Forest contribution to CO2 sequestration as mitigation climate change on the impact of tourism activities in Mount Tidar Botanical Garden

Forests offer the greatest environmental services in CO2 sequestration. According to the IPCC, forests have a lot of potential for mitigating climate change. The forest area in Mount Tidar Botanical Garden (MTBG) is used as a tourist attraction and is known as the most famous religious tourism object in Magelang. Tourist activities in MTBG are massive, tourist attractions are open 24 hours a day and never close, causing an enormous amount of CO2 emissions. This study aims to determine the total CO2 emissions of tourism activities, CO2 sequestration in vegetation MTBG, and provide recommendations on the types of vegetation that have the highest CO2 sequestration. This study is quantitative research. Primary data collection was done by taking data on vegetation diameter and LPG usage around the restaurant. The Data were analyzed by emission estimation and the allometric formula. The results showed that the total CO2 emissions from human respiration, the use of LPG, and vehicles amounted to 481,665 tons/year. The ability of plants in the MTBG forest has the potential to CO2 sequestration of 1.260,170 tons. Forests in MTBG can support climate change mitigation efforts in accordance with Sustainable Development Goals 13 because they can handle emissions with a surplus of 778,506 tons of CO2. Vegetation types that have high CO2 sequestration are Ficus benjamina, Calliandra calothyrsus, and Spathodea campanulata.


Introduction
Mount Tidar Botanical Garden (MTBG) is one of the regional botanical gardens that is managed by the UPT Mount Tidar Botanical Garden under the auspices of the Magelang City Environment Agency.MTBG originally an urban forest and has changed its status to a botanical garden since 2019.Currently, the Mount Tidar area has been inaugurated since January 2021 as the MTBG.In PP No. 23 of 2011 concerning Botanical Gardens.The attraction of the MTBG, besides its very beautiful natural beauty, is that it is in the middle of the city, near the Pancasila Monument, the One Nation Homeland Monument, and the Java Eagle Park Viewpoint Substation, and is very closely related to cultural tourism or religious tourism.It is believed that in the MTBG area there are several maqoms, namely Maqom Syekh Subakir, Maqom Kyai Sepanjang, and Maqom Mbah Semar, who were the first spreaders of Islam in the archipelago.The various tourist attractions offered can be accessed 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Tourism activities that do not stop at MTBG can cause increased carbon dioxide emissions.According to research by [1], tourism contributes 5% of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions to total global 1314 (2024) 012094 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012094 2 CO2 emissions.Climate change mitigation efforts are urgently needed, one of which is the existence of vegetation that can sequestrationb CO2.The impact of global warming can be prevented by reducing pollutant gases that can trigger greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, and by planting vegetation that can sequestrationb and store carbon dioxide.Forests offer the greatest environmental services through carbon stocks and sequestration.According to the IPCC, forests have a lot of potential for climate change mitigation.Forest areas in the MTBG can reduce carbon dioxide emissions.This study examines the total CO2 emissions due to tourism activities and determines the uptake and storage of vegetation carbon in the MTBG Area.This research serves as policy input for making decisions and actions to support planning and management systems as a function of MTBG conservation areas, as well as supporting the 13th objective of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) government program, namely Climate Change Management.

Methods
The research was conducted at Mount Tidar Botanical Garden, Magersari, South Magelang District, Magelang City, Central Jawa Tengah.MTBG has an area of 70,167 ha.This Assessment was conducted in Mei-June 2023

Analysis of Human Respiration Emissions, Vehicles, and Energy Use (LPG) Stalls at MTBG
The calculation of estimated CO2 emissions uses the approach of the number of people multiplied by the emission factor.According to [2], The human respiratory emission factor value is 39.60 G/hour.Emission calculations are carried out with the following equation, according to [3]: Description: Total traveler : Number of human FE : Emission Factor The calculated fuel usage data is the use of LPG by culinary traders in the Mount Tidar Botanical Gardens.LPG Emission Factor with a value of 63100 (Kg CO2/TJ) and an NCV value of 47.3 x 10-6 [4].The following is the formula used to calculate CO2 emissions from the use of LPG fuel: The CO emission factor in motorized vehicles decreases [5].varies according to the type of vehicle, namely that the emission factor for motorcycles is Measurement of vegetation biomass using non-destructive methods that are not found in literature sources using the allometric method can be carried out using the formula [7]: B : Biomass (kg) ρ : Density (g/cm3) D : Diameter (cm) The analysis of stored carbon is carried out by assuming that the carbon content is 0.47 according to the following formula [8]: The analysis of estimated carbon dioxide sequestration is carried out using the following formula:

Results and Discussion
CO2 gas is one of the causes of air pollution.CO2 emissions can be sourced from human activities.The CO2 circulation process will run continuously if it is not disturbed by human activities that affect the increase in CO2 in the atmosphere.With the increase in carbon dioxide, this is not matched by planting vegetation, so CO2 in the atmosphere will increase and the greenhouse effect will occur.In tourism activities at the MTBG, the source of CO2 emissions comes from the human respiration of visiting tourists, vehicle emissions, and energy use (LPG) emissions from stalls.Some of these factors certainly affect the high or loaw amount of CO2 emissions contained in MTBG.Total Emission CO 2 (Tons/Month)

Emisi (CO2) from Human Respiration
5 Human respiration has a process that occurs, namely removing or releasing CO2 gas.The process of human respiration requires about 6 liters of oxygen to enter the lungs and remove CO2.The process of human respiration that emits CO2 can be a source of CO2 emissions [9].According to [2], the process of human respiration removes carbon dioxide at a rate of 39.60 g/hour, or the equivalent of 39.6 x 10-6 tons/year.This study focuses on calculating human respiration CO2 emission sources based on data on the number of visitors.It is assumed that the average visitor stays for 2 hours per day (Head of UPT MTBG, 2023).Factors that affect total CO2 emissions from respiration are the length of time visitors visit and the number of visitors.Overall, the total CO2 emissions from human respiration from MTBG tourism visitors reached 22,681 tons per year, with a total of 286,382 visitors.Direct observations in the field that have been made show that food vendors in the Mount Tidar Botanical Garden area use LPG as fuel.In this culinary area there are many vendors serving various types of food menus such as soup, meatballs, chicken noodles, fried chicken, to various kinds of traditional foods such as snerek.From Table 1 it is known that the data collection on the use of LPG and charcoal was carried out on 29 traders in the culinary area with the results of using LPG ranging from 6 -60 kg/month per trader.So that the total CO2 emissions from stall fuel (LPG) is 23,065 tons/year The high CO₂ emission results from the stalls are influenced by the amount of LPG used by the traders.The increase in the tourism sector in the use of fuel has an impact on increasing CO2 emissions along with increasing consumption of this fuel [11].

Biomass, Carbon Stock and CO2 Sequestration in Vegetasi
Vegetation has the ability to absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) in the process of photosynthesis, this is referred to as CO2 sequestration, so that the ability of trees to absorb carbon dioxide can reduce the concentration of carbon in the atmosphere [12].The process of carbon absorption by vegetation that accumulates in the vegetation body is often also called sequestration [13].Vegetation has a role played by the canopy through the absorption process so that the carbon dioxide contained in the air will decrease.The carbon cycle is one of the biogeochemical processes that can help regulate CO2 levels in the atmosphere.The process that occurs in the 8 carbon cycles in outline is that organic carbon in green leaves then enters the body of organisms through a digestive process and returns to the air through a process called respiration.In this process, not all of the carbon in the body of the organism returns to the atmosphere, but some is bound to form biomass in the body [14].The following is the biomass, reserves, and carbon dioxide absorption of vegetation in MTBG.The results of the identification carried out in the Mount Tidar Botanical Garden at the pole level showed 24 tree species for a total of 346 trees.From the results of the calculation of the carbon column biomass of 18.88 tons, carbon reserves of 8.87 tons, and carbon sequestration of 32.54 tons, From Table 2, it can be seen that the pole-level vegetation of the Kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) species has the highest biomass, reserves, and carbon sequestration.This could be because Calliandra calothyrsus has the highest specific gravity value compared to other species in the MTBG.Differences in the amount of carbon stored in a research location can be influenced by several things, such as plant density, plant species, diameter, and specific gravity of each plant [15].This has something to do with differences in the ability of each type of tree to sequestrationb carbon.The results of the identification carried out at the Mount Tidar Botanical Garden at the tree level showed 41 tree species with a total of 1,050 trees.From the results of the calculation of tree carbon biomass of 715.546 tons, carbon reserves of 336.307 tons, and carbon sequestration of 1233.125 tons, From Table 3, it can be seen that the Banyan tree (Ficus benjamina) is the tree with the highest carbon stock value compared to other tree species in KGRT; besides that, there are Kaliandra trees (Calliandra calothyrsus) and Spatodea (Spathodea campanulata), which have both stored and sequestrationbed carbon.big carbon in MTBG.Of all tree species that have the largest carbon uptake, it is known to have a large diameter value.A large diameter affects carbon reserves and sequestration.This is in accordance with the opinion [16], where the larger the diameter of the tree, the greater the value of the carbon stock will also increase.The accumulation of carbon storage in forest ecosystems has a positive relationship with stand productivity [17].In MTBG, pine trees (Pinus merkusii) and mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni) dominate, but these two types of plants, when compared to banyan trees (Ficus benjamina), have not been able to sequestrationb the highest forest carbon.This can be caused not only by the large diameter but also by the specific gravity of the banyan, which can affect carbon reserves and storage in MTBG.This is in accordance with the statement [18] that the composition of tree diameter and the distribution of specific gravity in vegetation will affect the level of carbon storage in an area [19].The larger the diameter of a tree, the more biomass will be added to the stem so that more CO2 will be sequestrationbed by the tree.
Based on the findings of the study of biomass, carbon stock, and CO2 sequestration, it appears that the amount of biomass is directly correlated with the amount of carbon storage and carbon sequestration.Therefore, if a tree or an area has a high biomass, then the amount of 2 sequestration bed in the air will be higher, which will increase its ability to improve the environment and air quality.In the Mount Tidar Botanical Garden, tourism activities are conducted, namely visitor respiration, motorized vehicles, and the use of energy (LPG) in stalls, which can increase carbon dioxide emissions in the MTBG area.Total carbon dioxide emissions resulting from tourism activities amount to 481.665 tons per year.With an area of 70.167 ha, the Tidar Botanical Gardens vegetation is capable of having a carbon stock potential of 343.683 tons and a CO2sequestration capacity of 1,260.170tons.In this case, it can be interpreted that CO2 Sequestration at MTBG is still sufficient and able to reduce CO2 emissions released from tourism activities.Forests in MTBG have supported Climate Change Mitigation efforts in accordance with Sustainable Development Goals Point 13 because they can handle emissions with a surplus of 778,506 tons of CO2.
Therefore, knowing the value of forest environmental services to carbon sequestratio is expected to provide a deeper understanding of the importance of forests and vegetation in climate change mitigation in accordance with the target of Sustainable Development Point 13 and conservation of natural resources for the Magelang City government.In addition, knowledge of the value of carbon sequestration environmental services is also expected to provide guidance for city governments in planning and making decisions and managing the amount of urban tree contributions to environmental aspects in IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/01209410 development strategies and spatial planning accordingly.This can be expected to encourage the development of sustainable urban forests.

Conclusions
Vegetation in forests has the ability to carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration in the process of photosynthesis to reduce greenhouse gas emissions..The ability of plants in the MTBG forest has the potential to CO2 sequestration of 1.260,170 tons.Green open spaces in the Mount Tidar Botanical Gardens are still able to sequestration a total of 481,665 tons of CO2 emissions per year from sources of human respiration (tourists), energy use (LPG), and CO2 emissions from motorized vehicles.Forests in MTBG have supported Climate Change Mitigation efforts in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals point 13 because they can handle greenhouse gas emissions with a surplus of 778,506 tons of CO2.Vegetation types that have high storage and sequestration are Banyan (Ficus benjamina), Kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus), and Spatodea (Spathodea campanulata).

Table 1 .
[10]ces of CO2 emissions from vehicles are motorcycles, cars, and buses.The calculation of CO2 emissions released is based on the fuel used in accordance with the type of vehicle.Estimates of CO2 emissions released by each vehicle will vary depending on emission factors.Total CO2 emissions from motorized vehicles are 435,917 tons per year.The total emissions of each motorized vehicle are: motorcycles (181,528 tons/year), cars (248,914 tons/year), and Buses (5,476 tons/year).The graph of emissions from motorized vehicles per month looks fluctuating; this is influenced by the number and type of vehicles.Overall, the data that has been obtained shows that it is not only the number of vehicles that can affect the amount of emissions produced; in this case, other factors also have an effect.These factors the type of fuel, the type of vehicle, and the distance traveled by the vehicle will also affect the emissions produced.Consumption or type of fuel and the length of the road (vehicle mileage) are factors that affect the CO2 emissions of motorized vehicles[10].Total Emission (CO2) from Energy Useged (LPG) in stalls around MTBG

Table 2 .
Biomass, Carbon Stock and CO2 Sequestration Pole

Table 3 .
Biomass, Carbon Stock and CO2 Sequestration Tree