Mobility analysis of Wonogiri chicken noodle and meatball seller in Kartasura, Sukoharjo

The rate of population growth in Central Java every year has increased, if the number of jobs and wages is not in accordance with the number of residents it is not comparable it will have bad consequences such as unemployment, poverty to crime. The unmet needs made the people of Wonogiri conduct population mobility to Kartasura by working as traders. Therefore, this research has a goal to: 1) Analyzing the pull factors and push factors (pull-push factors) that influence the intentions of mobility actors who work as sellers of chicken noodle traders and Wonogiri meatballs in Kartasura District. 2) Analyzing circular mobility performed by respondents. The method used in this study is the Snowball Sampling method. The results obtained from the research are as follows; 1) The research results are in line with Everett S Lee’s theory; The driving factor for mobility is that there are more unfulfilled necessities of life in the place of origin compared to the place of destination. There are 4 variables of unfulfilled living needs: Low availability of jobs, low regional income, lack of transportation facilities, minimal consumers. Meanwhile, there are only 3 unmet needs, such as the cost of living which is quite expensive, the physical environment and the social environment. So the respondents chose to move to Kartasura as a destination. 2) The mobility of the respondents was spread from 11 sub-districts out of 25 sub-districts in Wonogiri, with a high number coming from the Girimarto sub-district (25%). The type of mobility carried out by the respondents was staying/lodging with the frequency of returning home dominated once a month by using private vehicles 75% in the form of motorbikes & cars and 25% using public transportation in the form of buses.


Introduction
The rate of population growth in Central Java according to [1] Central Java Statistics Agency, 2021 every year has increased by 1.17%, causing good and bad impacts on the economy of the Wonogiri population.The good impact, for example, is the opportunity for the domestic market by increasing employment however, minimal employment can lead to social problems such as unemployment, poverty and crime.The rate of population growth is influenced by three components, including: 1. Fertility, 2. Mortality, and 3. Migration.The government made a strategy to control the high population growth with the Family Planning program which the government is campaigning for "Two Children is Enough", minimum age of marriage program, increases compulsory education and equalizes population growth with mobility/migration to obtain decent work [2].Population mobility according to Mantra (2000, p. 172) [3] divided into two, namely vertical population mobility or change in social status and horizontal population mobility or changes in population movement geographically.Horizontal population mobility is also divided into two, namely permanent mobility (migration) and non-permanent mobility "nglajo/ulang-alik".Steele, (1983( , in Mantra, 2000, p. 173, p. 173) argues about the differences in permanent mobility and non-permanent mobility, which lies in the desire of a person to settle or only temporarily in the destination area [3].
M. Naim, [4] (in the book with the title Migrating the Minangkabau Migtation Pattern) defines about "migrating" which is the same as "migration" where there are differences between the two namely wandering not just leaving the hometown but included in the process of maturing a man Minangkabau in living life for the sake of being an adult and responsible person.So that migrating for the Minangkabau tribe is included in culture.Of course it is not only the Minangkabau tribe that makes "migrate" as a culture, because Indonesia that is uneven development in each region causes residents to make the decision to leave their hometown due to various factors.Wonogiri Regency even though the area has developed and there are several factories but still make residents from Wonogiri Regency feel worried about their survival.The concern is caused by the lack of transportation access because of the road access that is still far away, besides that there is still a narrow job, the district/city minimum wage that is felt [5].The following is a list of district/city minimum wages in the Surakarta Residency.The migrants who came out by leaving the area of origin of course moved to other areas that could improve their quality of life, such as in Sukoharjo Regency in accordance with migration data from the Population and Civil Registry Office of Sukoharjo Regency in 2021, as follows: Definition of Population Mobility According to Mantra, (1978in Mantra, 2000) is a transfer of population from one region to another in a certain period of time where the use of regional boundaries and time in the indicator of this horizontal population mobility follows the paradigm of geography based on the concept of region and time [3].
Wonogiri is one of the districts in Central Java with a population of 1,049,292 inhabitants [6] with topography dominated by limestone hills with the main work of the Wonogiri population is in the nonformal sector.Wonogiri residents migrate a lot to big cities because economic factors in Wonogiri are not sufficient for the living needs of migrants.As in the district/city minimum wage data.Wonogiri has the lowest wage compared to regencies/cities in the Surakarta Residency, amounting to Rp 1,839,044.This is one of the reasons for migrants to carry out mobility, besides the lack of transportation facilities and infrastructure because of the diverse topography so that the access road is still far away, and the narrowness of the jobs in Wonogiri [5] Factors that influence the intentions of mobility perpetrators according to [7] Id et al. caused by the presence of push-pull factors Where the main reasons for migrants to do mobility are education, extensive jobs, and facilities in the city are more sufficient.While another reason is the environmental damage in the Himalayas so that the residents of the Himalayan hill migrate to Dehradun who is the capital of the Uttarakhand region, India.
Sukoharjo is one of the regencies in Central Java, the incoming migration rate is quite high with a total of 5,176 inhabitants where of that number of sub -districts that have the largest incoming migration in Kartasura District with a total of 841 people [8].Kartasura Subdistrict is a very strategic sub-district due to sufficient facilities such as educational and health facilities and located on a fairly crowded lane because there are crossing the Surabaya-Solo-Yogyakarta and Solo-Semarang roads, besides that in Kartasura District there is Muhammadiyah University Surakarta, Surakarta National Shipping Academy, Surakarta College of Economics, AAS Business Technology Institute, Indonesian Arts and Design Academy.In addition, in Surakarta District there are also several hospitals, such as: Sebelas Maret University Hospital, Orthopedic Hospital, PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital, Surakarta Islamic Hospital, etc.With the existence of an education center, the health center is undeniably Kartasura District to be the center of activity [9].
The existence of an activity center shows that the density of the population is high so that it becomes an attraction for migrants to live or do businesses such as migrants from Wonogiri Regency who work as Wonogiri meatball traders in Kartasura District.Therefore, researchers decided to conduct research to fulfill the final project on "Analysis of Mobility of Chicken Noodle and Meatballs from Wonogiri in Kartasura District".The objectives of this study are: 1.) Analyzing Pull-push factor that affects the intentions of mobility perpetrators who work as chicken noodle traders and Wonogiri meatballs in Kartasura District.2.) Analyzing circular mobility carried out by Wonogiri chicken noodles and meatballs in Kartasura District.

Literature Review
Definition of the mobility of the Menuru Mantra population [3] (1978 in Mantra, 2000) has two articles, including: 1) Mobility of permanent population or migration, Yamuan population that crosses.2) Mobility of non-permanent or circular population, namely the transfer of population that crosses the boundaries of the area of origin and does not intend to settle.If a person who makes a transfer to other areas, there is a intention to settle even though he lives in the Tada area for a period of time (Steele, 1983in Mantra, 2000, p. 173).Circular mobility data is very difficult to get because migrants do not report their departure to the village government or their local government.A person's intention is very difficult to measure because a person's intention can change at any time, as when migrants decide to move to a place to improve the quality of life, but the migrant can also change his mind to go to other regions (again) or even return to the area of origin because Feeling not in accordance with his expectations.While the definition of migration according to Lee Bunaiya et al., 2021 [10] is the volume of migration in an area will develop according to the level of regional diversity in the region.Differences in intention to stay by type of resident living in a disaster-prone area can be used to explain disasterrelated population immobility in Amin C, 2018 [11] same with research of Bradak, 2018 [12].
1.1.1.Migration Theory I. Everett S. Lee in Mantra, 2000 [3] argues that migration is a person or group of people who transfer to an area both permanently and non-permanently and there is no limit on the distance between changes in residence from the area of origin to the destination area.The following are the factors that determine migration, including: 1) Factors that exist in the area of origin, encourage someone to leave the area of origin (push factor).For example: low area of origin, limited land ownership, lack of jobs in the area; 2) Factors contained in the destination area, the factors that cause the destination to have an attraction so that it can attract someone to move to the area (Pull Factor).For example: High revenue wages, many jobs and so forth; 3) Intervening Obtacles, which is an inhibiting factor for someone to migrate between two regions such as the distance of the village-city, topogafi villages and transportation facilities that prevents the two; 4) Personal factors, such as lack of satisfaction with the results received from the area of origin, causing the intention to move to other regions.Withdrawal and driving factors ss in research on migration of international nurses, this is motivated by the attractive factor, namely developed countries in the recruitment of foreign nurses to fill critical deficiencies and of course by working in developed countries where qualified facilities and infrastructure with high wages so that nurses decided to migrate, this will continue to develop until the country of origin can improve the condition so that the reduced interest of nurses to migrate [13].

Migration Theory II. Theory of Migration
According to Todaro, [3,14] (2003 in Mantra, 2000) focuses on differences between revenue in rural and urban areas, so that migrants migrate to get jobs in the city and are expected to improve their welfare of life.Todaro, [3,14] (2003 in Mantra, 2000) has 4 basic thinking models regarding migration, including: 1) Migrants make decisions on the basis of differences in income between village and city income; 2) The migration process that is influenced by consideration of financial benefits and psychologically; 3) Unemployment rates in urban areas are inversely proportional to the possibility of getting jobs in urban areas; 4) Migration still takes place even though the unemployment rate in the city is quite high.In essence, someone will make the decision to migrate because he wants to earn higher income/wages from the previous region and can improve the economy in him so as to improve welfare [15].
Victoria Prieto Rosas and Antonio López Gay Analyzing the driving factor and attraction of Latin American migrants entitled "Push and Pull Factors of Latin American Migration" produced research results in the form of structural factors such as the expansion of education in Latin America, differences of opinion, and aging populations in Spain and the gaps of Latin American unemployment with Spain [16].Other researchers such as Mulugeta F. Dinbabo and Themba Nyasulu examined about "Macroeconomic Immigration Determinant: an Analysis of 'Pull' Factors of International Migration to South Africa" with the results of research in the form of attracting migrants in South Africa, namely in the form of high regional GDP per capita, inflation rate, job level, and the availability of public health facilities, researchers also provide advice to implement policies on immigration in order to attract workers who are educated and skilled so that Creating expansion of employment opportunities and can increase economic growth [17].
Jurnal entitled "Human Mobility in the Context of Climate Change and Disasters: A South American Approach" by Lilian Yamamoto and Diogo Andreola Serraglio, this study produced that natural disasters and climate change in the state of South America would endanger the lives of millions of people and of course the eyes their livelihoods, this is the main factor of displacement and affects the mobility of the population in South America [18].Author of the article about "Demography, Urbanization and Development: Rural Push, Urban Pull and Urban Push" concluded that with the decomposition analysis of the data that has been composed of urban growth researchers document that in urban areas it increases in the State compared to countries in Europe industry.Many cities in developing countries are classified as mushroom cities in the sense that they have a high growth rate, it can be concluded that urban areas certainly have a high growth rate, one of which is caused by the presence of migration actors [19].
The article written by Nicolae Boar with the research title "Changes in the Human Migration Pattern in the Maramures Region (Romania-Ukraine)" concluded that there was a change in population migration patterns in the Maramures region in a decade, where after World War I, Maramures was divided into two different sectors namely Ukaina and Romania.The pattern of mobility seen is marked by the existence of seasonal agricultural migration, in two villages in Romania: Sapanta and Barsana have an international migration rate in 2001 of 6.4% and 4.8%, this is due to the ease of communication in the destination country and the connection with the direction of migration, and is dominated by loweducated population [20].
Articles about the mobility pattern of the angkringan trader community in Ponorogo City by Slamet Santoso and Jusuf Harsono by using the method of observation and in -depth interviews, researchers produce mobility patterns in several forms, including: vertical mobility, namely to improve the economic status of angkringan traders in Ponorogo City, then mobility Horizontal, namely angkringan traders in the city of Ponorogo are dominated by residents from Central Java [21].In addition, in research from Rizki Agustina and Ahmad Yunani in the study "Effects of Education, Age, Gender, Length of Business, Capital and Revenue on the Mobility of the Business of Street Vendors in Handil Bakti Barito Kuala Regency" produced the results of research in the form of variables that influenced directly for Business Mobility in Handil Bakti Barito Kuala Regency is a business time, simultaneous business mobility with mobility characteristics such as education, gender, age, length of business, income and capital, then the business is partially influential on business mobility in the study area [22].
Research Journal by Aihong Li entitled "The Effects of Adult Child Migration and Migration Duration on the Emotional Health of Rural Elders in China" concluded 3 research results including: 1) Parents feel suffering from mental health because all their children are migrated to other regions, 2) There is a "reciprocal" when he sees his child adults and migrates because of financial support, 3) The level of depression of parents can be reduced if there is emotional closeness to their children who carry out migration supported by economic support, directly and directly ideas "devoted "play an important role in the emotional health of parents in the village [23].The population of Kartasura District is 115,724 people with a male population of 54,401 people and a female population of 55,323 people and has 12 villages [24].This sub-district is a satellite for Sukoharjo Regency and Surakarta City because of the existence of an education center and health center so that the economy there is also developing.Furthermore, what makes Kartasura District said to be strategic because there are arterial roads or roads in urban areas that connect between national activities centers, namely the Yogyakarta-Solo-Semarang and Solo-Semarang routes.The pattern of the distribution of settlements in Kartasura District is a pattern of grouping and random patterns, where it is influenced by the existence of adequate activity centers and availability of infrastructure so that there is a pattern of group settlements around the center of the activity [25].Researchers use the non probability sampling method where all populations do not have the same opportunity to be samples.The number of samples is determined using Snowball Sampling.Snowball technique using the study of the nature of chain information (gethok tular), where the researcher determines the sample criteria, namely the characteristics chicken noodle traders and Wonogiri meatballs like naming stalls, for example: Mie Ayam dan Bakso Wonogiri, Mie Ayam dan Bakso Gajah Mungkur, and so forth.From these criteria the researcher gets one sample member who then the first member provides information related to other sample members, this can occur because of the relationship between personal that exists in the same activity, namely when shopping or carrying meat in the market or community [26].Researchers have obtained 16 respondents, this is due to the narrowness of the scope of the research location and information obtained differently from the field so that the number of respondents obtained is very minimal.Questions in this research problem are answered using two methods of data analysis including: Descriptive qualitative analysis and patial analysis using the interaction approach between space.

Data Scoring.
This study uses a data scoring technique that uses a nominal and ordinal scale of 5,4,3 and so on based on the Likert scale as stated in Table 6 which has more than 4 questions that have been integrated so as to form a value/score that can describe the condition of the research object [27].Following in Figure 3 is an example of a scoring process on the characteristics of the respondent's age

Likert Scale Analysis. Characteristics of the Actors of Population Mobility, especially Chicken
Noodle Traders and Wonogiri Meatballs in Kartasura are measured using a Likert scale, from the answers or tendencies of the answers from the esponden obtained, the answer index will be calculated using the formula using the formula: Description: F1 is the frequency of the answers from respondents with Very Good answers (5) F2 is the frequency of answers from respondents with Good answers (4) F3 is the frequency of answers from respondents with normal answers (3) F4 is the frequency of answers from respondents with Bad answers (2) F5 is the frequency of answers from respondents with Very Bad answers (1) Calculation of index numbers found is starting from 34 to 78 with a range of 14.66.Three box method functions to calculate the index range, such as high, medium or low categories.The results obtained from the index calculation are as follows: -34 -48,66 (Low category) -48,67-63,33 (Medium category) -63,34 -78 (High category) The following is a description of the research flow diagram presented in Figure 3.

Characteristics of Respondents Mobility
This is a distinguishing factor between a person or something, the following are the characteristics of mobility actors: age characteristics, gender characteristics, characteristics of education level, marital status characteristics, characteristics of dependents.Factors that influence the mobility of the population in the area of origin and the destination area presented in the following comparison drawings: Description : (-)

Characteristics of Respondents Age
: Factors where the needs that cannot be met (+) : Factors where needs can be met The following is a comparison diagram of the ratio of the area of origin and the destination area presented in Figure 7.

Analysis
The results of the direct interview with the chicken noodle traders and Wonogiri meatballs in Kartasura have provided information and have been calculated using scoring calculations, it is known that the sex variables are dominated by men show a moderate level with a percentage of 81.25% this shows that men Men have an obligation to make a living, generally women who trade only help some preparation and  7 is a comparison of index scores between the area of origin and the destination area based on pushpush factor where the area of origin (push factor) needs that are not met are employment, district minimum wages, district minimum wages /city, transportation facilities, minimal consumers; While the needs that are met are the cost of living, the physical environment and a good social environment.Pull Factor Factors (Pull Factor) that can meet the needs of respondents include: availability of employment, district/city minimum wages, transportation facilities, and many people get consumers, while the needs that are not met are quite expensive living costs, the physical environment, and the environment social.This shows that these factors in the area of origin means bad and better in the destination area, namely Kartasura.However, respondents have more to the destination because they want to improve income, with a considerable ratio between the 7 variables of regional respondents' perceptions and destination areas superior destination regions.
So, the results of research with the theory of Everett S Lee regarding the attractive and driving factors (push-pull factor) have harmony, where respondents decided to carry out population mobility due to factors in accordance with the theory of Everett S. Lee then supported by the characteristics of respondents such as low education level Makes less extensive coverage in finding work.However, low education and working in the non -formal sector is not always in a bad view, such as chicken noodle traders and Wonogiri meatballs, the income earned is more than enough, of course, with very high discipline and tenacity will reap the expected results.For example respondents Mr. Samiyo who has traded for more than 40 years now has a gross income of Rp. 210,000,000/month.Not only that, this research is very in harmony with research [15], which is about someone who makes the decision to migrate because he wants to earn higher income/wages from the previous region and can improve the economy in him so as to increase welfare.

Conclusions
1.The results of the study are in harmony with Everett S Lee's theory of Push-Pull Factors.Mobility driving factors (push factor), namely the needs that are not met such as low regency/city minimum wages, lack of employment, the quality of low transportation facilities, then supported by the characteristics of respondents such as low levels of education makes less extensive coverage in finding work.While the pull factor (pull factor) is available jobs, wages in Kartasura are better than in Wonogiri, adequate transportation facilities, living expenses in Kartasura are not much different from in Wonogiri, adequate transportation and the environment that is quite comfortable and the presence of facilities and adequate infrastructure so as to make an attraction for chicken noodle traders and Wonogiri meatballs to carry out mobility.2. Mobility of Chicken Noodle and Wonogiri Meatballs traders in Kartasura is spread from 11 subdistricts and 25 sub-districts in Wonogiri, with a high amount from Girimarto District with a percentage of 25%.The type of mobility carried out by chicken noodle traders and Wonogiri meatballs is staying/boarding, with a return frequency at dominance once a month using 75% private vehicles in the form of motorcycles and cars and 25% using public transportation in the form of buses.

Figure 2 describe
Kartasura District which has an area of 1,923 ha with a height of 121 meters above sea level which is included in the medium plain category because it is flanked by 3 mountains namely Mount Merapi, Mount Merbabu and Mount Lawu.Kartasura District is one of the sub-districts from Sukoharjo Regency with coordinates 7 o 32'0"S-7 o 34'0"S and 110 o 44'0"E-110 o 46'0"S.Kartasura District with the lowest temperature 23 o C and the highest temperature 34 o C Then the humidity in Kartasura District revolves around 75% up to 92%.The boundaries of the Kartasura sub-district include: a) The north bordered by Karanganyar Regency, b) East of the City of Surakarta, c) Next to the bordering Gatak District, and d) West bordered by Boyolali Regency.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Research Location Map : a) Characteristics of respondents age, b) Characteristics of the gender of respondents, c) Characteristics of the types of education taken by respondents, d) Characteristics of respondents marriage status, e) Characteristics of the number of family dependents, f) Characteristics of the address of the area of origin.2. Mobility Factor Variables: a) Respondents origin area (push factor), b) Respondent destination factors (pull factors), c) Time to sell, d) mMonthly gross income, e) Monthly living costs, f) Ownership status residence in the destination area.3. Mobility pattern variables: a) Frequency of return to the area of origin, b) transportation facilities used, c) type of private vehicle used, d) type of respondent mobility.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Example of a scoring process on the characteristics of the respondent's age.Source: Muhson, 2016[28]

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Factors that influence the respondent's mobility

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Diagram comparable to the scores of origin and destination area

Table 1 .
List of Regency/City Minimum Wages in the Surakarta Residency in 2021 Source : Central Java Statistics Agency, 2021

Table 2 .
Migration Out of Wonogiri Regency in 2021

Table 3 .
Migration Entering Sukoharjo Regency in 2021 Source: Population and Civil Registry Office Sukoharjo Regency, 2022

Table 4 .
Tools used by researchers

Table 5 .
Data used in research Making a research map https://portal.ina-sdi.or.idBathimetry Indonesia Making a research map https://www.arcgis.com/

Table 7 .
The Percentage of Respondent's Age Characteristics

Table 8 .
Percentage of Characteristics of Respondents' Gender

Table 12 .
Respondents' perceptions of job acquisition in Wonogiri Source: Survey data 2023

Table 13 .
Respondent's Perception of Wonogiri Regency Minimum Wage

Table 14 .
Respondents' Perceptions of The Availability of Transportation Facilities in Wonogiri Source: Survey data, 2023

Table 15 .
Respondents' Perceptions of The Chances of Buyers of Chicken Noodles and Meatballs in Wonogiri Source: Survey data, 2023

Table 16 .
Respondents' perceptions of living expenses in Wonogiri Source: Survey data, 2023

Table 17 .
Respondents' perceptions of the physical and social environment in Wonogiri

Table 19 .
Respondents' Perceptions of Job Acquisition in Kartasura Source: Survey data, 2023

Table 21 .
Respondents' Perceptions of The Availability of Transportation Facilities in Kartasura

Table 22 .
Respondents' Perceptions of The Chances of Buyers of Chicken Noodles and Wonogiri Meatballs in Kartasura

Table 23 .
Respondents' Perceptions of Living Expenses in Kartasura

Table 24 .
Respondents' Perceptions of The Physical and Social Source: Survey data, 2023

Table 25 .
Respondents' Perceptions of The Surrounding Population/Neighbors in Kartasura

Table 27 .
Percentage according to The Gross Income Every Month of Respondents

Table 28 .
Percentage Week Once a Month Once a Year Commuting sales activities.Not only that, the age of respondents showed a moderate level where the most was a productive age of 25-54 years by 50% and was followed by age > 55 years with a percentage of 43.75%.This is because age > 55 years has the reasons for wanting to be productive and fill spare time in old age.Chicken and meatball noodle traders really need a lot of energy so that many are done by men with productive age which of course still has strong energy.The power is used for making noodles such as making flour dough to become noodles, as well as meatballs that were originally a mixture of meat with flour and some spices and then formed resembling a small ball with a large amount.The education level of respondents is included in the low category where the most dominant elementary school graduates with a percentage of 56.25%.This supports low education makes it less extensive in getting a job.The marriage status of respondents has a high category where 100% of respondents are married.The number of respondents' dependents is at a high level where the number of families to bear is held on average 2-3 family members to be given a living to meet the needs of the family because the dependents are children who are still in school age and wives who are housewives.The status of ownership of residence in Kartasura is included in the medium category with a percentage of 100% lease/contract, this states that Chicken Noodle and Wonogiri meatball traders in Kartasura there is no intention to move because they only want to migrate and then return to Wonogiri.From 16 respondents came from 11 sub-districts from 25 sub-districts in Wonogiri, including: High frequency originating from Girimarto District, moderate frequency originating from Jatiroto District, Ngadirojo, Pracimantoro; while the lowest frequency came from Batuwarno, Jatiroto, Jatisrono, Kismantoro, Kismantoro, Manyaran, Manyaran, Manyaran, Manyaran Purwantoro and Wonogiri.Mobility Factors for Chicken Noodle Traders and Wonogiri Meatballs in Kartasura listed in Figure