Relationship of knowledge to preparedness students in disaster prone areas of Merapi Mountain eruption (Case study of SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan)

Students should know about preparedness regarding volcanic eruption disasters who live in disaster-prone areas (KRB). This knowledge was obtained by students from disaster mitigation education provided by teachers during learning at school. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge and preparedness of Cangkringan 1 Public High School students who live in disaster-prone areas of the Merapi Volcano eruption and the relationship between knowledge level and preparedness of Cangkringan 1 Public High School students who live in disaster-prone areas of the Merapi Volcano eruption. The data obtained in this study are quantitative data obtained through the filling out a questionnaire by respondents, namely students of SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan. The research results confirm that: 1). The level of knowledge of students at SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan regarding volcanic eruptions is included in the good category with a score of 88%. 2) The level of preparedness of Cangkringan 1 Public High School students regarding volcanic eruptions shows good results, or it can be said that students are in a state of readiness with an acquisition percentage of 80%. 3) The correlation, or relationship, between student knowledge and student preparedness results shows positive results with a correlation of 0.424. The results showed a relationship between student knowledge and Cangkringan 1 Public High School students’ preparedness for facing the Merapi Volcano eruption.


Introduction
Merapi Volcano is a volcano whose part of its territory is included in the administrative area of the Special Region of Yogyakarta.This mountain is approximately 20 km from the government centre of Sleman Regency in Denggung, Tridadi, Sleman.Out of 129 volcanoes in Indonesia, Merapi is one of the most active, with 2,980 meters [1].As an active volcano, Merapi Volcano has potential hazards that can threaten at any time.Mainly Mount Merapi is located in a densely populated area.Several sub-districts in Sleman Regency are located on the slopes of Merapi, namely Cangkringan, Pakem, Turi, Tempel, and Ngemplak, which are areas with a high risk of disaster during an eruption.
2010 Mount Merapi erupted in Indonesia, one of the most potent eruptions, with hot clouds rolling up to 15km.Merapi's activity is currently at its second level because new dams continue to grow and often collapse in general, and on average, the Merapi Volcano will erupt about once every four years [2].Merapi Volcano is a strato-type volcano with a lava dome with an elevation of approximately 2,911 meters above sea level and a width of 30 km [3].Merapi Volcano is one of the volcanoes that 1314 (2024) 012069 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012069 2 has the most active eruption cycle in Indonesia, so it receives special attention from the government and the community.In October 2010, the intensity of the eruption of Mount Merapi increased explosively, with vertical pyroclastic ejections reaching as high as 7 km [4].The active history of Merapi Volcano eruptions can be identified based on the age of the rocks originating from hot cloud eruption deposits and northern, southern, and western lava deposits (Widiyanto et al. 2008dalam Indirasari, 2012).The continued risk of a volcanic eruption threatens the communities living in active volcanoes.It can happen at anytime and potentially destroy everything in the surrounding area [5].Merapi Volcano covers four administrative areas: Klaten Regency, Boyolali Regency, Magelang Regency in Central Java Province, and Sleman Regency, which is in the Province of the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY).The Merapi Volcano eruption in 2010 caused many fatalities.In addition to the loss of life, the losses incurred due to the eruption of Mount Merapi, namely residents' buildings and public facilities, and even many people who live on the slopes of Merapi, must be evacuated to a safe place.Most of the people who were evacuated to a safe place were children.
Children are the most vulnerable to disasters because they spend most of their time at school.One of the reasons why children are more likely to become victims when a disaster strikes is that schools have a limited number of staff and teachers, and teachers cannot supervise one student at a time [6].Children are a vulnerable group when natural disasters occur because of the lack of preparedness that children or students have, so when natural disasters occur, children do not know what action they should take.Therefore, it is crucial to instil preparedness for children and students so they will have provisions to face disasters later.It is one of the most basic forms of disaster mitigation that teachers must provide to their children and students.Preparedness needs to be owned, especially for children or students who live in disaster-prone areas, including the Merapi Volcano disaster-prone areas.
Preparedness is a series of activities to anticipate disasters through organizing and appropriate and efficient steps [7].Disaster preparedness consists of students' knowledge and attitudes.Knowledge is one of the main factors and is essential to preparedness.Preparedness possessed by students can influence attitudes, concerns, and knowledge to be prepared to anticipate disasters [8].Students need to be equipped with knowledge to feel prepared and not panic in the face of a disaster.The role of education is very influential in the realization of disaster preparedness.Education is one of the best media to prepare communities for disasters.In this case, the school becomes a vehicle or means of providing student education on preparedness knowledge.Schools also play a strategic role in disaster management efforts and form student preparedness.Teachers can support students in developing psychological responses, especially in responding to disasters [9].Students can get preparedness knowledge through education in schools.Therefore, schools can also be a significant factor in student knowledge.This research was conducted at Cangkringan 1 Public High School, a Merapi Volcano disaster preparedness school.
Cangkringan 1 Public High School is located in Cangkringan District, Sleman Regency, specifically on Jalan Merapi Golf Bedoyo, Wukirsari Village, Cangkringan Sleman District.Cangkringan 1 Public High School is a senior high school whose area is in the Disaster Prone Area (KRB) I. Cangkringan 1 Public High School has a numerous and dangerous threat of Merapi Volcano eruption.When an eruption occurs, the impact on the environment of SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan is volcanic ash rain.The rumble and vibrations caused by the eruption were also felt by school residents, including students from Cupngan 1 Public High School.Not long ago, the activity of Mount Merapi significantly increased.According to Mrs. Susi, a Geography teacher at Cangkringan 1 Public High School, the eruption of the Merapi Volcano that occurred recently did not reach the Cangkringan area, including Cangkringan 1 Public High School.However, the rumbling and vibrations were thunderous.The eruption of the Merapi Volcano, which occurred in March 2023, had quite a dangerous impact, namely lava avalanches and hot clouds heading southwest or toward the Magelang area.So, the ash rain that was generated also did not reach Cangkringan 1 Public High School.However, the Merapi eruption in 2010, which was recorded as a powerful eruption, was also felt in the Cangkringan 1 Public High School area because the hot clouds and lava avalanches that were generated during the eruption headed south so the areas south of Merapi Volcano were exposed to ash rain and Merapi lava.
The eruption of Merapi Volcano in 2010 did not cause physical damage to the environment of SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan.However, the eruption became the beginning of awareness for schools and school residents to have an attitude of preparedness and knowledge about disaster mitigation.The attitude of preparedness must be owned by every school member, including students.Student preparedness is an essential thing that must be owned by students who are in disaster-prone areas, especially after the eruption of Mount Merapi.Student preparedness knowledge needs to be instilled from now on.Therefore, researchers conducted research titled "Relationship Of Knowledge To Preparedness Students In Disaster Prone Areas Of Merapi Mountain Eruption (Case Study Of SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan)".

Time and Location of Research
This research was conducted at SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan, precisely on Jl.Merapi Golf, Wukirsari, Cangkringan District, Sleman Regency.The research took place in January 2023.The following is an administrative map of the research location

Types of Research
The type of research used in this research is quantitative, with a correlational research design.Quantitative research is research whose analysis focuses more on numerical data (numbers) that are processed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods [10].The researcher tests inferential statistics.Inferential statistics consists of assumption testing and hypothesis testing [11].In research, the quantitative data obtained will be processed, explained, and further processed with the theoretical foundations studied to find answers to the phenomenon of a problem [12].The population in this study were students of SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan, most of whom lived in disaster-prone areas, with a total of 202 students consisting of class X, XI, and XII, with a random sampling technique.

Methods of Data Collection, Processing and Analysis
The data collection technique used was a test consisting of 39 questions and interviews with the Geography teacher.research began by preparing the research instruments; then, the researchers carried out research procedures (permits) at the schools that were the research samples.After obtaining permission from the school, the researcher conducted research at the school [11].The data collection was carried out directly at SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan.The data analysis technique used is descriptive statistics related to students' knowledge of preparedness in dealing with the eruption of Mount Merapi.

Knowledge Level of SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan Student Living in Disaster-Prone Areas of Merapi Volcano Eruptions.
Based on the research results conducted by SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan researchers, the level of student knowledge is included in the good category-knowledge results from sensing or knowing someone about an object through their senses [13].Several factors can affect knowledge, including education, interests, experience, culture of the surrounding environment, and information.In this study, students' knowledge was measured by five knowledge parameters, which included the causes of volcanic eruptions, phenomena and characteristics of volcanic eruptions, steps to deal with volcanic eruptions, the impact of volcanic eruptions, and the dangers of volcanic eruptions.Classification of knowledge levels is presented in Table 1.[14] The results of the questionnaire on the level of student knowledge in dealing with volcanic eruptions, there are five parameters in the assessment of student knowledge consisting of 12 questions, which are presented in the following figure;  Based on Figure 2 regarding students' disaster knowledge, it was found that out of students, 88% of students had good or good knowledge of disaster, and 12% of students had poor knowledge of disaster, or their knowledge of disaster was still low.If seen through the knowledge index value table [14], students' level of knowledge at SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan is included in the good category with a final result of 88%.These results were found because most students already had good knowledge of the Merapi Volcano eruption disaster.

Preparedness Level of SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan Student Living in Disaster-Prone Areas
Merapi Volcano Eruption.on the results of researchers at SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan, the level of student preparedness is in the good category.So, the preparedness of students and schools is in the ready category.This preparedness indicator has five parameters to measure the level of student preparedness.Policies and guidelines, knowledge and attitudes, emergency response systems, early warning, and resource mobility influence the preparedness of students and schools in dealing with Classification of knowledge levels is presented in Table 2.  [3] The results of the questionnaire on the level of student preparedness in dealing with volcanic eruptions, there are five parameters in the preparedness assessment consisting of 17 questions, which are presented in the following figure;  3 regarding student preparedness and the results found, out of 202 students, 80% of students had good disaster preparedness, or it could be said that these students were ready.There were 20% of students who needed better disaster preparedness or could be said to be not ready.If seen through the table of preparedness achievement index values according to the preparedness level of students at SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan included in the high achievement category with a final result of 80%.According to the results obtained, students at SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan have a prepared attitude in dealing with the eruption of Merapi Volcano.Provisions for student preparedness are obtained from disaster materials provided by the school and the local BPBD so that students can be ready in the event of a volcanic eruption.

Relationship between Knowledge Preparedness of SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan Students
Living in Disaster-Prone Areas of Merapi Volcano Eruption.After knowing the level of knowledge and student preparedness in dealing with disasters.Then the correlation between the two results was found through the SPSS test with the interpretation of the correlation coefficient as follows; Based on the test results, it is known that all the data that has been tested is regular and homogeneous, so hypothesis testing is carried out.The hypothesis test used is product-moment correlation using SPSS, presented in the following table, Based on the results of hypothesis testing with the product moment correlation formula, it is known that there is a positive relationship between student knowledge and student preparedness in dealing with volcanic eruptions.It is indicated by a correlation result of 0.424, which is included in the medium category when viewed through the correlation coefficient interpretation table.

Knowledge Level of SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan Student Living in Disaster-Prone Areas of
Merapi Volcano Eruptions.Based on Figure 2 regarding students' disaster knowledge, it was found that out of 202 students, 88% of students had good or good knowledge of disaster, and 12% of students had poor knowledge of disaster, or their knowledge of disaster was still low.If seen through the knowledge index value table [14], then students' level of knowledge at SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan is included in the good category with a final result of 88%.These results were found because most students already had good knowledge of the Merapi Volcano eruption disaster.These results indicate that students at SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan have disaster knowledge, which is included in the good category.These results are found from the learning in schools that students get, the experiences experienced by students, and the information and habits they use.Based on research results [16], students who have obtained disaster material at school can increase their knowledge of disasters.
At Cangkringan 1 Public High School, no specific disaster learning is given to students.However, disaster education is always inserted when learning through geography subjects.As explained by Mrs. Susi, a Geography Subject Teacher, "Disaster education is not included in the curriculum, but the school always tries to provide disaster education to students, namely through classroom learning on geography subjects."Knowledge about disasters and preparedness for anticipating disasters are the main factors.They are the fundamental aspects of preparedness that every community should have to be able to provide information to family members when a disaster occurs [17].Apart from learning in class, students also gain disaster knowledge through outreach and training conducted by related institutions, namely BPBD.Not only at school, students also received socialization in their area of residence, which the local government organized at the sub-district and sub-district levels.The experience that students have is also one of the factors that makes students have good about volcanic It is in line with research conducted by [18] that students have a good attitude toward disaster preparedness because they have experienced it before.This experience was obtained by students from the events they experienced when a volcanic eruption occurred.Experience that students can also gain from disaster mitigation simulations, which the school and the BPBD often carry out.According to (2021), students' knowledge of disaster risk management can be understood through regular simulations with the collaboration of various related parties, which transform knowledge and practice of disaster management and disaster risk reduction to all school members.Even though the school had not conducted disaster mitigation simulations for school residents during the pandemic, the students received socialization and disaster mitigation simulations in their neighbourhood.Students often find disaster mitigation simulations in their neighbourhoods because their homes are areas prone to volcanic disasters, so disaster mitigation simulation activities are always held regularly.The student's knowledge is based on the information and habitual factors.In this factor, the relevant institutions will constantly update information regarding disasters as the initial response.Especially for people who are in disaster-prone areas, information about disasters is urgently needed.Habits that students often carry out also become a trigger for the level of student knowledge, such as disaster management steps that students at home or school usually carried out.

Preparedness Level of SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan Student Living in Disaster-Prone Areas of
Merapi Volcano Eruption.Based on Figure 3 regarding student preparedness and the results found, out % of 202 students, 80% had good disaster preparedness, or it could be said that these students were ready.There were 20% of students who needed better disaster preparedness.If seen through the table of preparedness achievement index values according to [20], students' preparedness level at SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan is included in the high achievement category with a final result of 80%.These results were found because students at SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringn already had a prepared attitude in dealing with disasters.Students and schools have also implemented an attitude of preparedness by procuring disaster mitigation support facilities such as an emergency response system, an early warning system or EWS (Early Warning System), and good resource mobility.

The Relationship between Knowledge and Preparedness of SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan Students
Living in Disaster-Prone Areas of Merapi Volcano Eruption.Based on the results of hypothesis testing with the product moment correlation formula, it is known that there is a positive relationship between student knowledge and student preparedness in dealing with volcanic eruptions.It is indicated by a correlation result of 0.424, which is included in the medium category when viewed through the correlation coefficient interpretation table.From these results, the two variables, knowledge and preparedness, have a relationship.The relationship between the knowledge and preparedness of students at SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan shows a strong relationship.It has a positive pattern, which means that the more students know about dealing with volcanic eruptions, the higher their behaviour or attitude toward preparedness.According to research conducted [21], human knowledge of hazards, vulnerabilities, and risks and adequate risk reduction activities will be able to create effective community action.With a high level of knowledge of students at SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan, the attitude of students' preparedness will be even better.Several studies confirm that knowledge has a positive effect on disaster preparedness.
It is in line with research conducted by [22], that is, the higher the knowledge of disasters, the higher the attitude of students' preparedness in dealing with disasters.As for research results [16], the relationship between knowledge and student preparedness in dealing with volcanic disasters shows promising results.It has a strong relationship, which means that the better the level of student disaster knowledge, the better the attitude of student preparedness in dealing with volcanic natural disasters.The results of this study are also in line with several research results [8] that disaster knowledge affects preparedness in dealing with disasters; knowledge and preparedness attitudes possessed are considered to be essential factors in increasing disaster preparedness.Knowledge can lead to higher readiness.Good preparedness also has a good impact because it will significantly assist in the emergency response process when a disaster occurs.Disaster knowledge that students have first is obtained from school through learning and other factors that influence student knowledge, namely the experience that students have.It is in line with research conducted by [23], namely, the high knowledge and preparedness of students is caused by most students who have attended socialization on disaster mitigation education.The research conducted by [24] showed the location of residences and schools where the majority have the potential for specific disaster threats to make them understand the disaster threats surrounding them.Meanwhile, student preparedness is influenced by the knowledge possessed by students.Therefore, knowledge and preparedness cannot be separated because they influence each other.

Conclusions
Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the level of knowledge of students at SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan who live in the Mount Merapi disaster-prone area is included in the good category with a score of 88%.Meanwhile, the preparedness level of students and schools at SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan who live in areas prone to the Mount Merapi disaster are included in the ready or good category with a score of 80%. and for the relationship or correlation of students' level of knowledge towards students' preparedness in facing the Mount Merapi eruption disaster at SMA Negeri 1 Cangkringan shows positive results with the correlation obtained 0,424.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of Research Location

Figure
Figure 2. Student Disaster Knowledge

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Preparedness level of students

Table 1 .
Knowledge Index Value

Table 2 .
Preparedness Achievement Index Value

Table 3 .
Interpretation of the Correlation Coefficient

Table 4 .
Correlation Test Results