Primary school infrastructure preparedness analysis regarding the hazard of Mount Merapi eruption in Selo District Boyolali Regency

Facilities and infrastructure are essential in implementing education and safe spaces in schools. The infrastructure aspect is vital in protecting the school community as an environmental management that ensures the safety of the entire school community against the threat of disaster. This research aims to analyze the preparedness of elementary school infrastructure in Selo District, Boyolali Regency, against the Mount Merapi eruption disaster. The school structure preparedness assessment uses four indicators: structural, architectural, furniture and contents, and other supporting equipment: collection techniques using surveys, observation, interviews, and documentation. The research objects are 12 elementary schools located on the slopes of Mount Merapi in Selo District. The research results show that the preparedness of all schools’ structural indicators is in the high category; in architectural hands, there are eight schools in the high class and four schools in the medium type. Regarding furniture and contents, all schools are in the medium category.


Introduction
One of the active volcanoes in Indonesia is Mount Merapi.Mount Merapi is an active volcano on the border of Central Java Province (Magelang Regency, Boyolali Regency, Klaten Regency) and the Special Region of Yogyakarta (Sleman Regency).Meanwhile, geographically, Mount Merapi is located at 7° 32'30" South Latitude and 110° 26'30" East Longitude with a height of 2,980 meters above sea level.Merapi is the youngest volcano in the south of Java Island [1] and is one of the most active volcanoes in the world.Almost every period, Mount Merapi experiences an eruption.The return period for eruptive activity ranges from 2-7 years [2].The most extended cycle ever recorded after experiencing rest for more than 30 years, especially during the early days of its existence as a volcano [3].This mountain was formed by activity in the subduction zone of the Indo-Australian Plate, which moved under the Eurasian Plate, thus causing the emergence of volcanic activity along the central part of Java Island.
Until now, Mount Merapi's volcanic activity is still occurring.Based on a series of events and evaluation results, the status of Mount Merapi has now been upgraded from Alert (Level II) to Alert (Level III) effective from November 5, 2020 until now [4].Volcanic eruptions have an enormous impact or potential loss.Potential losses can be in the form of damage to infrastructure, housing, productive land, property, livelihoods, and even the lives of residents who live in the area around the volcano [5].Environmental damage due to volcanic eruptions varies.It can come from primary impacts (e.g., the collapse of peaks, burning of vegetation, death), secondary (e.g., atmospheric cooling, global warming), 1314 (2024) 012058 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012058 2 and tertiary (e.g., floods, famine, disease).Environmental damage is mainly produced by gas emissions, ash, lava flows, pyroclastic flows, lahars, debris flows, and landslides, which cause local and global impacts [6].
Selo District, Boyolali Regency, Central Java Province, is located on the slopes of Mount Merapi on the north and east sides.According to the National Disaster Management Agency or BNPB in Selo District, three villages in disaster-prone areas, namely Tlogolele, Klakah, and Jrakah Villages, [7].Mount Merapi's eruption was mainly a pyroclastic flow caused by the collapse of the lava dome [8].Pressure from within the volcano suppresses and strengthens the explosive phase of the eruption with a large amount of volatile-rich magma from a depth of 5-30 km.The volcanic ash covered the ejection area, and several facilities were destroyed, such as infrastructure, economic, and educational activities.
The occurrence of a disaster can directly impact aspects of education, especially education in disaster-prone areas.Based on data from the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) in the book Disaster Resilient Education, 1,685 schools in Indonesia are located in areas prone to volcanic eruptions.From 2009 to 2018, as many as 1,129 schools or educational facilities were damaged due to volcanic eruptions, and in 2010, as many as 340 academic units were affected by the eruption of Mount Merapi [9].The eruption of Mount Merapi had many negative impacts on educational aspects.Several students and teachers have died or been injured, many students have been displaced, schools have been destroyed and can no longer be used, and several schools have been turned into refugee barracks so that the learning process is disrupted [10].
Schools are public facilities that are often affected by disasters.Even though school is where children spend more time in a day because children can spend ± 8 hours on activities at school, schools should ideally be a safe place for school residents against disturbances that might endanger school residents [11].The implementation of disaster-safe schools should not only emphasize disaster education but also involve comprehensive and integrative child safety education.Disaster-safe schools integrate safety to prevent children's accidents from various activities, and disaster-safe education simultaneously ensures children's safety at school [12].
The safety of school infrastructure is also considered in the Comprehensive Worldwide School Safety program.The Initiative for Safe Schools was developed by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR) in collaboration with the Global Alliance for Disaster Risk Reduction & Resilience in the Education Sector (GADRRRES) [13,14].These initiatives provide evidence that developing a global framework to support activities related to safe learning facilities and school disaster risk management is possible [15].Several barriers affect the quality of education in Low and Middle-Income Countries (L&MICs).The non-governmental organization Educate a Child considers school infrastructure to be one of nine barriers to high-quality education [16].The World Bank also believes that quality education must be achieved through five pillars, one of which is school infrastructure [17].
Selo District has 27 schools, including 23 elementary schools, three junior high schools, and one vocational high school [18].There are 12 elementary schools located on the slopes of Merapi, so they are very vulnerable to being affected by the activities of Mount Merapi.The assessment of school infrastructure preparedness for the Mount Merapi eruption disaster uses four indicators: Structural, Architectural, Furniture, and other supporting equipment [19].Calculations using the Guttman Scale, each question only has two answers, "Yes" and "No".If the respondent's answer is "Yes," the score is one, and if the respondent's answer is "No," the score is zero.The informant is the principal or teacher who has worked longest at the school.The equation for calculating the achievement index in this study uses the following formula: Notes: I : School infrastructure index JSK : Total Score of all indicators Maximum JSK: Maximum total score The criteria for assessing the achievement of school infrastructure preparedness are:  Several structural aspects still need to be fulfilled, so attention must be paid to by the school itself or the Regional Government.

Architectural Indicators
The architectural parameters of school buildings are also one of the main parameters in infrastructure preparedness.Apart from being assessed in beauty and functionality, this architectural component also focuses on efforts to reduce disaster risk [19].In fulfilling architectural indicators that can be created or developed by schools to increase school preparedness, including: a. Install the ceiling (ceiling), which is firmly attached to the roof frame of the school building.b.Install doors in each classroom that open to the outside of the room.c.Provides strong cross ties between corners on all glazed windows.d.Ensure that objects hanging from the ceiling will not collide with each other during an earthquake.e. Install the lights firmly and correctly in place.f.Plant the flagpole well and firmly.g.Anchor the handrail firmly.h.Install signage in the school area correctly and firmly.The architectural preparedness indicators in the 12 schools studied are as follows:  Based on the data above, it can be seen that the achievement of each school in fulfilling aspects of school architecture is good; of the 12 schools on the slopes of Mount Merapi, eight schools are in the high class, and four schools are in the medium category.Schools that fulfill architectural aspects in school preparedness in facing disasters are reasonable; however, there are four schools, namely Tlogolele 1, Klakah 02, Jrakah 3, and Suroteleng 01, where these schools still need attention because their achievement scores still need to be improved Again, it requires attention to several indicators such as doors and windows, as well as some compliance with fixed ornament indicators as well as floors and ceramics floor and Ceramic Floors are free from cracks.Ceramic is inactive Ornaments.

Furniture Indicator
The furniture indicator emphasizes the condition of the furniture in the classroom.Furniture and documents are also found in the teacher's or principal's room, often even important furniture.The arrangement and placement of furniture and its contents must consider disaster risk reduction efforts [19].The furniture in the classroom is usually there to support the learning process [19].Here are several examples of arranging furniture at school, including: a. Fasten essential equipment (computers, telephones, and other electronic equipment) to the school properly and firmly on a table or shelf.b.Place electronic equipment not on evacuation routes.c.Fasten bookshelves and filing cabinets (filling cabinets) firmly to the walls or floor.d.Replace bookshelves that are in rotten condition.e. Place fragile items in a relatively stable and safe place.f.Place the first aid equipment storage rack in a place that is easily accessible and not easily damaged.g.Provide tables made of materials strong enough to withstand falling debris.h.Install pictures, whiteboards, and wall decorations firmly on the wall and in a not dangerous location.i. Store chemicals (flammable materials) in a safe place recommended by the manufacturer.
Indicators of school furniture preparedness in the 12 schools studied are as follows: The condition of the bookshelves, filling cabinet is still in good condition (not rotten).
The bookshelf is equipped with supports/cables on the edge so that books don't fall First aid kit is easy to access The existing shelf has been detained 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The table is made of quite strong material The corners of the  Based on the data above, the achievement of each school in fulfilling the furniture aspects of school safety and its contents is quite good: all schools are in the "medium" class.Because the research area is rural, several furniture indicators are unavailable in schools.A low score does not indicate that the school is unsafe regarding furniture, but the equipment listed as an indicator is not available in the school.

Other Supporting Equipment Indicators
Supporting equipment in the school environment can become a vulnerability factor if it is not installed under disaster risk reduction principles.For this reason, it is necessary to carry out several activities that use other school supporting equipment as a capacity that can increase structural preparedness in building disaster-prepared schools [19]

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of School Distribution in Selo District.

Table 4 .
Analysis of furniture indicators and their contents in 12 schools.

Table 1 .
School Infratructure Preparedness Index Structural indicators analyze the basic structure of school buildings.The building structure for the school's Disaster Safe Education Unit includes: a. Creating a foundation system under the school building.b.Build a school building that has foundation tie beams.c.Build school buildings that have strong columns.d.Build school building walls made of lightweight materials.e. Replacing the roof of the school building with one made from lightweight materials.The results of structural preparedness data collection at the 12 schools studied are as follows:

Table 2 .
Analysis of structural indicators in 12 schools

Table 3 .
Analysis of architectural indicators in 12 schools

Table 5 .
, including: a. Install the water pipe installation connections firmly.b.Place water pipe installations not in evacuation routes.c.Install electrical cables properly and securely tied.d.Provide light fire extinguishers at schools.Other supporting equipment parameters in school structure preparedness in the 12 schools studied are as follows: Furniture Indicators and their contents in 12 schools.The achievements of each elementary school in Selo District in fulfilling infrastructure for disaster preparedness for the eruption of Mount Merapi are: A structural indicator is excellent; 12 schools studied are in high class.The architecture indicator is good; eight schools are in the high class, and four are in the medium category.School furniture and its contents indicator are good: 12 schools are in the medium class.Supporting equipment contents indicators are very good; 12 schools are in the high class.The school infrastructure index, which is a combination of structural indicators, architecture, furniture and supporting equipment contents, is included in the medium-class.