Spatial analysis of labor in the brass crafts industry for study non-natural disaster mitigation in Cepogo District, Boyolali

Socio-economic activities such as the handicraft industry have a probability of non-natural disasters such as the Covid-19 pandemic. Workers in the brass handicraft industry have group activities that trigger the transmission of Covid-19 or other non-natural disasters. The brass handicraft industry has developed rapidly in Cepogo District, Boyolali Regency. The purpose of this study is to map the distribution of labor to industrial locations where there is human movement and activity in relation to non-natural disasters. The research method is in the form of field surveys and interviews to determine the socio-economic characteristics of the industrial workforce and the movement of their economic activities. The results of this study indicate that the workforce can be classified based on age, education, and domicile to analyze spatial movements and opportunities for the spread of the Covid-19 disease as non-natural disasters. The spatial pattern of the distribution of domiciles varies greatly, but the movements are concentrated so that the spread of the disease follows this pattern.


Introduction
Industrialization is the government's development strategy in various sectors which is also carried out in small and household industries that are scattered in various parts of Indonesia, especially in rural areas, causing the development of small and household industries to be more effective because in addition to expanding employment [1,2].The role of small industries, household industries, or even larger industries in Indonesia are very important as an alternative to non-agricultural economic activities [3,4].One of the industry-producing areas or cities is Boyolali.Boyolali offers a variety of handicraft products that are available all around Indonesia today.One of the handicrafts is brass which is located in Cepogo sub-district.These materials can provide high artistic value in every craft.Copper and brass have many differences, although the shapes of both are very similar.The craft of brass is one type of metal work that has a high value and is a craft that can be made in various forms, namely the art of making metal goods so that it has use value and usefulness.One type of metal that is widely used to make crafts is brass.Even so, the quality of copper and brass is not in doubt.
Tumang sub-village, Cepogo Village, Cepogo District, Boyolali Regency is known as the center of copper and brass industry.Its products have been exported overseas.The export countries are from various continents like United States, Australia, Japan, Philippines, United Kingdom, and so on.With so many brass industries in Cepogo Subdistrict, especially in Tumang Subvillage, the craftsmen need labor to assist in their production.Since the era of the Mataram Kingdom, the people of Tumang Hamlet have had expertise in making copper and brass crafts.Outsiders and the palace really need 1314 (2024) 012078 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012078 2 copper tools made by the people.The turnover or gross income of the Tumang Hamlet community reaches an average of 150 million to 200 million per month.The brass industry in Cepogo Subdistrict, especially in Tumang Hamlet, Cepogo Village, is the main livelihood for some people.The industries are also found in other villages such as Kembang Kuning, Mliwis, Cabeankunti, etc.
Previous studies on labor analysis in the brass industry conducted by Fajar [5] revealed that a productive workforce is needed in each field for satisfactory results in the division of labor, a workforce whose productivity can be high due to family members and neighbors themselves.Rahmawati [6] revealed that labor absorption before the Covid-19 pandemic experienced fluctuations or decreases and increases.The Covid-19 pandemic has made the labor absorption decreased while the minimum wage by the local government can affect the level of labor.Gusminar [7] revealed that human resources play a role in the amount of quality labor quality in determining production and very high expertise is needed by labor in increasing the productivity of a country for the development process.Wijaya [8] revealed that in the handicraft industry, business capital, labor, and income are needed to support the production process so as to produce products that can affect business income.
Lubis [9] explains that the role of government that must be carried out includes the role of allocation, distribution and stabilization.Economic growth is influenced by government spending.Rizkie [10] explain that small labor productivity is caused by low work experience.Zakaria [11] explains that labor productivity is influenced by the human development index, and vehicle production while the productivity of medium and large industrial sector labor is not influenced by machine production and employment is influenced by labor productivity, minimum wage and economic growth.Woltjer [12] explained the relations between employment and processes are systematically elaborated based on explicit econometric equations on the respective sales relations of productive and innovative labor.Zhou [13] put forward a contribution to the conceptualization of Cruise Supply Chain (CSC) by elaborating its entities, processes and activities that are detailed and characterized.
In 2021, the covid-19 pandemic occurred which affected the flow of the world economy including one of which was Indonesia.One of the influences on the flow of the economy in Indonesia is in the industrial sector and related human resources.These influences include a lack of demand for goods, a lack of supply of basic materials, and a reduction in employees due to layoffs.The number of regulations limiting activities causes a lack of supply and demand for goods [14,15].
This research focuses on the brass handicraft industry which is one of the typical industries in Boyolali Regency.The impact of Covid-19 on the brass handicraft business/industry in Boyolali Regency has not been known until recent.Considerations from the HR (Human Resources) aspect regarding the sustainability of craft businesses in each type of business have not been reported.This study aims to know the labor characteristic, distribution of the brass industry, and its effect because of covid-19 in Cepogo District.

Methods
The method used in this research is a survey.The survey was conducted on 100 workers in the brass handicraft industry.It is known that there are 10 brass handicraft industries (Figure 1).The survey was conducted in the form of interviews with workers.In each industry, as many as 10 people were interviewed.Therefore, the type of sampling in this study was cluster purposive sampling.The consideration for taking this sample is based on the general number of respondents determined at an error level of 10%, namely 100 respondents.
The brass industry business is concentrated in Cepogo Village, Cepogo District, Boyolali Regency.Until now, the reason for the centralization of industrial business is not known.Brass is an alloy of the elements Copper (Cu) and Zinc (Zn).It is possible that the alloy resource is in that area.Even so, it is necessary to carry out further research regarding the causes of the concentration of the industry and the relationship between mineral resources and the center of the industry.

Figure 1. Cepogo sub-district industry distribution map
The entire research data collected is primary data consisting of interview data and location data.Interview data was obtained from interviews with business owners and their employees with a total of 100 respondents.Interviews were conducted using open interview techniques.
Location data was obtained from location marking using GPS (Garmin 64s) which then identified as many as 10 brass industries in Cepogo District.The industrial location coordinate data is then projected onto a map using map processing software (ArcGIS).General data acquisition techniques are described in the following table (Table 1 Variables in the interview used general variables such as age, location of residence and level of education.The results of the interviews will be tabulated and produce graphical data and labor distribution.Meanwhile, the connection to Covid-19 was indirectly carried out at the same time as the previous interview.An overview of these links can be seen at the level of business continuity in the form of the number of workers, production output, and ease of access for workers to work locations due to the many restrictions on activities.

Results and Discussion
3.1.Characteristic and Distribution of Labor in Brass Handicraft Industries.Brass craftsmen have an average age of 49 years and are in the age range of 46 to 50 years [16].Meanwhile, this research was conducted on the brass artisan workforce which showed that the age varied from 20 to 30 years old, 31 to 40 years old, and 41 to 50 years old (Table 2).The average age of the workforce is between 20 to 30 people with a total of 38 people (Figure 2).This shows the difference from the journal in the average age.Labor productivity in industry since 1960 has not improved due to several factors, these factors are overtime, safety, resources, congestion, interference, site layout, skills, fatigue, absenteeism, and unscheduled breaks [17].This study discusses the characteristics of brass craft industry workers in the form of age, education level, and distribution of domicile.These factors are not very influential because the brass industry is still established and remains productive, making brass crafts more advanced and absorbing a lot of labor.Labor absorption has decreased due to the minimum wage of the city or district, this has an impact on the difficulty of getting work for workers who are looking for work [18].In this study, the district or city minimum wage has no impact on the absorption of labor in Cepogo Sub district because the distribution of the workforce is still in the subdistrict and the absorption of labor from the education sector is comprehensive from elementary, junior high, and high school (Table 3).The workforce based on education in the Brass Industry according to the results of research in Cepogo District in 2021 varies from elementary to high school.Education at elementary school level with a total of 7 people.Some industries do not have workers who graduated from elementary school, such as FIG art, Pertama Art Gallery, Muda Tama Gallery, and Copper Leluhur Art.Other industries have 1 or 2 workers.In general, the entire industry with the highest number of employees are high school graduates, which ranges from 6-7 workers.Meanwhile, only a few industries have elementary school graduates, such as Rumah Tempa, Fais Gallery, Fajar Copper Handicraft, Yuda Art Design, Tumang Art, and Prima.Low educational level is often considered as "lack of ability".Nonetheless, the research findings show that in the activity of making brass handicrafts, skills are the most basic thing, on the other hand brass craftsmen as a whole have expertise in making brass handicrafts, regardless of their level of education.The lack of skilled labor in an area is due to several components, such as electricians, painters, decora-tors, and tile workers.This shortage is attributed to several factors, such as socio-economic conditions, job attractiveness, external forces, job satisfaction, job characteristics, industry limitations, and personal factors and the main effects of skilled labor shortages are poor delivery quality and safety-related issues [19].In this study, these industries are not related to some of these factors because this brass craft has skilled labor and has been a characteristic of the area for a long time.The quality of the products is also recognized by the wider community.This can be an indication/possibility that the brass business in Boyolali can properly utilize and renew its human resources by continuing the expertise or business from previous generations and seeing opportunities for the skills of local residents around the industry.The existence of a young age can also increase the mobility of these workers and the easy distribution of brass.The link between worker mobility and industry can be seen from the distribution of worker domiciles (Figure 3).The domicile of the brass workers as a whole is spread over several villages in the same subdistrict, namely Cepogo.The worker's domicile can indicate ease of access to the workplace.Ease of access to the workplace (or a short distance to a workplace) can reduce the risk of fatigue at work and can save energy used for mobility.In addition, all respondents who live close to the industry can be a sign that the brass handicraft industries recruit local workers.Recruitment of local workers in industrial areas is possible, as can be seen from aspects such as the economy, in the form of saving business expenses for the worker recruitment process, as well as the utilization and sustainability of local human resources, such as passing on/passing on skills by previous generations of craftsmen.

The link between the Covid-19 incident and the sustainability of the brass business
The high production or value generated by a company is reflected in its labor productivity.Economic growth and community welfare can be caused by labor productivity [20].In this study, there are similarities in community welfare and increasing economic growth in the area.The brass handicraft industry in Cepogo District is increasingly advanced and known as evidenced by being the center or center of the brass handicraft industry in Boyolali Regency and its products are sold from local to foreign exports.Labor and industry experience fluctuations that are seen with the growth and increase and decrease in the number of industries but for the absorption of labor still has a positive effect, meaning that the more labor is absorbed, some industrial sectors are still experiencing high growth [21].This is very harmonious or has similarities to this study which shows that there is a slight fluctuation in the brass industry in Cepogo District caused by the Covid-19 pandemic factor that occurred in 2020.
However, the industry still survives a lot and continues to produce and there is a workforce.An important driver of this process is the integration into Global Value Chains (GVCs) which affects medium-skilled workers in particular and increases exports between industries to developed countries by 1% while for developing countries it has an average of 0.88% [22].The journal above has similarities to this research in the decline in the workforce due to globalization and the decline in the level of skills of new and young workers so that they must be accompanied by mature or more senior workers.The number of industries that grow in percentage turns out that the contribution of the industry to the absorption of its workforce is relatively small.The contribution of workforce absorbed in the small to larger industrial sector with the average elasticity of the industrial sector is still small [23].Workforce absorption in Cepogo Sub-district is still not optimal even though there are several brass handicraft industries.This is because the industry is still in the small industry sector and only a few are included in the medium industry.

Conclusions
In this study, the district or city minimum wage has no impact on the absorption of labor in Cepogo Sub district because the distribution of the workforce is still in the subdistrict and the absorption of labor from the education sector.The industries are not related to some of general factors because this brass craft had skilled labor and had been a characteristic of the area for a long time.This can be an indication/possibility that the brass business in Boyolali can properly utilize and renew its human resources by continuing the expertise or business from previous generations and seeing opportunities for the skills of local residents around the industry.The industry still survives a lot and continues to produce and there is a workforce even there was a Covid-19 pandemic.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The graph based on the general characteristics of workers shows the dominance of the age of the workers FIGArt.RumahTempa

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The distribution of domiciles for brass craftsmen as a whole is close to the location of the industrial work and is still in the same sub-district, namely Cepogo

Table 2 .
Age Characteristic of Workers

Table 3 .
Workforce Characteristics by Education b Junior High School.c Senior High School.