The Influence of Socio-Economic Facilities and Population Density on Landuse Changes in Gunungpati District, Semarang City

Land use still serves as a guide for urban development decisions, even though they are typically independent. Establishing important corporate hubs has made economic considerations a key driver in determining how the city’s land-use structure will be governed. The study investigates the influence of socio-economic facilities and population density on land use changes in Gunungpati district, Semarang City. The data processing technique used in this study was to make a map of the administrative area of Gunungpati District. The following data processing stage digitizes Gunungpati District images in 2011 and 2019 to determine land use. Then carry out the overlay process on the two land use maps of the Gunungpati District to find out changes in land use in 2011 and 2019. Qualitative data analysis was used in this study. The findings of land change map overlays between 2011 and 2019 were used for qualitative data map analysis. The findings demonstrate that settlements, which account for 2,255 hectares of land in Gunung Pati District, dominate land use, with Pakintelan Village having the highest residential land use. At the same time, the most minor land use is in the service sector, namely as much as 590 Ha. Land use in Gunungpati District in 2019 was dominated by residential land, namely 2,388 Ha, where the highest residential land use was in Sekaran Village, namely 250.76 Ha. The slightest use of land is on service land, which is 442.51 Ha, with the highest use of service land in Sekaran Village, which is 58.24 Ha. The dominant factors influencing changes in land use are the increase in social facilities and population density, which encourage land conversion and make it a more productive resource.


Introduction
Although urban development decisions typically manifest independently in scholarly composition, land allocation fundamentally impacts them.The establishment of pivotal corporate centers has elevated economic deliberations into a pivotal impetus that shapes the governance of the urban land employment framework.Aside from economic considerations, political dynamics and the city's physiognomy, encompassing elements such as topography and drainage, constitute supplementary variables demanding contemplation.While the city's arrangement might exhibit coherence, more meticulous scrutiny divulges discernible arrangement patterns.The intrinsic zones within an urban expanse find their delineation rooted in its physical architecture.The urban structural theory assumes a central role in assessing diverse categories of land employment, conventionally spanning residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural, and communal utility applications.Acquiring land for human habitation necessitates careful consideration, particularly given the diminishing presence of accessible open or unoccupied land.Addressing the predicament of urban expansion encroaching upon the periphery involves a twofold analysis: firstly, the influx of population into rural zones to establish dwellings, and secondly, the relocation of urban functions to rural domains.This includes diverse sectors such as education, industry, services, recreation, and the establishment of supplementary infrastructure amenities.
The phenomenon of altering land utilization is an inexorable process intricately steered by technological advancements, shifts in societal behaviors, and the expansion of population [1].Modifications in the purpose or function attributed to a specific parcel of land, whether for commercial or industrial pursuits, are denoted as shifts in land employment [2].Land use alteration occurs when the entirety or a fraction of a land parcel is allocated for purposes divergent from its original design.This phenomenon can exert adverse ramifications on both the ecological milieu and the inherent potential of the land itself.Population mobility is one catalyst for accelerating land employment changes within a region.
The phenomenon of population migration can lead to an augmentation in the populace within a specific region, thereby underscoring the imperative of establishing socio-economic infrastructure to address the needs of the inhabitants effectively.Pratama [3] and Nugroho [4,5,6] conducted earlier scholarly investigations into land-use changes.Tegar Nugroho's empirical inquiry [4. 7, 8, 9] revealed that the dynamics steering changes in land utilization are predominantly propelled by the escalation in population, thereby exerting a principal impact on on-site alterations.
Semarang City, situated as the administrative center of Central Java Province, assumes the role of the fifth most prominent urban center in Indonesia, boasting an excess of 1.7 million inhabitants.This urban conglomeration encompasses the expansive Semarang mega-urban region, encompassing the more incredible Kedungsepur metropolitan expanse, encompassing constituent locales like Kendal, Demak, Ungaran, Semarang Regency, Salatiga Municipality, Semarang Municipality, and Purwodadi.Many structures dot the cityscape, illustrative of Semarang's recent and significant developmental endeavors.The region's advancement highlights Semarang City's economic significance in the context of the nation.This pivotal coastal municipality plays a pivotal role as the central juncture connecting Jakarta and Surabaya, along with the inland urban centers of Surakarta and Yogyakarta.The geographical expanse of Semarang City delineates two distinct sectors: Lower Semarang and Upper Semarang [10. 11] Gunungpati District, positioned within the southern periphery of Semarang City, constitutes one of the administrative units in Semarang Regency.The territorial expanse of Gunungpati District spans a cumulative 6003.07 hectares, encompassing a configuration of 16 distinct sub-districts.These subdistricts include Gunungpati, Plalangan, Mangunsari, Ngijo, Sekaran, Patemon, Pakintelan, Sukorejo, Jatirejo, Cepoko, Nongkosawit, Ponngan, Sumurejo, Kandri, and Kalisegoro.The most expansive subdistrict within Gunungpati District is Sekaran, which covers 583.66 hectares, equivalent to 9.72% of the total expanse.This extent is attributed to the meticulous alignment of administrative demarcations with geographical features, particularly the level topography of the land.In contrast, the sub-district occupying the smallest area is Nongkosawit, encapsulating 238.3 hectares, constituting 3.97% of the comprehensive area encompassed by Gunungpati District.

Study Location
The Gunungpati District, situated within Semarang City, occupies geographical coordinates ranging from 110°20'20'' East Longitude to 110°24'23'' East Longitude and 7°0'57'' South Latitude to 7°6'41'' South Latitude.Nestled adjacent to the slopes of Mount Ungaran, the district covers an expanse of 5,399.085hectares, boasting an average elevation of 259 meters above sea level.According to statistics provided by BPS in 2019, Gunungpati District consists of 16 villages, 93 neighborhood units (RW), and 472 local units (RT).Notably, this district's most prominent geographical subdivision is Gunungpati Sub-district, spanning an area of 667.696 hectares, while the smallest is Nongkosawit Sub-district, encompassing 190.909 hectares.The administrative demarcations of Gunungpati District encompass:

Tools and materials
Table 1 below lists the instruments and substances employed in this investigation.To determine the effect of changes in socioeconomic facilities The methodology employed in this research encompassed several stages of data processing.Initially, an administrative map of Gunungpati District was constructed.Subsequently, the images depicting Gunungpati District in 2011 and 2019 were digitized to facilitate the analysis of land usage patterns.Subsequently, we conducted an overlay procedure, superimposing the two land use maps of Gunungpati District to discern alterations in land utilization between 2011 and 2019.Upon completing the land use change map, the areas within Gunungpati District that underwent modifications in land utilization became evident.
This study employed qualitative data analysis, which, in qualitative research, delves into issues linked to processes rather than outcomes.This analysis method aims to uncover occurrences' underlying significance and meanings, transcending mere frequencies and variations.In this investigation, the findings derived from overlaying land change maps from 2011 to 2019 were harnessed for qualitative data map analysis.By meticulously documenting actual processes and events, the descriptive qualitative research approach was harnessed to scrutinize the alteration in land use and the factors steering it.
The procedure involved generating an overlay between the 2011 and 2019 land use data from pertinent agencies.Once the overlay was executed, the resultant land use change map was analyzed.To decipher the prominent factors and triggers of the land use alterations, engaging with local communities through interviews was employed to solicit insights into the catalysts behind the shifts in land use patterns.

Population density factor
Regarding the population aspect, two pivotal factors come into play: population growth and population density.The increase in population between 2011 and 2019 serves as a proxy for population growth.In contrast, the number of people residing in a given area in 2019 is a proxy for population density.Population density can significantly influence land use shifts, particularly in settlements [12,13].A direct correlation exists between heightened population density and increased urbanization.To gain insights into the population density across various villages within Gunungpati District, refer to Table 2.The measurement of population density involves utilizing data concerning the area of each village along with corresponding population figures.This density metric is expressed as individuals per square kilometer (people/km²).Examining Table 3 reveals that within Gunungpati District, the population density is predominantly characterized by low and moderate levels.The highest population density is observed in Sukorejo Village, whereas moderate population density is evident in Sumurejo, Pakintelan, Mangunsari, Nongkosawit, Ponngan, Sekaran, and Sedeng Villages.Conversely, sub-districts such as Gunungpati, Plalangan, Patemon, Ngijo, Cepoko, Jatirejo, Kandri, and Kalisegoro exhibit lower population densities [14,15].

Socioeconomic facility factor
Regional development constitutes a deliberate endeavor to enhance and promote the local community's overall well-being by effectively utilizing the resources present within the region and enhancing the availability of high-quality public services (United Nations Development Programme, 2020).The expansion of the population is not solely dependent on the current birth rate.However, there is also evidence of a sizable influx of people moving to Semarang City and, more specifically, the Gunungpati District from outside areas.One of the catalysts driving this urbanization trend is the economic factor.The economy's progression within a city yields manifold repercussions in other domains, encompassing the emergence of fresh settlements and the proliferation of economic hubs in various spatial forms.
The rise in population additionally contributes to the growth of supplementary amenities, including educational and socio-economic establishments.These socio-economic amenities, furnished by governmental and private entities, aim to streamline communal activities.The introduction of further socio-economic amenities spurs alterations in land utilization.Within this research, socio-economic amenities encompass healthcare services, educational institutions, places of worship, and economic establishments.The quantity of these socio-economic facilities within Gunungpati District and their incremental increments are detailed in Table 3 provided below: The data presented in Table 3 shows that the most substantial surge in socio-economic amenities transpired within Patemon Village and Sekaran Village.Conversely, the Pakintelan and Pongan subdistricts exhibited the lowest augmentation in supplementary socio-economic facilities, collectively showing no net increase.However, a closer examination reveals variations in the number of augmentations or reductions for each type of socio-economic facility.The categorization of the upsurge in socio-economic amenities across individual villages is outlined in Table 4 for reference.Based on the information presented in Table 4, it is evident that the sub-districts experiencing the most substantial growth in supplementary socio-economic facilities are the Sekaran Sub-District and the Patemon Sub-District.The increase in the number of facilities has been notably significant, occurring on a large scale.This phenomenon can be attributed to the presence of the Semarang State University campus (UNNES) in Sekaran Village, which has catalyzed the emergence of new economic sectors like commerce and services.The proximity of Patemon Village to Sekaran Village and its direct adjacency to the UNNES Campus further amplify this effect, leading to a heightened expansion in the count of socio-economic facilities in Patemon Village as well.Table 5 illustrates alterations in the overall land utilization across Gunungpati District.These changes encompass positive shifts involving increased land area for specific usage types and negative shifts characterized by reductions in land area for specific usage categories.Notably, the category of conservation land use witnessed the most substantial expansion, with an increment of 380.34 hectares.Conversely, the paddy field land use experienced the most significant contraction, reducing 591.12 hectares.The comprehensive breakdown of land use alterations by village within Gunungpati District is displayed in Table 6 in the future.6 makes it clear that the size of each village affects the extent of land use modifications.This implies that a substantial change in land use does not necessarily correlate with the village's total land area.To illustrate, consider Gunungpati Village, where the alteration in land use area is the most extensive; however, due to its substantial land area, the percentage of land use change falls within the moderate range.Conversely, in Kelurahan Sekaran, the land use change is relatively significant, but the percentage of change places it in the low category.
Land use change in this case study is inherently intertwined with many other influencing factors that collectively shape the process within a region.In this context, this research incorporates additional determinants such as population dynamics encompassing population growth and density, alongside the augmentation of socio-economic amenities encompassing health, economic, and educational facilities.The correlation between land use alterations and these supplementary factors within Gunungpati District is presented in Table 7 below.
The cumulative sum of calculations involving the factors that impact current land-use alterations will establish the overall score for each sub-district.This score will subsequently lead to classification, categorizing the extent of land use change as low, medium, or high.The ultimate classification of land use changes is detailed in Table 8, as indicated below.Referring to the provided Table 8, it becomes apparent that certain sub-districts exhibit varying degrees of land-use change.Sub-districts such as Gunungpati, Plalangan, Ngijo, Cepoko, Jatirejo, Kandri, and Segoro reflect a low magnitude of alteration in land use.Pakintekan and Ponngan subdistricts, on the other hand, showcase a moderate level of land use change.Conversely, sub-districts, including Sumurejo, Mangunsari, Patemon, Nongkosawit, Sekaran, Sukorejo, and Sadeng, manifest a pronounced and heightened rate of change in land use.

Discussion
An augmentation in the local population is directly linked to alterations in land utilization, where previously vacant land may transition into residential areas.However, this transformation hinges on the individual necessities of the residents within the region.The resulting shifts in land allocation will inevitably exert direct or indirect influences on the economic dynamics of the local populace.
The presence of this elucidation suggests that the community engages with the land to meet a range of requirements, whether this engagement occurs directly or indirectly.The land serves as a resource utilized, a medium of land utilization, or even as an entity itself, evolving following the mentioned explanation.An intricate interplay emerges between agricultural (agrarian) and non-agricultural land use, encompassing the two distinct categories of non-agrarian land utilization.
Various forms of land use alterations exist, encompassing transitions from agricultural or plantation land to built structures, as well as shifts from built environments to other designations as per their intended functions.These modifications are influenced by a range of factors, which are the central focus of this study: the population factor and the augmentation of socio-economic amenities.
The alterations within Gunungpati District exemplify land use changes across the area.Such changes can either be positive, involving an expansion in the land area of a particular use type, or negative, denoting a reduction in that specific land use.Notably, the land use category experiencing the most significant increase is conservation land use, expanding by 380.34 hectares.Conversely, paddy fields undergo the most substantial reduction, decreasing 591.12 hectares.
Moreover, the overall land use change in Gunungpati District illustrates that such transformations also hinge on the area of each village.In essence, a larger land area for a particular village, coupled with a high degree of change in land use, does not inherently indicate a high degree of overall change in land use.For instance, consider Gunungpati Village, where the land use alteration area is the largest, and even though its land area is extensive, the percentage of land use change falls within the medium category.Conversely, in Sekaran, although the change in land use is relatively high, the corresponding percentage of change places it within the low category.
Gunungpati sub-district stands as one of the subdivisions within Semarang city, situated in the southern region of the urban area.This district is characterized by a substantial population size that experiences annual increments.Population density levels within Gunungpati District predominantly fall within the categories of low and moderate densities.Sukorejo Village boasts the highest population density, whereas villages such as Sumurejo, Pakintelan, Mangunsari, Nongkosawit, Ponganan, Sekaran, and Sadeng exhibit moderate population densities.In contrast, sub-districts like Gunungpati, Plalangan, Patemon, Ngijo, Cepoko, Jatirejo, Kandri, and Kalisegoro manifest low population densities.
Population growth isn't solely attributed to birth rates but also stems from a significant influx of individuals relocating to Semarang City and, more specifically, the Gunungpati District.Among the factors driving urbanization is economic incentivization.Economic progress in an urban area generates various ripple effects across diverse sectors, including the emergence of new settlements and ample economic spaces.
Furthermore, the rise in population contributes to an increased demand for supplementary amenities, encompassing educational and socio-economic facilities.These socio-economic provisions, furnished by both governmental and private entities, are designed to facilitate community activities.The incorporation of these amenities acts as a catalyst for shifts in land use.Within the scope of this study, the socio-economic facilities encompass healthcare establishments, educational institutions, places of worship, and economic establishments.
This phenomenon is a consequence of the presence of the Semarang State University campus (UNNES) within Sekaran Village, which catalyzes the emergence of novel economic sectors like trade and services.Additionally, Patemon Village is directly near Sekaran Village and remains closely connected to the UNNES Campus.As a result, an elevated number of socio-economic facilities also emerged within Patemon Village.
Considering these factors, the original purpose of vacant land with limited value has shifted towards becoming residential or industrial areas, deemed more financially advantageous.The alteration in land use, influenced by population density, can significantly affect land conversion, particularly when it leads to the establishment of more settlements, higher utilization of built spaces, and an increase in the value of productive land.

Conclusions
The land usage patterns within the Gunung Pati District distinctly prioritize human habitation, encompassing a significant expanse of 2,255 hectares.The concentrated residential land use in Pakintelan Village prominently exemplifies this inclination.Conversely, the allotment for servicecentric activities is comparably constrained, spanning approximately 590 hectares.These intricate dynamics of land utilization not only illuminate the urban structure of the district but also underscore the delicate equilibrium between residential and service-focused land uses, which underpins the overarching goal of holistic urban advancement.The predominant factors shaping alterations in land utilization include heightened social facilities and population density, which foster land transformation, rendering it more valuable and productive.

Acknowledgments
Gratitude is extended to the guiding professors and assessors who steered this research to its fruition.Appreciation is also owed to BPS and BAPPEDA for providing data without charge.Heartfelt thanks are due to Yusfia and colleagues for their invaluable assistance in completing this study.
and Kendal RegencyA comprehensive depiction of the research site's geographical positioning and administrative confines is exhaustively illustrated in Figure1.

Table 2 .
Population Density Based on Villages in Gunungpati District in 2019

Table 3 .
Number of Added Social-Economic Facilities in Gunungpati District.
Source: Central Bureau of Statistics for Semarang City

Table 4 .
Classification of increase in the number of socio-economic facilities in Gunungpati District.

Table 5 .
[16]demographic factor and the expansion of socio-economic facilities are the main subjects of this investigation because they are responsible for these modifications[16].The extent of land use alteration is presented in area measurements, specifically in hectares.The quantity of land use modifications that transpired, categorized by land use within Gunungpati District, is depicted in Table5below.Changes in land use based on the type of land use in Gunungpati District.

Table 6 .
Area of Land Use Change in Gunungpati District in 2019.

Table 7 .
Relationship Between Land Use Change and Other Factors

Table 8 .
Final Classification of Land Use Change in Gunungpati District.