improve the ability and understanding of landslide disasters that can be obtained through disaster socialization and education in schools.Education is one of the most effective tools to be implemented to reduce disaster risk in schools by including material on natural disasters in compulsory lessons for every elementary, junior high, and high school level, especially in schools in disaster-risk areas [14].Respondents in the study said they did not know about the signs of landslides in schools because of a lack of disaster-related socialization.It is supported by research that states that knowledge of disasters is influenced by low disaster literacy and students' lack of knowledge about disasters, resulting in many casualties, facilities, and infrastructure in schools, which are allegedly the cause of the worsening level of post-disaster damage [5].
Disaster knowledge can affect students' responses in dealing with disasters.As a result, students need clarification in finding ways to evacuate independently during a disaster.It is in line with research conducted by Labudasari, 2020 [15] that understanding the importance of disaster literacy in students is carried out to increase students' knowledge of the steps that should be taken when a disaster has not occurred (pre-disaster) during a disaster (emergency response) and after a disaster (post-disaster) [5].It is expected to reduce disaster risk and minimize casualties in the Education sector.

Student Preparedness.
The distribution of landslide disaster preparedness levels in the experimental class from the pretest results averaged 42.44.There were 27 students (84%) at the medium level and five at the high level (16%).In the post-test results, it had an average of 64.97 with a highlevel category of 32 students (100%).In the control class, the pretest results had an average of 46.58.There were 21 students (68%) in the moderate level and 10 students (32%) in the high level, while the post-test results had an average of 66.52 with a high-level category of 31 students (100 %).Based on the pretest and post-test results, the control class's score was higher, with an average of 66.52 compared to the experimental class.Student preparedness for landslide disasters in this study increased after being given landslide disaster mitigation material, so it can be concluded that students in the category are ready to face the risk of landslide disasters.
Disaster risk prevention and reduction education aims to build a culture of safety and disasterresilient communities [16].Disaster risk reduction efforts carried out through education are expected to be able to cover all targets so that they can be introduced earlier to students to be able to contribute to individual and community preparedness for disasters [9].Preparedness is a quick and effective effort in dealing with disaster events [1,6].
The results of this study align with the research of Ferdian Setiya (2022).The level of student preparedness in this study is classified into 3, namely high, medium, and low [17].Ferdian Setiya (2022) researched students to measure preparedness using questionnaires from LIPI with very ready, ready, and unprepared categories [18].The respondents were 96 grade 4, 5, and 6 SD Ngijo 01 Gunung Pati Semarang students.The results of this study have an average level of preparedness of SD Negeri Ngijo 01 students classified as 58.1% in the medium category.
Preparedness includes actions that can be taken to reduce disaster risk [19].Disaster risk reduction consists of several things, namely disaster management plans, counseling on disasters, early warning systems, evacuation locations, and supplies to meet the basic needs of refugees [19].Efforts can be made to anticipate the impact of disasters by carrying out preparedness before disasters occur to minimize casualties, property losses, and changes in community living arrangements [12].
The preparedness possessed by individuals in facing disasters can be used as a step in self-rescue during a disaster through organization and appropriate and effective steps.Respondents in this study said they needed to learn more about landslide disaster preparedness and how to escape during school disasters.It is supported by research stating that the lack of disaster preparedness is influenced by respondents still needing to understand and understand the definition of disaster in general.Most respondents assume that disasters occur due to nature only [20].Increasing student preparedness requires awareness of all parties and holistic actions to minimize losses caused by disasters.The general preparedness activities are the ability to assess risk, preparedness planning, resource mobility, education and training, coordination, and disaster simulation [17].Empowering children from an early age is the first step to building preparedness for disaster awareness in their environment to be able to realize resilient students in facing disasters [19].

The Effectiveness of Landslide Disaster Mitigation Education on Student Disaster Knowledge and
Preparedness.In this study, the normality test results of disaster knowledge and preparedness were usually distributed.In the homogeneity test, disaster knowledge and preparedness have homogeneous or the same data variants.The paired sample t-test results of disaster knowledge and preparedness have a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, meaning there are changes or differences before and after the implementation of treatment.An N-Gain Score test was conducted to determine the effectiveness of applying landslide disaster mitigation education.
The results of this study are known that the results of the N-Gain Score Test of disaster knowledge data are classified as quite effective criteria with an average of 63.6159 or 63.6% of the experimental class and an average of 60.5658 or 60.5% of the control class.The N-Gain preparedness test results had an experimental class average of 66.6883 or 66.6%, and the control class had an average of 69.2830 or 69.2%, classified as moderately effective criteria.Based on the results of the N-Gain Score test, it can be concluded that the application of disaster mitigation education to experimental and control class students is the proper and practical step to increase disaster knowledge and preparedness because the final results of the N-Gain Score are included in the criteria of being quite effective.The results of this study are consistent with the results of research by Isma & Ananto, 2022 that the application of mitigation education is practical to students participating in Hizbul Wathan SD Muhammadiyah Tieng Kejajar because the implementation of disaster mitigation education, student knowledge is applied to improve and enter the high category with a percentage of 92.5% and the effectiveness of education implementation Disaster mitigation has a high category with a percentage of 96% [2].
Disaster mitigation education must be implemented through formal education in schools of various levels to minimize casualties classified as vulnerable groups such as children [17].Disaster mitigation activities implemented in schools aim to be steps taken by schools and the government to increase student preparedness and knowledge in dealing with disasters, reducing disaster risk for the long term so that casualties and losses caused by disasters can be minimized [21].
According to Desfandi (2014), through disaster mitigation education, one is expected to develop the character of empathy and willingness of students to help others carefully in dealing with disasters [14].The role of education is very influential in the realization of increasing disaster knowledge and student preparedness in schools facing disasters.Instilling knowledge, understanding, attitudes, and skills of the community related to hazards, vulnerabilities, and disaster risks, as well as efforts that must be made for disaster risk reduction, are essential things that must be implemented by all parties, including school students [22].The importance of increasing understanding and resilience to disasters must be instilled in the community, especially students who still need to understand the steps to take when a disaster occurs [14].
According to Sunarto (2012), children are a group that is very vulnerable to disasters, and factors of unpreparedness cause them to face disaster events [23].Respondents in this study showed that some students were prepared, but others showed that they needed more time to prepare for disasters.It is related to Solpin (2016), who stated that the parameters of readiness in schools are sufficient regarding disaster mitigation efforts so that students are better prepared to face a sudden disaster [24].Disaster mitigation parameters at SMP Negeri 1 Jenawi can be said to be quite adequate, including directions for student evacuation in the event of a disaster, loudspeakers to help students get out of the room, installation of avalanche containment embankments, and insertion of landslide disaster materials in several subjects.In line with research conducted by Beatrix Hayudityas (2020), implementing disaster mitigation education in schools is needed, especially in schools located In disaster-prone areas, because the application of disaster mitigation education can increase students' knowledge and preparedness related to disasters [1].Furthermore, Beatrix Hayudityas (2020) also explained that school disaster mitigation education must be improved to prevent and reduce disaster victims' risk [1].

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Pretest and post-test results of experimental class disaster knowledge Source: Researcher, 2023

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Pretest and post-test results from landslide disaster knowledge in control class Source: Researcher, 2023

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Pretest and post-test results of experimental class student preparedness Source: Researcher, 2023

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Control class preparedness pretest and post-test results Source: Researcher, 2023

Table 1 .
Disaster Knowledge Level at Experiment Class

Table 2 .
Results of the control class's disaster knowledge level Source: Researcher, 2023

Table 3 .
Improve experimental class preparedness

Table 4 .
Jenawi students shows an average pretest score of 42.44 and post-test amounted to 64.97, so it can be said that the experimental class has a very good category.Control Class Preparedness Level 6Negeri 1

Table 5 .
Classification of N-Gain effectiveness levelsBased on the results of the calculation of the N-Gain test on disaster knowledge of grade VIII students of SMP Negeri 1 Jenawi, the following are the results:

Table 6 .
Calculation Results of N-Gain Test Analysis of Disaster Knowledge

Table 7 .
Calculation Results of N-Gain Test Analysis of Preparedness

4. Conclusions 1
. The level of disaster knowledge of experimental class (VIII B) and control class (VIII-A) students of SMP Negeri 1 Jenawi is classified as very good in disaster mitigation in dealing with landslide disasters.The results of the experimental class on the pretest test had an average of 46.84.The posttest test had an average of 81.59, while the results of the control class on the pretest test were 47.26, and the post-test test had an average of 79.71, so the results of the experimental class and the control class increased students' disaster knowledge.2.The level of preparedness of experimental class (VIII B) and control class (VIII-A) students ofSMP Negeri 1 Jenawi is classified as a very good category as seen through the results of the experimental class on the pretest test with an average of 42.44 and on the post-test test with an average was 64.97.In contrast, the results of the control class on the pretest test with an average of 45.58, and on the post-test test, had an average of 66.52, so the results of the experimental class and the control class on the level of student preparedness showed Excellent improvement and able to be used by students in dealing with the threat of landslides in schools.3. The effectiveness of the application of landslide disaster mitigation education at the level of disaster knowledge of grade VIII students of SMP Negeri 1 Jenawi from the results of statistical tests using SPSS 17.0 get a class N-Gain Score experimental 63.6% and control class 60.5%, at the level of 1314 (2024) 012102 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/01210211 preparedness students get the N-Gain Score of the experimental class of 66.6% and the control class of 69.2 %.Applying landslide disaster mitigation education for grade VIII students effectively increases disaster knowledge and student preparedness.