Preparedness and community knowledge in mitigation landslide disasters in Dieng Kulon, Banjarnegara Regency, Central Java.

Landslide disasters are an important problem in mountainous areas including in Dieng. To reduce the impact of landslides, a disaster mitigation plan is needed that starts with the knowledge of the people living around Dieng, one of which is from community preparedness in Dieng Kulon Village, Banjarnegara Regency. The results of research on the aspects of knowledge and preparedness for landslides by the community which was carried out using a qualitative descriptive method of four parameters showed that the parameters of knowledge and attitudes, response plans, disaster warnings, and resource mobilization can be concluded that the level of community preparedness on the parameters of knowledge and attitudes is partly the community does not know as a whole regarding the potential for landslides, although the parameters and response to the community in the emergency response in Dieng Village are quite good, the parameters of the early warning system and the level of community preparedness on the parameters of mobilizing disaster resources in Dieng Village are still not good and not optimal because the potential impact of landslides is low and rarely causes casualties, so attention to preparedness for landslides is indeed not fully optimal. Based on these four categories, the community’s overall preparedness for landslides is not yet optimal and needs to be improved because controlling factors and triggering factors are factors that cause the movement of material in the Dieng area to have the potential to trigger landslides in the area.


Introduction
A landslide disaster is one of the serious threats faced by people in various regions around the world.This phenomenon can cause human loss, property damage, and environmental damage.Landslides, in general, include all downward or sudden movements of surface materials such as clay, sand, gravel, and stones.Landslides are one of the main destructive disasters in mountainous areas and are activated due to the influence of earthquakes and rainfall [1].Therefore, a deep understanding of the triggering factors and effective countermeasures is very important in disaster risk management.Landslides are complex natural phenomena that have the potential to threaten human life and generate significant economic losses.Worldwide, populations living in areas with sloping topography tend to be more vulnerable to these disasters.In recent decades, climate change, rapid urbanisation, and unsustainable human activities have increased the threat of landslides.The triggering factors for landslides can vary depending on geographical conditions, climate, and land use in an area.A combination of anthropogenic and natural factors is often the cause of landslides that cause loss of life and property.
Naryanto and Wang said that the occurrence of landslides is related to various factors such as precipitation, geology, distance from the fault, vegetation, and topography.Unstable geological conditions and human activities such as deforestation, mining, and improper construction [2] [3].Efforts to reduce the risk of landslides can be carried out with an interdisciplinary approach involving various fields of knowledge and stakeholders.Geology, hydrology, meteorology, civil engineering, spatial planning, and the social sciences play an important role in analysing and understanding landslide phenomena and designing effective countermeasure strategies in order to increase public awareness and knowledge about landslide language.In addition, it is also necessary to have an understanding of the community around the disaster area in an effort to increase disaster preparedness.[4] Dooccy and Carter said the preparedness plays an important role in minimising the adverse effects of landslides.The frequency and impact of natural disasters have led to an increased need for understanding vulnerability [5] [6].Capacity building through disaster preparedness and mitigation is useful for reducing this impact.Rush in his research, explains that natural disasters can affect individuals directly through death, injury, and loss.In addition to these impacts [7], Sumarno states that psychological and mental losses are also felt by victims, such as psychological reactions [8].Matsuda & Okada said increasing disaster awareness is carried out by integrating continuous information and education programmes into the education system [9].Gerdan and Pararas explained that collaboration is active between disaster mitigation agencies [10][11].Kangabang et al. stated public awareness in disaster preparedness, namely the process of educating and empowering residents through knowledge and information about types of natural disasters and potential risks, including knowledge and attitudes that explain types, sources, causes, and magnitude or scale of disasters.Emergency response plans regarding evacuation plans, fulfilment of basic needs, early warning systems, and resource mobilisation [12].This involves proactive actions taken before an event occurs to ensure that the community and relevant stakeholders are prepared to respond effectively.Preparedness efforts include developing and implementing emergency response plans, conducting drills and exercises, establishing communication networks, and identifying safe evacuation routes.By investing in preparedness, communities can increase their ability to respond quickly and reduce loss of life and property.Meanwhile, community knowledge and awareness are fundamental to landslide disaster mitigation.Educating the public about the causes, warning signs, and risks associated with landslides can empower individuals to make informed decisions and take appropriate actions.Public awareness campaigns, workshops, and training programmes can help disseminate important information about early warning systems, evacuation procedures, and safe practises for construction and land use.In addition, cultivating a culture of preparedness through community involvement strengthens social cohesion and encourages shared responsibility for mitigating landslide risks.
Involving the community in landslide disaster mitigation efforts is the key to growing resilience.Encourage community participation in risk assessment, land use planning, and decision-making processes, ensuring that local knowledge and concerns are taken into account.Involving community leaders, volunteers, and organisations in preparedness initiatives fosters a sense of ownership and builds trust between communities and authorities.Empowering communities with the necessary tools, knowledge, and resources enables them to actively contribute to reducing the risk of landslides.

Methods
This research will be carried out in Dieng Kulon Village, Batur District, Banjarnegara Regency, Central Java Province.Postal Code 53456: The method used in this study is a descriptive research method, and the approach used is a qualitative approach.In simple terms, the descriptive research method aims to describe a phenomenon, condition, symptom, or event that exists in society.Through this approach, researchers collect data through documentation, behavioural observation, and interviews with informants.Key informants are representatives of the Dieng Kulon Village community as the key informant and the Head of Welfare as the representative of the Dieng Kulon Village Apparatus as the key informant.And the people of Dieng as key informants.Data analysis was carried out using three activities: data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions or verification [13].

Location of Research Place
Dieng Kulon Village is one of the villages that is administratively part of the Batur District in Banjarnegara Regency, Central Java.Dieng Kulon Village Dieng Kulon has an area of around 337,846 hectares, with the dominant landscape being hills, which were previously a conservation area but have now turned into potato gardens.There are still around 163,603 ha of agricultural area and 186.9 ha of protected forest area available.Specifically, Dieng Kulon Village is located at an altitude of 2093 metres above sea level.It is about 55 km to the city of Banjarnegara.Dieng Kulon Village has an administrative area consisting of 2 hamlets, 4 RWs, and 12 RTs.Based on its administrative location, Dieng Kulon Village is bordered by several areas, including the following: 1. To the north, it is bordered by Pranten Village and Batang Regency.

Landslide in the Dieng Banjarnegara Region.
Dieng Banjarnegara, a region in Central Java, Indonesia, is known for its stunning natural beauty.However, that beauty also comes with risks, including the danger of landslides that can occur in the area.Several factors contributed to the occurrence of landslides in Dieng Banjarnegara, including: Topography: The Dieng area has a steep topography with steep slopes.This makes the soil more susceptible to landslides when there is heavy rain or earthquake vibrations.Tectonics: Dieng is located in a tectonically active area with volcanic activity and active faults.This tectonic movement can cause land shifts and encourage landslides.Heavy rainfall: The Dieng area often experiences heavy rainfall, especially during the rainy season.Excessive falling water can soak the soil and damage the soil structure, increasing the risk of landslides.Deforestation: Human activities such as uncontrolled logging of forests can reduce the carrying capacity of the soil and cause erosion.Eroded soil becomes more unstable and prone to landslides.Landslides in Banjarnegara rarely occur in residential areas but are common in agricultural areas and on roads that connect the village to the Dieng area.As said by Mr. Rohmat Hidayat regarding his knowledge of landslide disasters.
"A landslide is land that moves down, or if it moves up, it rises.Actually, a landslide is active and inactive soil where there are plants that are burdensome for the soil to unite with its roots.If there is a crack, it is like a strait where water has been entered, be it rainwater or other water.It will then form cracks to the inside where it opens from a few centimetres to another centimetre, slide it down, and little by little, with the signs, the landslide can be read.I think it is.That's all I know."From the last landslide incidents in February 2023 and July 2023, it is true that landslides did not occur in residential areas but occurred around cliffs, which are access for residents' traffic.Cliffs experienced landslides, and landslide material and rocks closed the road's shoulders.Landslides eroded the road, which had a length of about 10 metres and a depth of about 3-4 metres.This condition resulted in long traffic jams until the evening.The landslide occurred after the area was drenched in heavy rain for more than two hours.Landslide material is cleaned using heavy equipment.Spraying was also carried out to clean up the landslide material with a water tank belonging to the fire department (Pranita and Thufail) [14][15].

Knowledge and Preparedness of the Dieng Community for Landslide Disasters
Community knowledge and attitudes are very important in mitigating landslides.The basic understanding of a visitor safety risk reduction plan is about what and who is in the risk area, the existence of local resources, and the potential for disaster mitigation.Through the process of mapping hazards to visitor safety risks, the community can understand basic needs for minimising accidents.For this reason, action plans, especially at the community level, are important in efforts to reduce these risks.
This plan focuses on the emergency preparedness and response phase, which is illustrated through the visitor safety zoning map.Based on the approach that has been taken, the community can independently and consciously determine strategies to increase visitor comfort.This can have a positive influence, especially for tourism-aware groups, to understand the level of danger and local capacity at tourist objects.Understanding will create perceptions, which then become guidelines for reducing the risk of visitor accidents.Knowledge of disasters can influence attitudes in dealing with disasters, in line with Syuaib, who argues that disaster knowledge directly shapes disaster response attitudes that affect disaster preparedness [16], including indicators according to LIPI-UNESCO/ISDR (2006), namely, parameters of knowledge and attitudes (KA), emergency planning (EP) response plan parameters, early warning system (WS) parameters, and resource mobilisation capacity (RMC) parameters as follows [17]: Tabel.Measurement of Knowledge and Attitude (KA) Parameters From the results of interviews, the community already has knowledge about landslide disasters, even though landslides in residential areas in Dieng Kulon village rarely occur.The surrounding community has sufficient knowledge about landslide disasters and is concerned about the potential for landslide disasters.This is because landslides have also hit the village of Dieng Kulon in 2015, 2018, 2022, and finally in 2023, which closed several access roads to the village area, but the disaster was only at the border of the village.The landslide disaster that year also did not cause any loss and was only a small landslide disaster, so it did not disrupt community activities and was considered a normal thing.The community also understands the signs of a landslide disaster in Dieng Kulon village, usually in the form of fissures in the ground and the appearance of water seepage on the cliffs.If left unchecked, the seepage of water from a spring on the cliff will eventually become as large as a river flowing, which will cause the soil to slide.Therefore, it is very important that every agricultural land in the village of Dieng Kulon be planted with perennials such as carica plants.Meanwhile, in terms of the construction of residential buildings, the Dieng Kulon village community does not have special construction; they only build houses with earthquake-resistant foundations and make drains or drainage for water disposal sites.Because the community considers landslides to be almost rare in Dieng Kulon Village, it does not require the construction of special buildings that can withstand landslides.Next are the emergency planning (EP) and emergency response plan parameters.Emergency plans related to evacuation, aid, and rescue so that disaster victims can be minimised.It's a shame that awareness of this only exists among officials and a small portion of the community.According to Affeltranger, the notion of preparedness is defined as activities and steps taken beforehand to ensure an effective response to the impact of a hazard, including issuing timely and effective early warnings and relocating residents and temporary property from a threatened location.Communities are seen as subjects in disaster management because of the resources and potential that exist in them [18].Therefore, in order to further optimise disaster management through disaster risk reduction, the implementation of disaster risk reduction is mostly carried out at local levels, or with the term community-Based Disaster Risk Reduction.
In the parameters of the early warning system (WS), In this parameter, there are two indicators of early warning: the availability of information sources for disaster warning, both traditional and local, and having access to obtain disaster warning information to reduce disaster risk.Of course, effective communication is required so that disaster risk reduction activities can run optimally (Prasanti and Fuady, 2017).To reduce disaster risk, of course, an effective communication strategy is needed so that disaster risk reduction activities can run optimally.Even though the understanding of emergency planning (EP) is still moderate, based on natural warnings and official information about disaster early warning from village officials, the community has been able to make the correct response in accordance with the directions given by the apparatus.In addition to providing socialisation regarding the potential, signs, and mitigation of landslides, village officials also carry out landslide disaster management by providing information to local farmers on how to avoid slopes or cliffs that are prone to landslides.That way, the community can minimise losses or the impact of landslides that occur.
Lastly, there is the resource mobilisation capacity (RMC) parameter.Resource mobilisation is part of mitigation and preparedness activities.This was done before the disaster occurred.As one of the forms of mitigation activities, namely counselling efforts and providing information to reduce the impact of a disaster.Based on the survey results in the field, it is clearn that most people do not have emergency savings in the event of a disaster.Based on the survey results in the field, it is clearn that most people do not have emergency savings in the event of a disaster.According to Erlia et al. this is influenced by education and income, which are still low.In addition to the community, the government is also obliged to provide resource mobilisation facilities, such as special funds, in the event of a disaster [20].As seen from the allocation of funds and savings from the district and village governments to deal with disasters in general, they have been provided, plus assistance from the private sector.According to research on landslide preparedness in Dieng Kulon Village, the facilities for supplying materials are quite ideal in terms of strengthening the community and officials' involvement in presenting an understanding of disaster preparedness, but issues related to understanding need to be improved because the potential impact of this landslide disaster has never caused major damage.The community must thus be helped in order for them to understand how to prepare for a landslip disaster in their area.In addition, there are a number of other disaster dangers in this region in addition to landslides.

Efforts to Reduce Landslide Disaster Risk
The goal of disaster management is to lessen the hazards brought on by disasters that affect a region.All parties, including the community and the government, must take an active role in lowering this danger.The village government, which is the lowest level of government, must be able to coordinate disaster management in their region in order to boost resilience and improve the disaster management process.One of Indonesia's most popular tourist sites is Dieng Tourism Village, which draws both domestic and international visitors in large numbers.
One of the goals of tourist arrivals is to enjoy the unique nature of Dieng Tourism Village and its surroundings.The uniqueness of Dieng's nature is a blessing for the community, but behind the natural beauty of Dieng are many potential threats that can turn into disasters at any time.Based on historical data, the Dieng area has at least three potential natural disasters, namely earthquakes, landslides, and poison gas disasters.The potential for this disaster has been proven to have a detrimental impact on the community, including material losses, disruption of people's daily activities, and even loss of life.Activities to strengthen disaster risk in the Dieng Tourism Area require structured planning so that each implementing element understands their duties and responsibilities.The standard operating procedure document contains steps that can be taken by the community and the government to reduce disaster risk during, during, and after disasters.In addition, the document also contains a flow of coordination between implementers to avoid overlapping decision-making.In developing this Tourism Village, the empowerment model used is enabling, empowering, and protecting.Creating an atmosphere that allows the potential of the community to develop (enabling) is done by developing the potential of the community through providing opportunities for the community to open businesses at tourist sites.Furthermore, strengthening the potential power possessed by the community (empowering) by providing training-training from the service to process fish-makes people who initially have no power become more empowered by activities to create added value to fish.Empowering also means protecting.In this case, the government's role is to protect investors from entering because it is feared that investors will threaten the existence of local people who set up businesses in Dieng Tourism Village.
Participatory mapping activities demonstrate the integration between local communities and science as well as top-down and bottom-up actions for disaster risk management.Participatory mapping plays an important role in the field of disaster management by directly involving the community in efforts to reduce the risk of visitor accidents.Another added value is that participatory mapping is able to combine scientific art with local knowledge of the community and the government.Through this participatory mapping, it can make it easier for scientists and disaster experts to scientifically study and analyse the risk of visitor accidents at the Dieng Plateau tourist attraction.The safety of tourism management will always be related to efforts to minimise risks and accidents.Risk is defined as sources that contain potentially damaging elements for tourists, operators, destinations, and the community.The elements of risk are seen in terms of who or what is affected or suffers losses from each situation that contains a hazard.These elements include people, environment, facilities, infrastructure, public facilities, and the economy.Risk in general is anything that can happen to humans that is not expected to occur.All human activities basically have a risk, even if the activity aims to achieve pleasure.Accidents are defined as unwanted events that can cause injury, death, loss, or damage to property.Accidents can occur due to simultaneous conditions of human factors, environmental factors, and natural factors themselves.

Conclusions
Based on the research results from the assessment of the parameters of knowledge and attitudes, response plans, disaster warnings and resource mobilisation, it can be concluded that the level of community preparedness in the parameters of knowledge and attitudes is mostly quite good with people who already know as a whole about the landslide disaster because in the village of Dieng Kulon , besides that the level of community preparedness in the parameters of emergency response plans and disaster preparedness to predict and prevent landslides, mitigation of the impact of disasters on vulnerable populations, and response to mitigation of landslides in Dieng Kulon Village and also the level of emergency response in the village dieng is good.Knowledge and attitude (KA) parameters, emergency planning (EP) emergency response plan parameters, early warning system (WS) parameters, and resource mobilisation capacity (RMC) parameters in the community have been running, such as awareness and understanding of disasters around the environment, as well as emergency plans related to evacuation, aid, and rescue, so that disaster victims can be minimised as little as possible..

2 .
To the East and south, it is bordered by Dieng Wetan Village and Sikunang Regency.Banjarnegara 3. The west is bounded by the village of Karang Tengah.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Landslide Treats Map of Batur District Source : Primary Data

6 Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The Dieng access route which experienced landslides[14] 1 Parameters and Preparedness of the Dieng Kulon Community