Flood mitigation with the support of demographic bonuses in Indonesia

Floods during the rainy season are still a polemic for Indonesia because disaster create various losses and fatalities. Although, drainage development, green environment and outreach have been implemented. However, public awareness of waste that block the flow of water needs to be evaluated. Therefore, the bibliometric analysis then using Vos Viewer software to discuss relevant research topics. The aim is to provide the management of hydrometeorological disaster mitigation. Therefore, the literature review in this article then discusses various flood threats, efforts by several regions to overcome them, human resources and character of education. The results of the discussion show that flood control requires with collaboration. For this purpose, the demographic bonus in Indonesia needs to be used to optimize public participation. Moreover, recommendation from the research is that any schools to hold group teens go clean activities as mutual cooperation learning. Policy alternatives to build some intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation for each individual in creating a flood free area in their environment.


Introduction
Flood mitigation needs to be managed in order to adapt to climate change in preventing and reducing losses due to flooding as hydrometeorological disaster.Floods can be caused by high rainfall which can make the water support media unable to accommodate it and piles of garbage that block waterways [1].Following this, flooding is a disaster because by natural conditions but also influenced by any human activities in land use and awareness of waste in the environment.An increase in population density can create many requests for flood protection because floods disaster can bring various losses and for this reason sustainable investment is needed in flood mitigation [2].In fact, Indonesia is participating in realizing the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) agenda including flood mitigation which discusses about enhancing mitigation with preparing public policies [3].However, flood disasters in Indonesia are complex task to be handled together, especially in flood-prone areas.The National Disaster Management Agency reports in 2021, it was 99.5% of the disasters that have occurred in Indonesia are dominated by floods with total of 1,794 incidents [4].The resilience of each region is needed the strength of policy and development of information systems in disaster management.Local studies to determine the flood vulnerability index carried out in monitoring community resilience and exposure, economic losses, damage to infrastructure and the environment as a basic source of decision-making [5].Therefore, they record regarding the risk of flood along with the regional resilience index in 2021 which is used for spatial unit Regency/City administrative boundaries with follows: Analysis of flood risk in 34 provinces in Indonesia in 2021 recorded a risk of 113,829,496 people, 526,654,209 million rupiahs for material damage, 480,264,971 million rupiahs to the economy loss and 4,225,236 hectares of environmental damage [6].Furthermore, from the thirty-four provinces, there ten regions such as located in North Kalimantan, Bangka Belitung Island, Riau Islands, West Sumatera, South Sumatera, North Sumatera, West Sulawesi, Maluku, North Maluku, Papua and West Papua, which are in the category of low regional capacity [6].It can bee see from the following table that each region has different risk flood disaster and regional resilience is dominated by the moderate category because Dong Liu et al explained that influenced by natural factors, social environment and economy [7].The natural factor of high rainfall conditions, water surface ratio and limited forest cover.The next social on environment is influenced by the proportion of the water conservation investment and the land average flood control.Moreover, factor of economic support is energy consumption on agricultural machinery as resilience of farmers to overcome flood disasters.Decision making then considers risks in the safety of life and property in order to obtain the right steps through with motivational support during the flood mitigation management process.Thus, this article develops previous research from Khan et al which they suggested minimizing disaster risk through increasing aspect social and human capital to the predisaster stage [8,9].Wherefore, apart the infrastructure, target of increasing education to raise awareness in strengthening human capacity for flood mitigation is needed in the environmental development pillar with societal integration [2,5,10].In this situation, the literature shows the efforts of several regions in Indonesia in handling floods as policy reflection for regional regulators in the future development.

Literature Methods
Literature review as the author's way to collect reliable research data from Scopus and Science Direct database, and data from website Indonesia Statistics and Disaster Management Agency are used.Text narratives are mostly presented of qualitative research method to describe secondary data findings [11].The literature study comes from articles in reputable international journals, Government and relevant website to provide valid data.Literature review aims to identify problems related to the implementation and evaluation parameters of flood mitigation in Indonesia as search for objective innovative solutions

Results and Discussion
Visualization explanations from the VOS viewer software are used to connect and identify publication research developments.Thus, bibliometric analysis collects trends studies for strategic decision-making reference through Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats (SWOT) analysis which is described:

Bibliometric Analysis
Assuredly, cluster visualization talks about interconnected previous research regarding flood mitigation in Indonesia.Visualization comes from the cost of the minimum number of occurrences by 5 keywords.Then, after process it was found from 754 keywords, 201 lines with a total link strength of 362 and 4 clusters are formed.The first cluster is red talk about public policy because to connect keywords climate change, disaster management, disaster mitigation, disaster prevention, flood mitigation, flood disaster, spatial analysis.The second cluster is green about consideration because to connect keywords decision making, remote sensing, sustainable development, urban planning, economics and rain.The third cluster is blue about risk analysis because to connect keywords flood mitigation, flood control, flood risk and natural disasters.The fourth cluster the color is yellow for triggering floods because to connect keywords watershed and land use.The naming of the cluster is adjusted to the network of related items and creates several concepts for analysis.Furthermore, the four clusters are elaborated with other relevant research to find description which has existed as a discussion of the development of flood mitigation in Indonesia.Research findings from several regions in Indonesia as an illustration of development of implementation flood mitigation viewed from all sides of development to obtain a comprehensive discussion context.
Wherefore, watershed can support the life of living things such as controlling the flow of water that it does not flood the land.Admittedly, Indonesia has 5 river areas across countries, 29 across provinces, 29 in national strategic areas, 53 across districts/cities and 15 river areas that can be formed by certain conditions in districts/cities already stated in Presidential Decree Number 12 of 2012 as the determination of river areas [14].The Province of Jakarta Government appealed to the people in Middle Ciliwung, Upper Ciliwung as well in the Cisadane river drainage area to build a retention pond [15] to increase capacity.Moreover, extreme rains, deforestation and land use along the river which hampered expansion and contributed waste to the river causing heavy rainwater to flow onto the plains and making the flooding [16][17][18].The condition of river basins and drainage area is decreasing that it is not sufficient to accommodate the excess volume of water that reaches the estuary.Furthermore, the Naive Bayes algorithm is used to set river water level data with an accuracy of 93.4% that the development of anomaly detection with artificial intelligence is to improve the Majalaya Flood Early Warning System [19].The Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System is operated in Denpasar, Bali Province with an average error of 11.49% from relative errors of 8.49% and 19.32% respectively, so the quality of climatology data accuracy needs to be improved because the need for timely warning support to the evacuation [19,20].Hence, Indonesia uses technology to support in flood mitigation which is used in observing rainfall but underdeveloped the technology in flood early warning as an integrated information system.The limited budget allocated for flood mitigation requires public attention to prevention aspects by procuring and maintaining facilities and infrastructure supporting flood mitigation [16].
Efforts to control floods in Samarinda City, namely along the Mahakam River, including the Karang River and Mumus River, as flood-prone areas, flood gates were built and equipped with water pumps and 10-20% of the area of Samarinda City was made into public and private green open space [21].The flood control program in Samarinda City focuses on infrastructure that social aspects are less involved.The wisdom of the sample 100 people in Padang City, West Sumatera Province that findings only 60% understand not to throw rubbish in the drain [22].So, it is estimated that 40% of the people are contribute rubbish to waterways which has the potential to cause blockages in waterways.This condition is related to regional resilience which makes people tend to be apathetic [21].On the other hand, the government's limited budget for flood mitigation in Mandailing Natal Regency, North Sumatera and Province of Jakarta means that is faces obstacles in allocating structural and non-structural mitigation [17,23].It is not only the Government's duty but also responsibility of every community to support flood mitigation to reduce the risk of natural disasters in Indonesia.There is a need for policy support in providing useful information to mobilize mitigate floods in their area as control perspective and action [24].Thereupon, community development program needs to be analyzed by looking at strengths and opportunities can be exploited due to weaknesses and threats will be faced as policy alternative flood mitigation in Indonesia.

SWOT Analysis
Determination of strategy based on drawing implications as an effort to develop plans for solutions to problems faced by stakeholders in achieving the goals.Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats analysis is used as a step to control weaknesses by optimizing strengths to open opportunities in dealing with threats [25].In general, the implementation of disaster management has a good aspect because it has strengths with use of technology and public participation in determining disaster risk policies and books as opportunity to add insight as internal factors [26].However, the lack of literacy is a weakness and a threat is no strategy that motivates the practice of mitigation as external factors [26].Literature review on developing issues and constraints which summarized in elaboration strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats for hopes of progress in flood mitigation in Indonesia with a description:

Bad Weakness
Lack of public awareness to dispose of waste in its place.

Threat
The more the population can be the more waste will be created.
Source: Processed by Author with SWOT analysis framework Stewart et al [25] The sustainability of flood disaster mitigation requires mission development as future improvement.Identify aspects that need to be considered in terms of risks and opportunities in developing parties involved in flood management.Their social position in caring for the environment is given create some a culture of mutual cooperation in flood mitigation campaigns [9].Protecting the environment with the community to clean environment can strive for the human awareness in flood prevention activities by cleaning drainage and rivers that are clogged with garbage [1].Furthermore, findings the people of the Pesawaran Regency in Lampung Province, their low trust in the Government in dealing with floods [27].Hence, the Government needs to organize through education for community resilience and they do not to become a burden for development [27,28].They are willing to contribute to helping the Government in preventing floods by keeping the environment clean.For this purpose, flood mitigation requires the development of an effective choice and sustainable partnership network in integrated socio-ecological system to work together.Observations among countries in Asia, rural communities from Indonesia are included in the category of volunteers of productive age with high participation with a percentage of 46% [29].The productive age needs to be aware of becoming environmental volunteers because they can support a clean environment from piles of random rubbish as flood mitigation.This is important because there is research on productive aging, there is a gap between the willingness to care for the environment at 80% but those who are serious about contributing only 15% [30].Thus, the Government needs to take advantage of the demographic bonus in Indonesia to preparing productive age to play an active pro-environmental role in flood mitigation.Demographic bonuses in Indonesia are observed in view potential availability of human resources with productive age which has increased that can become an advantage and a major impact on the progress from Central Bureau of Indonesia Statistics data:  Source: M D Ulhaq and A Wahid [32] Furthermore, this condition needs to be assisted by the Directorate General of Social Forestry and Environment Partnerships.Data procced by the Central Bureau of Indonesia Statistics estimated that the total of the population of productive age is continues to increase and higher than the non-productive age [31,32].It is important that during the peak of demographic bonus potency for Indonesia development.Indonesia needs to properly utilize the potential and role of the population capacity.The age analysis is based on the pyramid stem that enlarges at the bottom, namely elementary school to high school age.The perception of young people aged 13, 18 and 18-24 years in Central Java shows that 98.6% are aware of climate change, 1.4% are not aware of it [33].Meanwhile, the findings only 49.8% agree that climate change is influenced by human habits [33].Likewise, the sample used to know about some perception on youth perceptions need contribution from the children as a vulnerable group for their own resilience [34].Wherefore, school age children can be as innovative investment in human resources to participate in helping prevent floods and it becomes the next generation who care about environment.
Disposing of litter carelessly becomes a polemic that needs to be changed.The condition of the waste flow with piles of garbage is one of the causes of flooding.The problem of flooding can be prevented by habit of people disposing of garbage in its place.The low awareness of the community to throw garbage in the trash then they throw it into the rivers [35].So, studying environmental care needs to be understood because personal interest, ignorance and the economic level of the household determine the behavior of littering [36].Again, the lack of facilities causes many tourists in Indonesia to litter and this behavior increases the distribution of waste in the environment [37].Moreover, there is a difference in the people's awareness in understanding a clean environment and the more people there will be the more trash scattered in the area.Respondents from Indonesia understood the need for participation in flood mitigation and need to build a willingness to play a role through the strategy-based implementation [38].The complexity of the problem of flood mitigation needs to accommodate the participation of school children at a massive scale in order to provide support in achieving sustainable development targets.
Physical, psychological, and educational conditions seen as balanced can affect and control the environmental volunteer community [30].The school as internal parties have rules on learning targets that they can motivate and change the attitudes of their students through volunteerism [39,40].Increasing disaster awareness for men and women through character education as a learning with independent curriculum support.The application of Pancasila student profiles through intra-curricular, curricular, extracurricular and the school culture activities can support learning, discussion and the practice [41,42].Moreover, outdoor learning for 9-11 year olds and their teachers, proven to increase enthusiasm, health, and experience of contributing to common good [43].Assuredly, the time allocation 20%-30% separate for each subject in one time period that can be carried out by the 15-18 year phase sub-element [44,45].Thus, it can be tried to be applied at the high school level in Indonesia.Learning the teens go clean is a recommendation that can be integrated in building the character education of cooperation as a form of environmental care with collaboration as the capacity deployed in flood mitigation in their environment.

Conclusions
Literature review on flood mitigation leads to public policy reflection as an observation information for preparing flood mitigation strategies in Indonesia.Structural mitigation in flood disaster management needs to be supported by strengthening non-structural mitigation.Sustained policy need recommended to be aligned by viewing threats as the strengths by taking advantage of productive age to clean up trash.The utilization of the increase in productive population in Indonesia country is an opportunity that needs to be optimized.Learning builds awareness and good habits of maintaining cleanliness to work together to care for the environment with the independent curriculum from high school level student.So, their population find information and get involved in community life as a source of experience and when they get older get used to being productive in helping the country's development Furthermore, this article requires further research development regarding evaluating the impact of teens go clean policy to create a flood-free environment in Indonesia.Lastly, we have no conflict of interest from this research.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Cluster Visualization about Flood Mitigation in Indonesia Source: Processed by the Author

Figure 2 .Figure 3 .
Figure 2. Development of Total Productive Age Population in IndonesiaSource: Indonesian Statistics, National Planning, United National Population Fund[31]

Table 1 .
Matrix of Flood Risk Exposure in Indonesia and Regional Resilience in 2021

Table 2 .
Temporary planning approach for flood mitigation in Indonesia

Table 3 .
Indonesia Population Projection for 2020-2040 with System Dynamics Model