Analyzing land use changes in Grogol District, Sukoharjo, Indonesia: A study from 2013 to 2019

The phenomenon of land use change in Grogol District, Sukoharjo Regency, between 2013 and 2019. The district, which was previously primarily an agricultural area with rice fields, has experienced a shift in land use towards settlements and shopping/industrial centers. Grogol District is a crucial access road connecting Surakarta City with Wonogiri Regency, making it a strategic location for industrial development. The study aims to analyze the changes in land use in Grogol District during the specified time frame and identify the factors influencing these changes. The research utilizes the comparison and overlay methods, using data on land use from 2013 and 2019. The findings indicate that the dominant change in land use is the conversion of paddy fields into industrial land, covering an area of 127.96 hectares. Several factors contribute to these changes, including the growth of economic facilities, population, and population density. Additionally, the district’s adjacency to Surakarta City plays a role in the land use transformation. As Surakarta City faces limitations in available land for development, the economic infrastructure development has been redirected to Grogol District.


Introduction
A condition known as overcrowding occurs when the number of people living in an area exceeds its area [1].Population density is the ratio of the total population to the area inhabited.Land use change is a change in activity that occurs on a plot of land that is different from what was done before, either for commercial or industrial reasons [2].Changes in the function of part or all of the land from its original function (according to the plan) to other functions are known as changes in land use [3,4].Land use can be detrimental to the environment and land potential.Suburban areas often experience changes in residential land use, with various distribution patterns.Settlement distribution patterns are usually in the form of clustered patterns and scattered patterns.Hamlets or settlements that are smaller and denser form a pattern of clustered distribution of settlements.
Meanwhile, the settlement expansion pattern consists of hamlets or residential houses spread over a certain distance.The dynamics of the physical environment caused by changes in land use will affect changes in the social environment and vice versa [5].Environmental impact caused by land use change to built-up land causes an increase in land surface temperature in an area [6].Increased development of built-up land also leads to an imbalance between water availability and demand [7].
Grogol District used to be an agricultural area; from year to year, it experienced changes in land use from rice fields to settlements and shopping/industrial centers.The change in land use from paddy to non-paddy will affect food productivity in the Grogol District.The increasing population growth in Grogol District, Sukoharjo Regency, from 2013 to 2019 has affected population density and changes in land use.Grogol District is the main access road that connects Surakarta City with Wonogiri Regency; this is what makes Grogol District a strategic place in industrial land development.So many houses have turned into shopping centers, such as Hartono Mall and The Park, one of the factors that influence land use change in the region is the progress of economic infrastructure development such as the shopping industry which in 2013 has officially opened 2 largest shopping centers in Sukoharjo Regency.The opening has an impact on increasing development both in the industrial and residentialsectors, so that changes in land use in Grogol District, Sukoharjo Regency cannot be avoided.
Wiliantoro [8] and Nugroho [9] conducted previous studies on land use change.Research conducted by Wiliantoro [8] revealed that the main contributor to land use change is population growth, which is the main factor affecting land use change.There is a discrepancy between changes in land use in Mijen District and the Spatial Plan of Semarang City for 2011 to 2031 in the study area after conducting the overlay process of land use change maps in 2010 and 2014.The shift from agricultural to non-agricultural land use dominated the change.The need for shelter increases along with the increase in population in the study area, thereby affecting changes in land use.
Meanwhile, Nugroho's [9] research revealed factors influencing land use in Gunungpati District between 2004 and 2011.Study used data analysis methods, a secondary, and overlay data.Primary data is collected directly or originally from the source [7].Overlay land use data in 2013 and land use in 2019 to find out changes in land use in that period.Several indicator factors influence changes in land use, such as population growth, economic facilities, and population density.Data on population growth, population density, economic facilities, and area size from BPS (Central Statistics Agency) as secondary data can help to analyze changes in land use in Grogol District.Data from BPS can also be used to find out the factors that cause changes in land use, supported by surveys or field observations in order to be able to find out the actual situation.Based on the introduction that has been identified, this study aims to analyze changes in land use in Grogol District, Sukoharjo Regency, in 2013 and 2019.As well as find out the factors that influence the land use change in Grogol District, Sukoharjo Regency.Balancing urban expansion with sustainable land management practices is crucial to mitigate negative impacts.Comprehensive urban planning, considering environmental conservation, efficient land use, and equitable development, can help minimize adverse effects while promoting economic growth and social well-being [10].

Study Location
Figure 1 shows the administration of Grogol District, Sukoharjo Regency.Sukoharjo Regency is administratively divided into 12 Districts and 150 Villages.Sukoharjo Regency has an area of 46,666 ha or about 1.43 % of the area of Central Java Province.The widest sub-district is the Polokarto subdistrict, with an area of 6,218 ha or 13.32 % of the total area of Sukoharjo Regency.Bulu District is the smallest, covering an area of 1,386 ha or 2.97 % of the total area of Sukoharjo Regency.
The average height in Grogol District is 80 m above sea level.The area of Grogol District is 3,084.11ha.The distance from Grogol District's capital to Sukoharjo Regency's capital is approximately 7.0 km.The administrative boundaries of the Grogol District area are directly adjacent to Surakarta City in the north, Mojolaban District and Polokarto District in the east, Bendosari District and Sukoharjo District in the south, while Baki District is bordered in the west.Grogol Districk is an area developing social and economic activities from urban areas in Surakarta City.
The area is located in Sukoharjo Regency, Grogol District, and has an area of 3,084.11ha or 6.43% of the total area of Sukoharjo Regency of 46,666 ha.Grogol sub-district is divided into 14 villages, namely Cemani, Manang, Sanggrahan, Gedangan, Kwarasan, Langenharjo, Grogol, Madegondo, Pondok, Telukan, Parangjoro, Pandeyan, Kadokan and Banaran villages.Each village has various characteristics.Parangjoro Village is the largest village in Grogol District, with an area of 453.76 ha or 13.99 % of the total area of Grogol District.Comparison, the village with the smallest area in Grogol District is Grogol village, with an area of 96.59 ha or 2.98 % of the total area of Grogol District.Villages in Grogol District have an average height of 80 m above sea level.The distance from Grogol District's capital to Sukoharjo Regency's capital is about 7 km.The following is an administrative map of Grogol District in Figure 1.

Instruments Tools and Materials
This study uses the tools can be seen in table l as follows.

Table 1. Tools used in study
Tool Function ArcMap 10.8 Spatial data processing and map making Table 2 shows some of the data that will be used in this study, including:  District can be known by using the results of secondary data acquisition, obtained through relevant agencies or agencies for use and data validation using satellite images processed using the Overlay overlapping technique so that changes that occur in the field are known.

Data analysis.
Study conducted data analysis with qualitative data analysis.Qualitative analysis is a method for examining the essence and looking for the meaning behind frequency and variance; in a qualitative study, the analysis seeks to reveal matters related to processes rather than products

Changes in Land Use in 2013 and 2019
Area data Land use in Grogol District in 2013 consisting of settlements and places of activity, rice fields, industry, shopping centers, and livestock in each village is shown in Table 3. Settlements and places of activity have the most significant area, namely 1559.20 ha or 50.55% of the sub-district area.The second order is rice fields with an area of 1123.34 ha, 36.42% occupying the district area.In third place is industry, with an area of 401.15 ha, amounting to 13% of the area of the district.The smallest is livestock land, with an area of 0.41 ha or less than 1% of the sub-district area.The distribution of each land use is presented in the 2013 land use map in Grogol District, Figure 3, as follows:  The image interpretation results show that settlements and places of activity have the most significant area, namely 1555.54 ha, which is 50.43% of the sub-district area.An area of 531.17 ha covering an area of 17.22% of the area of the sub-district, in fourth place is a shopping center with an area of 43 ha of 1.39% of the area of the sub-district, and the smallest is livestock with an area of 3.51 ha only comparable to 0.11% of the district area.The land use map in Grogol District for 2019 can be seen in Figure 4 as follows: The development of land conversion in the Grogol Subdistrict is related to reducing non-built-up land or paddy fields to become built-up land.Visible changes include that the use of space has decreased, namely paddy fields, shopping centers, and industrial land, which has increased significantly in the 2013-2019 period, which can be caused by socio-economic factors in Grogol District.The characteristics of the community must be distinct from the developments in Grogol District to meet their housing and economic needs.
Table 5 shows the area of change in land use in Grogol District, Sukoharjo Regency, in 2013 and 2019, which are spread in each village, there was a reduction in paddy fields as a whole of 172.81 Ha.Based on the yield of paddy fields in 2013, namely 1123.34Ha to 950.53 Ha in 2019, this increased industrial land area from 401.15 Ha in 2013 to 531.17 Ha in 2019.The establishment of a new shopping center that replaced the land settlements assessed the choice of this location because it is strategically affordable from the city center.An overlay process carried out the results of land use data for 2013 and 2019 to obtain data on changes in existing land use.Cemani Village.Changes in industrial land development and economic activity centers in shopping centers are mainly oriented toward access to existing main roads.Establishing shopping centers for economic activity became a striking thing in that period.One thing that underlies land conversion in economic activities, such as shopping centers, namely Grogol, occupies a strategic area in developing existing development in the City of Surakarta.Surakarta City needs more land to meet the needs of economic activity facilities, for example, shopping centers.So, the Grogol District became the center of new economic activity known as "Solobaru."

Land Use Change Factors
The diversity of factors influencing changes in land use in Grogol District is related to the variety of activities and needs of the area's residents.The direction of regional development also affects the use of space in the area.Several factors indicate an effect on changes in land use, such as increasing population, population density, which increases yearly, and socio-economic factors.Grogol District, which is directly adjacent to Surakarta City, directly impacts Surakarta City, which no longer supports the availability of land for development.So, the development of economic infrastructure was diverted to the Grogol District.Overall, the population density in Grogol District has increased by 17,996 people/km 2; in 2013, it was 57,743 people/km 2 to 75.739 people/km 2 in 2019.The village with the most significant increase in population density was Cemani Village, with a population density of 3.704 people/km2, while the village with the most negligible increase in population density was Pandeyan Village, with 359 people/km2.Social activities such as urbanization result in an increase in population growth in an area.Increasing population growth will encourage new activities that change existing land use.The need for shelter is the main thing that appears directly from the impact of population growth.Things like this make visible land conversion, such as changing paddy fields into new residential buildings.Socio-economic factors in Grogol District are the increasing number of economic suggestions from 2013 and 2019, such as shops, kiosks/stalls, restaurants, and food stalls.It can be seen in table 7. The number of economic facilities in Grogol District is as follows:

4 2. 3 .
Stages of Data Processing and Data Analysis 2.3.1.Data Processing Stage.Study uses data processing techniques by making administrative maps of Grogol District and digitizing or interpreting them using Geo-Eye Imagery to obtain land use data for 2013 and 2019.Processing techniques by overlay, namely land use data for 2013 and 2019, to get the results of changes in land use.Land use change factors are obtained by conducting surveys or field observations and density, and economic facilities.Research on land use change in Grogol . The qualitative research analysis uses land use change maps in 2013 and 2019.The analysis also includes spatial spatial distribution of land use change during those years.So, it can know the direction of development and the factors influencing land changes.The following is an overview of the flow chart conducted by the study, which can be seen in Figure 2 as follows.

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. LULC Map in Grogol Sub-District year 2019 Figure 5 maps of changes in land use in Grogol District in 2013 and 2019 are as follows:

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. LULC change Map in Grogol District year 2013 and 2019 The illustrative results of land conversion in 2013-2019 show that changes to residential land are spread evenly throughout the village.One village has yet to experience a change in settlement, namely

Table 2 .
Data used in study

Table 3 .
Type of Land Use in 2013 (ha)

Table 4 .
Type of land use in 2019 (ha)

Table 6 .
Table 6 regarding the population density of Grogol District in 2013 and 2019 is as follows.Population density Grogol District Year 2013 and 2019 Source: Central Agency on Statistics (BPS), 2023