Configuration, furniture layout, and earthquake hazards in campus buildings

Indonesia is the most disaster-prone country in the world because it is geographically located in the ring of fire and tectonic plate confluence. Campus buildings have large occupancy of up to 10,000 students at a time, increasing their vulnerability to disasters. The 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake affected several campuses, such as soft stories and short columns. It is clarified that the movement and shifting of furniture during the earthquake caused 90% of casualties and injuries. This study aims to identify the physical characteristics of the campus in general as well as the potential for earthquake hazards, specifically in the aspects of building configuration and furniture layout. This research was conducted using the campus-watching method that allows the students to identify the risks in the campus building. This research found that the campus buildings in Indonesia generally had an elongated space configuration with O, I, T, L, and U shapes with a ratio of more than 1:2, causing a higher risk of earthquake hazards. The risk of the soft story was identified in the lobby. The short columns in the campus building were formed due to a consecutive halved window-wall application in the classrooms and were observed to be prone to weakening. Using movable furniture, glass partitions, and racks raises the risk during the earthquake. Tables inside the room can be utilized as a temporary safe place during the earthquake. So, it is essential to use sturdy tables and ensure sufficient tables to be used as a temporary shelter during an earthquake.


Introduction
Indonesia is the country considered to be most vulnerable to disasters in the world, according to the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UN-ISDR).This is due to its geographical location in the Pacific Ring of Fire and at the convergence of three tectonic plates including the Indo-Australian, Eurasian, and Pacific Plates [1].The data from the Coordinator for Earthquake and Tsunami Mitigation at the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) Daryono showed that Indonesia experienced around 5,818 earthquakes per year, out of which 350 had magnitudes higher than 5.0 [2].
There was significant damage to approximately 640,000 houses during the Hanshin earthquake in Kobe with a magnitude of 7.3 on the Richter scale.The earthquake also caused the death of 6,434 people, and 3 individuals reported missing.The information retrieved from the victims showed that most injuries and wounds were caused by falling objects within indoor spaces such as bathroom mirrors and window glass fragments.Several other sources also mentioned that the majority of the victims were struck by falling furniture such as drawers, consoles, bookshelves, or collapsing ceilings.The trend indicated that an earthquake turned harmless objects into deadly hazards due to their movement during the tremors [3].The 1995 Kobe earthquake led to an increased demand for improved safety measures for indoor 1314 (2024) 012098 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012098 2 furniture during earthquakes, in addition to structural safety [4].This was considered important due to the high risks and casualties associated with earthquakes despite their occurrence within a specific time frame and location.There are currently no mechanisms to predict earthquakes due to their sudden occurrence, which means the disasters cannot be prevented.Therefore, it is crucial to minimize the risks associated with such disasters.
University campus buildings are students' main learning spaces and serve as the workspace for faculty and staff members.These buildings are usually significantly affected by earthquakes.For example, several campuses were affected by the earthquakes that struck Yogyakarta and Central Java in 2006, including STIE Kerjasama on Parangtritis Road, KM. 3, and the Indonesian Institute of the Arts Yogyakarta on Parangtritis Road, KM. 6.5.The damage experienced was generally severe, rendering the buildings unusable for teaching and learning activities [5].STIE Kerjasama suffered severe damage with the front part of the building tilting due to its collapsed foundation as indicated in the following figure and similar trends were observed in the other buildings.Several buildings were also damaged at the Indonesian Institute of the Arts Yogyakarta, with three completely collapsed and others experiencing varying degrees of structural damage, ranging from severe to minor.The 7.6 magnitude earthquake experienced in West Sumatra was also reported to cause damages to both private and public Islamic tertiary institutions such as IAIN and STAIN.The STAIN Batusangkar campus suffered minor damage, in the form of cracks in the walls of the academic building, halls, library, and laboratory facilities.Meanwhile, four private Islamic campuses in Padang City and one each in Pariaman and Padang Panjang including Muhammadiyah University, STAI PIQ, STAI Imam Bonjol Padang Panjang, STAI Yastis, STAI YKI and STAI Burhanuddin Pariaman experienced significant impact of the earthquake [6].The 5.6 RS earthquake experienced in the Cianjur region was also reported to have damaged the building infrastructures at Suryakancana University (UNSUR) Cianjur as indicated by the collapse of the roof of one of the classrooms during lecture hours [7].Furthermore, it is important to note that these campus buildings also act as evacuation sites when a disaster occurs in some cases.For example, Padang State University was programmed to be a temporary evacuation site during a tsunami due to its location directly opposite the red zone on the West Coast of Sumatra Island [8].
Several previous studies were conducted on earthquakes and campus buildings.For example, [9] focused on the experimental and numerical studies on the evacuation characteristics of staircases in campus buildings and found that congestion was prone to occur at the corner and the beginning of the staircase during the evacuation.[10] also examined the conditions of selected schools before and after the Chi-Chi earthquake as well as the reconstruction process.The study emphasized the importance of collaboration between schools and the community in building a comprehensive disaster management framework.Moreover, [11] identified the factors influencing post-evacuation behavior among academic communities.Another study also showed that campuses have become important to the studies related to emergency evacuation planning during earthquakes due to their strategic location in densely populated urban areas [12].Simulations [13], VR prototypes [14,15], and personal assistance systems have been widely developed to minimize risks and enhance evacuation effectiveness.The formula to calculate the rolling of objects during disasters was also extensively studied by [16] based on a preliminary study by [4].A further analysis was conducted to examine disaster and campus-related research over the past 10 years using VosViewer software.A strong correlation was found between campus earthquakes and disasters, as indicated by the more apparent network in Figure 1.
Studies have also been extensively conducted on the relationship between campus buildings and earthquake hazards, specifically in Indonesia.Some of these were focused on the structural design innovations for the campus buildings to withstand earthquake hazards [17][18][19].Moreover, attention was also placed on raising awareness among the academic community facing earthquake disasters for research and community engagement purposes [20][21][22].Another study by [23] discussed the earthquake vulnerability level on the Indonesian University of Education's (UPI) main campus to enhance preparedness in disaster anticipation.Previous studies were also observed to have indicated the importance of furniture layout within buildings to support the safety of the occupants during earthquakes.However, there are no specific studies conducted concerning the relationship between the furniture layout in campus buildings and earthquake hazards, particularly in Indonesia.This is even though the SNI 1726:2019 implemented by the [24] classified educational buildings as structures with the highest level of earthquake risk.Campus buildings with high occupancy rates must also be improved to enhance earthquake preparedness.
This study was conducted to identify the physical characteristics of campuses and determine their potential for earthquake hazards, specifically in building configuration and furniture layout.The focus was on the indoor furniture at Atma Jaya University Yogyakarta (UAJY), a private university with several faculties, four campus buildings designed with different shapes, and various classrooms and services.Moreover, the number of students in the school for the 2021 odd academic year was found to be 10,435 students based on PDDikti data, and this was projected to represent the spatial picture of other campuses in Indonesia.

Methods
The school-watching method is a method that can help the students increase disaster preparedness by doing activities to identify hazardous objects when an earthquake happens [25].The school-watching method developed into several approaches, such as campus-watching and town-watching [26].The firsttime user can easily apply this method with clear guidance.The flexibility of this method allows the user to modify the scale, approach, and level of observation based on the type of participants.
This research enhance the application of campus-watching method by engaging students with an architectural background as participant.During this research, the participants identify the hazards, not only the hazardous object but also the physical characteristics of the campus building.This study was conducted from September to December 2022 and was preceded by a desk review of several campus buildings in Indonesia to determine the main spaces and configurations commonly applied.Moreover, room sampling was implemented within the environment of UAJY to obtain specific data regarding earthquake hazards in the rooms of campus buildings.This Data was also collected through the campuswatching method.allowing the students to identify the dangers in their environment actively.The campus-watching method for observing building risks provides direct, real-time assessment but can be resource-intensive, prone to subjective bias, and limited coverage.To reduce the subjective bias the participants received training on Rapid Visual Screening methodologies to minimize subjective bias.
Qualitative descriptive analysis was also applied to the data retrieved from the field.Building configurations were analyzed using the Technical Guidelines for Earthquake-Resistant Houses and Buildings [26] and [27].These were limited to the form and configuration of structures, soft stories, and short columns that could be physically identified using the campus-watching method.Furthermore, the safety of the furniture within the rooms was based on principles found in previous studies [28][29][30].The hazardous objects were categorized into quickly rolling (B1), sliding (B2), easily breakable (B3), easily flammable (B4), and toxic substances (B5).The possible safe places in each room were also identified.

Characteristics of Campus Buildings
The characteristics of campus buildings were identified and discussed in two parts, focusing on the configurations and room typologies.This was achieved by comparing the physical conditions of several campuses in Yogyakarta with a focus on the building configurations, the number of floors, and access to open spaces.The observations showed that the campus buildings generally had simple configurations, specifically in L, U, O, I, and T shapes, and also utilized a rigid frame structural system, as indicated in Figure 2.Meanwhile, the [26] stated that the L, U, O, and T shapes were less favorable layouts, and required simplification and structural separation or expansion.The functional spaces such as classrooms and administrative rooms were observed to be arranged in rows and connected by corridors, thereby leading to rectangular buildings with length-to-width ratios exceeding the recommended values.The Ishaped building was considered simple and good but the expansion for lengths exceeding 30 meters and width-to-length ratios greater than 1:2 needs to be monitored.
The interior spatial arrangement of the buildings was found to be generally in the form of a singleloaded corridor.The corridor faced a row of rooms and typically opened directly to the outside or had window openings.This configuration was observed to have greatly facilitated disaster evacuation planning due to high accessibility to gathering points located in open spaces.

Figure 2. O, I, T, L, and U building configurations on campus buildings
Source: Author's Analysis (processed from various sources), 2022   From the top-view perspective, the campus buildings generally implemented dilation as indicated by the separation of the roof components.The UAJY campus buildings were discovered to have a column dilation that separated the main and wing structures, thereby making the shape of the building to be simple as indicated in Figure 3 and Figure 4.

Identification of Hazards Related to Spatial Typology
The room typologies found on UAD, UII, UKDW, and UAJY campuses are presented in Table 2.The results showed 13 typologies which were further divided into 2 categories including the rooms for educational activities such as the classrooms, laboratories, and meeting rooms as well as the supporting rooms such as libraries, meeting rooms, communal spaces, offices, clinics, prayer rooms, service rooms, corridors, toilets, and sports rooms.Moreover, classrooms, laboratories, libraries, prayer rooms, and sports rooms were classified as the highest risk category (IV) based on [24].
Table 2. Typology of space in campus buildings RC : Risk Category UAD : Ahmad Dahlan University UII : Indonesian Islamic University UKDW : Duta Wacana Christian University UAJY : Atma Jaya University Yogyakarta Source: Author's Analysis (processed from various sources), 2022

Soft Storey Attitude
Soft storey was defined as the non-uniform storey stiffness, specifically the weak vertical structure at the lowest level, which could cause the total collapse of a building [27].It was physically observed in the UAJY campus buildings due to the existence of structural columns without infill walls to support their function as walkways, lobby, and part of the front façade of the building.These soft storeys were generally found in areas requiring large spaces usually free of columns such as basement parking lots and communal space lobbies.

Short Column
The short columns can be linked to tall partitions used to partially fill wall modules.They are mostly found in classrooms, corridors, and office spaces requiring natural lighting in campus buildings.The walls in these rooms are usually typically partially filled with some portions occupied by windows having different stiffness compared to the partition walls.This section was used to identify the types of furniture hazards usually experienced during earthquakes based on room typologies.The results presented in Table 3 showed six types of furniture that could pose hazards during earthquakes in classrooms, and these include rolling-prone objects such as computer monitors and whiteboards, easily-movable objects such as tables and chairs, and easily-breakable objects such as windows and projectors.The laboratories were observed to have the highest number of hazard types due to the abundance and variety of furniture and hazardous materials usually used to conduct experiments.There was also the need to place special attention on toxic substances such as chemicals, gas, oil, ink, and alcohol in laboratories.These were in addition to easily breakable equipment and storage cabinets that were prone to tipping, thereby increasing the hazards.Moreover, the library had a large collection of books placed on free-standing bookshelves with narrow corridors limiting the evacuation space.The reading area, usually located near glass windows, increased the risk for users during earthquake disasters.The hazards in meeting rooms were identified to be due to high occupancy loads, but the massive furniture such as tables and chairs in the space can be utilized as temporary shelters during earthquakes.The results also showed that communal spaces were typically located in the front of campus buildings consisting of halls or lobbies to provide orientation and wide views for users.The open layout and minimal furniture made these areas less prone to hazards such as shifting or toppling of furniture.However, the use of glass partitions as front walls, which is common in lobby areas, increased the risk during disasters and significantly affected evacuation effectiveness because the lobbies were located along the main pathways of the building.
Office areas are usually designed to have a deeper depth in their rooms and clear hierarchies in order to ensure privacy and support effectiveness.The administrative functions in these office areas required the installation of several equipment and filing systems, leading to a high diversity of furniture types and, subsequently, the potential to cause hazards.The usage of glass windows to provide natural lighting sources was also observed to have added to the potential risks.The results further showed that the clinic rooms were dominated by easily movable objects such as beds, wheelchairs, tables, and chairs.Moreover, the medicine storage cabinets, often made of glass, required special security measures during earthquakes.
In cafeteria and shop areas, four types of hazards were identified including the objects considered to be prone to toppling such as food display cases and freely placed shelves, those vulnerable to shifting such as tables and chairs, easily breakable objects like food display cases, and those observed to be flammable such as gas cylinders and stoves.Moreover, the corridors were observed to serve as the main evacuation and circulation routes for the occupants.Those in the UAJY campus were sometimes used by students for discussions and exhibitions.Adding furniture such as tables, chairs, notice boards, and display partitions in the corridor area could narrow the circulation space, thereby reducing the evacuation rate during disasters.Furthermore, service and storage areas were classified as spaces with low hazard levels due to their low occupancy rates.The cabinets in these spaces could roll and shift during earthquakes, increasing their vulnerability level.Sports facilities were classified as a Level IV hazardous area due to high occupancy race.This was due to the presence of wheeled furniture such as basketball rings and portable futsal goals with the potential to shift and topple during earthquakes, thereby making the occupants highly vulnerable to disasters.Each room was observed to generally exhibit hazards due to the methods used in arranging the furniture as well as the existence of objects that can easily roll, shift, and break as indicated in Figure 7.Moreover, the glass windows installed to serve as a source of natural lighting and ventilation were discovered to be contributing to hazards because they were easily breakable while inflammable objects were only found in the canteen, library, and laboratories.The results also showed that toxic substances were discovered only in the laboratories.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.VosViewer analysis using Disaster, Campus, Earthquake, Campus Watching, and Hazard as keywords

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Separation of campus buildings structures at Atma Jaya University, Yogyakarta Source: Group Analysis 2 and 7 Watching Campus, 2022

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Dilation in the UAJY campus building Source: Group Analysis 2 and 7 Watching Campus, 2022

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Short column configuration on Campus 2 UAJY 3.5.Furniture Layout Hazards in Campus Buildings Based on Spatial Typology

Figure 7
Figure 7 Distribution of 4 hazards based on their functional typology Source: Author Analysis, 2022

Table 1 .
Comparison of building forms, number of floors, and access to open space in campus buildings

Table 3 .
Types and distribution of furniture hazards based on space typology