The utilization of remote sensing to monitor the spatio-temporal covid-19 outbreak in Jakarta, Indonesia

The coronavirus cluster was first discovered in a wet market in Wuhan, China on December 31 2019 to be exact. The Covid-19 virus or in medical terms it is called the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) spread so fast that it was recorded in June 2021 the Covid-19 virus has infected 178 million worldwide with 3.9 million confirmed deaths. The Covid-19 virus was detected for the first time entering Indonesia on March 2 2020. Spatiotemporal studies are important to do to provide insight into how a pandemic occurs and develops. This study aims to examine Covid-19 spatio-temporally from 2020-2021, calculate the number of victims and calculate the CFR value of Covid-19 in 2020-2021 in DKI Jakarta. The results of this study indicate that the number of positive victims of the Covid-19 virus has continued to increase from April 2020 to December 2021. Meanwhile, the case fatality rate has continued to decline since the beginning of the pandemic until December 2021.


Introduction
The coronavirus cluster was first discovered in a wet market in Wuhan, China on December 31 2019 to be exact.The Covid-19 virus or in medical terms it is called the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) spread so fast that it was recorded in June 2021 the Covid-19 virus has infected 178 million worldwide with 3.9 million confirmed deaths.The Covid-19 virus has a high transmission rate because it is able to spread between humans either through direct contact with sufferers, or through objects that have been contaminated with the Covid-19 virus and direct contact with sufferers through mouth and nose secretions such as saliva and droplets.
Over time, the Covid-19 virus has mutated into several variants, such as alpha, beta, delta and omnicron variants.The difference between the Covid-19 variants can be seen from the symptoms, the level of transmission, and the place where it was detected.Among the various types of Covid-19 virus variants that have been found, the variant that has the heaviest risk is the delta variant.Covid-19 infection can cause mild to severe symptoms.Around 80% of Covid-19 cases with mild symptoms characterized by cough, sore throat, cough and fever can recover without the need for special treatment (Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia).
Based on information from the Ministry of Health on that date as many as 339 people were examined, and the results were 2 people tested positive and 2 more were still waiting for the results of the examination.The first Covid-19 case in Indonesia occurred after 2 people who were confirmed positive previously had contact with one of the confirmed cases in Malaysia.Since March 2020 positive cases of Covid-19 in Indonesia have continued to increase, it was recorded that in April 2020 the Covid-19 virus had infected 4557 people, with a confirmed death toll of 399.Apart from health, Covid-19 has also had an impact on investment, trade and tourism.Seeing the rapid spread of Covid-19 in various countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) has officially declared Covid-19 a global pandemic [1] Indonesia's population is ranked first in Southeast Asia, with a total population of 273.5 million people.A large population makes Indonesia at high risk of potential transmission of the Covid-19 virus due to the high interaction between individuals.Apart from that, health and medical workers are the front line in dealing with Covid-19, so the risk of transmission is also high [2].Therefore strict policies and regulations are needed to minimize the spread of the Covid-19 virus.Responding to this, the Indonesian government made several strict regulations, one of which was the Enforcement of Restrictions on Community Activities.With PPKM it is hoped that it will be able to reduce the transmission rate of Covid-19.
It seems like viruses that infect other respiratory tracts such as MERS, SARS, Covid-19, they can infect other people through sneezing, coughing and talking [3].Moreover, Covid-19 also has serious impact on non-medical aspect such as education [4][5]; economic and social condition [6].Another issue, covid-19 pandemic had also impacted the environmental condition [7][8].The spread of the Covid-19 virus continues to increase from time to time, so there is a need for spatiotemporal studies to provide insight into how a pandemic occurs and develops.
Similar research has been carried out by Pertiwi [9] to study the spatio-temporal distribution of Covid-19 and use distribution pattern parameters.Geographic Information Systems play an important role in the development of Covid-19 in the world through visualization, prediction and segmentation [10].This study aims to examine Covid-19 spatio-temporally from 2020-2021, calculate the number of victims and calculate the CFR value of Covid-19 in 2020-2021 in DKI Jakarta.

Location of study
This research was conducted in DKI Jakarta, which is astronomically located at 6o 12' South Latitude -7o South Latitude and 106o 48'E -108o East Longitude.DKI Jakarta Province has a total administrative area of 662.33 km2 with an average altitude of 7 meters above sea level.Sunarto et al [11] revealed that lowlands are often prone to flooding.The total population of DKI Jakarta in 2020 is recorded at 10,562,088 people spread across 44 sub-districts and 267 urban villages.The following is the outer boundary of DKI Jakarta Province.In the North Jakarta is bordered with the Java Sea.In the South and east Jakarta is bordered with the West Java Province, meanwhile in the west Jakarta is bordered with the Banten Province The highest temperature in DKI Jakarta was recorded at 35.2 C while the lowest temperature was recorded at 23 C, for the highest rainfall it was recorded at 604.4 mm and the lowest was recorded at 35.8 mm.The administrative area of DKI Jakarta has many small islands spread across the Thousand Islands with a total of 110 islands.The map of the research area can be seen in Figure 1 as follows.

Tools and Materials
The tools and materials used in this study can be seen in Table 1 and Table 2 Taskforce i.e., "corona.jakarta.go.id".This website contains various variables such as ODP, PDP, Positive, and died case.Therefore, it is necessary to have filtration in order to retrieve the necessary data, namely data on the number of positives and deaths for each sub-district in DKI Jakarta.Filtration is also useful for eliminating data on Covid-19 cases originating from outside the research area.The entire data filtration process was carried out using Microsoft Excel.

Visualisation of Spatiotemporal Maps of Covid 19.
The filtered data is then combined with spatial data in the form of administrative boundaries for districts throughout DKI Jakarta.The process of combining data uses the join and relate feature.Temporal visualization of the covid map is presented for the duration of March 2020 -December 2021.Wujun et al [12] revealed that spatio-temporal souls are used to obtain information.Monitoring of the Covid-19 website shows that DKI Jakarta Province was in first place with the number of Covid-19 cases in 2020.DKI Jakarta has such a high number of positive confirmed cases due to a number of reasons, including DKI Jakarta being the initial gateway for positive confirmed cases of Covid-19 in Indonesia, as well as very high population mobility so that the risk of transmission of Covid-19 is higher than other regions.High social interaction makes the transmission of the Covid-19 virus increasingly uncontrollable, as we know that the Covid-19 virus can be transmitted via droplets, fomites and aerosols from sufferers [14].Fomites are all objects that can be a medium for transmitting viruses, such as clothing, money and furniture.Fomite infection can occur when a person directly touches a contaminated object and then transfers it to the mouth or nose [15].Government policies also IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/0120678 play an important role in efforts to control the spread of Covid-19 in Jakarta, one of which is the existence of a transitional PSBB policy which is considered ineffective.The results of research from [16] show that the existence of the Transitional PSBB program is considered less effective as an effort to control Covid-19 considering that the PSBB itself is already an effort to loosen social restrictions.
The number of positive Covid-19 patients in DKI Jakarta continues to increase, especially in Durensawit, Cengkareng and Jagakarsa Districts.The high positive rate in Durensawit District is dominated by family and office clusters.Chua [17] revealed that offices have a relationship with virus transmission.Cengkareng has the second highest number of positive cases because many residents are starting to neglect complying with health protocols, as stated by the Cengkareng Sub-District Head.In addition, the presence of the JB Cengkareng Padar is also considered to be one of the reasons for the high number of positive cases due to the high activity and interaction between residents.Jagaskara District is an area in South Jakarta which is recorded as the area with the highest number of additional Covid positives.This is because Jagaskara District is the area with the highest population in South Jakarta.The more the population, the more interaction between individuals will also increase thereby increasing the risk of transmission of the Covid-19 virus.Nonetheless, the population has a negative correlation with the level of spread of Covid-19 as revealed Ghiffari [18] that the main factor for the spread of covid is not based on population size but from interactions between individuals.While the number of patients confirmed positive for Covid-19 is at least in the Thousand Islands.In addition to the small population, the location of Pulau Seribu which is separated from DKI Jakarta makes Pulau Seribu have a natural isolation system, supported by the implementation of strict protocols for island visitors who are said to reduce the spread of Covid-19 at Kepulauan Seribu.
The number of deaths due to the Covid-19 virus in DKI Jakarta has continued to increase from April 2020 to 2021.Durensawit District is recorded as the area with the highest death toll, followed by Cengkareng District.Cengkareng District is the area in West Jakarta that has the highest number of Covid-19 patients.This happens because the area is one of the centers of business so that there are many interactions.In addition, the implementation of the Health protocol was not optimal, so the Covid transmission rate was so high [19].The high and low number of victims who died from Covid-19 in Durensawit and Cengkareng Districts was directly proportional to the high positive number in these areas.Meanwhile, the number of victims who died from Covid-19 was at least in the Thousand Islands.This is because the transmission rate of Covid-19 is relatively small, supported by the geographical conditions of the Thousand Islands which make the level of interaction between people from outside the island also very limited.
The majority of DKI Jakarta's Covid-19 CFR values are in the 0.01-0.09class, this can be seen in the visualization shown in Figure 4.The CFR value can change due to several reasons, including the total number of positive patients with Covid-19, the greater the number of positive patients then the CFR value is getting smaller.The factors that affect the CFR value are the late diagnosis of Covid-19 or not having time to do a swab test for a diagnosis of Covid-19.Delay in handling Covid-19 patients at vulnerable ages can have fatal consequences that can lead to death.Based on statistical data that has been processed, the CFR value shows a declining trend, so it can be said that the government has been able to reduce the death rate from Covid-19.Some of the efforts made by the DKI Jakarta government during the Covid-19 pandemic to prevent and deal with the malignancy of the Covid-19 virus include increasing the quality and quantity of health services such as providing health workers, providing adequate PPE, providing clinical test equipment, and increasing the number of laboratories can diagnose Covid-19.The incessant vaccination, the implementation of strict health protocols in public places, and the implementation of the PSBB have also been the keys to reducing the death rate due to Covid-19 in Indonesia, especially in DKI Jakarta.

Conclusions
From the research that has been done, it can be concluded that the number of positive victims of the Covid-19 virus has continued to increase from April 2020 to December 2021.Duren Sawit District is the area with the highest confirmed positive case rate of Covid-19 in DKI Jakarta.Meanwhile, the least number of positive cases of Covid-19 were in the north of Kepulauan Seribu.
The highest death rate based on research results in the 2020-2021 timeframe shows Duren Sawit District being the area with the highest number of deaths due to Covid-19, followed by Cengkareng District.While the least number of deaths is directly proportional to the least number of cases, namely on North Thousand Island.
The case fatality rate has decreased quite drastically, it was recorded that from April 2021 the highest CFR value touched >0.2, until the end of 2021 the CFR value was below 0.05 overall.The existence of vaccinations and the availability of adequate facilities and medical personnel are the keys to suppressing the death toll.

2. 3 . 3 .
Visualisation of CFR Covid-19.CFR (Case Fatality Rate) is the number of patients who died out of the total number of people who were sick.In this study, CFR is the number of Covid-19 patients who died from the total number of people infected.The CFR value is used to determine the percentage of mortality from a disease.Visualization of the CFR map is carried out in the Arcmap software which is presented for the duration of March 2020 -December 2021.2.3.4.Spatial Analysis of Covid-19.This study was conducted in the administrative area of DKI Jakarta which is divided into 44 sub-districts.Spatial analysis was used to provide the spatio-temporal distribution of CFR and Covid-19 patients in DKI Jakarta in 2020-2021.The research framework can be seen in Figure2as follows.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Workflow of the study3.Results and DiscussionThis study uses Covid-19 data from April 2020 to December 2021.A map of the research results is presented within a timeframe every month so that the development of Covid-19 transmission in DKI Jakarta can be visualized optimally.Spatial analysis was able to properly understand viral transmission[13].The Covid-19 transmission map from 2020-2021 can be seen in Figure3as follows.

Table 1 .
. The tools used in the study

Table 2 .
Data used in the study corona.jakarta.go.id Figure 1.Administrative Maps of DKI Jakarta 2.3.Stages of Processing and Data Analysis 2.3.1.Covid-19 Data Filters.Covid-19 data obtained from the official website of Jakarta Corona