Community-Based land use models for sustainable livelihoods in Merapi Volcano disaster prone areas III in Sleman Regency

Merapi Volcano is one of the active volcanoes in Indonesia. The disaster-prone areas of Merapi Volcano are divided into three levels, namely disaster-prone areas I, II, and III. Level III area being the highest risk area. Disaster-prone area III of Merapi Volcano is a place for people’s daily activities to manage their livelihood assets such as farming and gardening, livestock, sand mining, and tourism. This study aims to analyze land use in disaster-prone areas III of Merapi Volcano, find the relationship between land use and community preparedness, and find a model of sustainable land use in disaster-prone areas based on the community. The research method uses qualitative methods with participatory rural appraisal techniques. The research was conducted in villages located in disaster-prone areas III of Merapi Volcano which are included in the Sleman Regency area. The results of the research are finding the land use models based on spatial and temporal considerations and a community-based land use model at the micro to macro level in disaster-prone areas III. This research can be input for policy makers, institutions working in the field of disaster, further research, and for the wider community in carrying out land use in disaster-prone areas.


Introduction
The Geological Agency, called Balai Penyelidikan dan Pengembangan Teknologi Kebencanaan Geologi (BPPTKG), who tasked with overseeing and researching the activities of Mount Merapi, divides the disaster-prone area of Mount Merapi into three zones: Zone III, Zone II, and Zone I [1].Zone III is located closest to the source of danger and can be affected by major hazards such as pyroclastic flows, lava flows, rockfall (pyroclastic), and heavy ashfall.Zone II is an area that can be exposed to the expansion of pyroclastic flows, lava flows, rock projections (pyroclastic), and falling materials.This area can also be affected by lahars that flow through the river.Meanwhile, Zone I is an area with the potential for the overflow of lahars that flow through riverbeds.In the event of a largescale eruption, this zone can also be affected by the expansion of pyroclastic surges and lava flows through river channels.
After the 2010 eruption of Mount Merapi, the government designated 9 hamlets in 3 sub-districts as directly affected areas buried under eruption materials [2].These nine hamlets are Pelemsari and Pangukrejo in the Umbulharjo sub-district, Kaliadem, Petung, Jambu, and Kopeng in the Kepuharjo sub-district, as well as Kalitengah Lor, Kalitengah Kidul, and Srunen in the Glagaharjo sub-district.The Sleman Regency government also implemented a policy to prohibit these 9 hamlets from being used for habitation and provided relocation land for the affected residents.This policy was made to 1314 (2024) 012048 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012048 2 protect residents from the threat of future eruptions of Mount Merapi.However, not all residents in these 9 sub-districts were willing to be relocated.The residents also rejected the idea of turning the directly affected area into a national park.They wanted to continue managing their land and finding pasture for their livestock in that location.After several years of living in the relocation areas, some residents chose to return to their land in Zone III.Various reasons, such as an increase in the number of family members, a location closer to find animal feed, and proximity to their livelihoods, were cited as reasons for residents to return to their land in Zone III.
In addition to designating the directly affected areas of the 2010 eruption of Mount Merapi [3], the government also designated Zone III in four sub-districts: Turi, Pakem, Cangkringan, and Ngemplak.In these areas, residents have been living and carrying out daily activities while managing the land in the region.They have lived in disaster-prone areas for generations and have a principle of "sadumuk bathuk sanyari bumi," which makes them feel the need to assert their rights to their land.This principle motivates residents in Zone III to manage their land to obtain a sustainable livelihood from the resources produced around Mount Merapi, such as sand that can be mined, fertile and extensive agricultural land, and available pasture for their livestock [4].
The contingency plan for the eruption of Mount Merapi [5] states that when the volcano's activity reaches the alert status, people are not allowed to engage in activities in Zone III, the disaster-prone area, and they must prepare all necessary items for evacuation.However, during the eruption phase of Mount Merapi in 2021, the Level III status lasted for an extended period, from November 5, 2020, and is still ongoing as of 2023.This prolonged alert status has caused anxiety among the local residents because they still remember the 2010 Merapi eruption, but they also need to make a living in the disaster-prone area.Residents of Kalitengah Lor in Glagaharjo and Turgo in Purwobinangun initially evacuated independently to safer locations.However, since there was no eruption during their time in the evacuation centers, they returned to their homes in Zone III.Additionally, tourist sites in Zone III are still operating.
Within the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (SFDRR) 2015-2030, there are four priority areas for disaster risk reduction: understanding disaster risk, strengthening risk governance to manage disaster risk, investing in disaster risk reduction activities, and enhancing preparedness for effective response, and building back better in recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction [6].
These four priorities within the SFDRR are relevant to the people living in Zone III of Mount Merapi.It's intriguing to explore and document the community's understanding of disaster risk and how they adapt to building resilience in their daily lives.Moreover, examining the land use governance system practiced by the community in Zone III and the government's land-use policies in the area is essential from the perspective of meeting daily needs and building preparedness for eruptions.The community's self-initiated investments in disaster risk reduction efforts by building infrastructure can also serve as valuable lessons and evaluations for disaster risk reduction governance in disaster-prone areas.Additionally, the priority of building back better is another aspect that can be learned from residents who have chosen to return to live in Zone III of Mount Merapi after the eruption.
The context of land use in the disaster-prone area of Mount Merapi III has not been extensively documented from the perspective of the local community.With this in mind, this research aims to gather information and discover a land use model that is community-based.This study will utilize the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tool to gain a deeper understanding of the efforts, activities, and viewpoints of the local community regarding land use in the disaster-prone area III, particularly in the Sleman Regency region.

Methods
This research will employ a qualitative research method.Qualitative research is an approach that emphasizes the exploration and interpretation of meanings by examining reciprocal relationships and interpreting the statements made by informants in the context of their expressions or feelings [7].Primary data will be collected through open interviews with key informants, open group interviews, and direct field observations.Secondary data will be obtained from documents, literature reviews from various sources, and various other information from books and the internet.
The data collection technique will utilize the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) approach, which places the community as the central figure in the research while not entirely disregarding scientific validity [8].The use of the PRA technique allows the community to analyze their living conditions, share their analytical findings, and plan future activities [9].The PRA techniques to be employed in this research include historical flow, trends and changes, seasonal calendars, daily activities, and livelihood analysis.
The research will be conducted in seven sub-districts in Sleman Regency, which are closest to the peak of Mount Merapi.These sub-districts are Wonokerto and Girikerto in Turi sub-district, Purwobinangun and Hargobinangun in Pakem sub-district, as well as Umbulharjo, Kepuharjo, and Glagaharjo in Cangkringan sub-district.The selection of these seven villages is based on scenario events and assumptions of impacts outlined in the Mount Merapi Contingency Plan for COVID-19 Adaptation, which was developed in 2020 [5].

Results and Discussions
This research has discovered results in the form of patterns of community adaptation in land use, the provision of basic service facilities, efforts in disaster risks reduction, and community resiliencebuilding efforts in the disaster-prone area III of Merapi Volcano.The research also identified a community-based land utilization model based on spatial and temporal contexts conducted at the micro, meso, and macro levels.

Adapting Livelihood Assets of Residents After the Eruption of Mount Merapi
Disasters force communities to adapt their daily activities in managing their livelihood assets [10].The eruptions of Mount Merapi are effusive and change direction in the flow of materials during each eruption period.This changing direction leads to varying impacts on the affected areas in each eruption period.The residents living in the disaster-prone area III of Merapi Volcano have adapted their livelihood assets to cope with the impacts of Mount Merapi eruptions.
The adaptations made by the communities in the disaster-prone area III of Merapi Volcano include changes in residence and land management, shifts in livestock types and patterns, alterations in farming patterns and crops, changes in livelihoods, and disaster risk reduction activities in preparation for Mount Merapi eruptions.Population relocation occurs when the previously affected residences become uninhabitable.The government facilitates this relocation by constructing resettlement housing in lower-risk areas or by implementing transmigration programs.However, some residents choose to relocate independently by acquiring new homes in different areas or by staying with their families.
Population relocation has an impact on land management in the affected areas and within the disaster-prone area III of Merapi Volcano.Residents manage their land in the disaster-prone area III of Merapi Volcano by converting it into tourist destinations or for cultivating animal feed crops.This correlates with the shift in livelihoods from farming and animal husbandry to managing tourist sites.The presence of attractive tourist destinations also presents opportunities for residents to open small shops or coffee stalls in the vicinity.Additionally, some residents have adapted their livelihoods to become sand miners in rivers originating from Mount Merapi, such as the Boyong River and Gendol River.
Adaptations among livestock farmers are evident in the shift from dairy cattle to beef cattle and Etawah goats.Dairy cattle farmers need to milk their cows twice a day, which can be challenging for those with other livelihoods, such as mining or managing tourist sites.Moreover, the cost of cattle feed is often higher than the selling price of milk, leading to financial losses for dairy farmers.This has prompted some farmers to switch to beef cattle to minimize losses and earn additional income from other sectors.Those who choose to raise Etawah goats do so because of the more profitable market for Etawah goat milk compared to regular dairy cattle milk.Furthermore, some residents in the disaster-prone area III of Merapi Volcano also sell Etawah goat seedlings.
The communal farming pattern has developed among relocated residents living in permanent housing.Communal livestock farming groups also exist in several locations within the disaster-prone area III of Merapi Volcano.These livestock groups provide facilities for members, such as veterinary services, cooperative funding for business ventures, a more secure livestock product sales system, and compensation for livestock losses due to diseases or disasters.
Adaptation among livestock groups is also evident in the agricultural sector, where farmer groups play a role in facilitating various training sessions for farmers, disseminating pest prevention information, providing plant seeds, selling agricultural produce, and managing land post-disaster.In the agricultural sector, there is also adaptation by changing the types of crops grown, such as shifting from growing corn and cassava to cultivating chili.Some salak fruit farmers have also transitioned to growing chili.Innovations in agriculture have emerged with the development of fruit orchard programs in several areas.
The recurrent eruptions of Mount Merapi have also prompted adaptation in disaster risk reduction and community preparedness activities.Various entities, including the government, community organizations, and educational institutions, have implemented capacity-building and knowledge enhancement programs.These efforts have increased the understanding of local residents regarding the threats posed by Mount Merapi eruptions.Furthermore, the multiple experiences of eruptions have shaped community preparedness patterns for dealing with Mount Merapi eruptions.

Basic Service Facilities for Communities in the disaster-prone area III of Merapi Volcano
Based on the resilience assessment facilitated by the Disaster Research, Education, and Management Center of UPN "Veteran" Yogyakarta, in collaboration with the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) of the Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) in 2020, the seven villages in the Mount Merapi III Disaster-Prone Area have sufficient basic service facilities available for the community.However, there are still several issues related to basic services in the disaster-prone area III, such as the availability of transportation infrastructure, clean water supply, and electricity supply, as well as street lighting.
The availability of transportation infrastructure, such as adequate roads for evacuation routes and access to agricultural land, has been a concern due to the deteriorated road conditions not being promptly repaired.According to the head of Glagaharjo Village, these roads fall under the jurisdiction of the Department of Public Works and Settlements (Dinas Pekerjaan Umum Perumahan dan Kawasan Pemukiman or PUPKP) for repairs.The lack of clarity regarding road repairs in disasterprone area III led the residents of Glagaharjo to take the initiative to repair the road themselves.
Regarding the availability of clean water, residents in disaster-prone area III have had to ration their water usage for daily activities.A resident from Jambu hamlet in Kepuharjo, who returned to his land that directly affected by the eruption, since 2020, mentioned that to meet his daily water needs, he has to purchase water in a 5000-liter tank, which he conserves for one week's use.This water is also used for watering dairy cows and bathing them daily before milking.He chose to return to his land in the directly affected area because it's closer to a source of animal feed.
Other basic service facilities such as education, healthcare, clean water availability, and population administration services are not readily available in disaster-prone area III.This forces residents to travel a certain distance to access these services.Access to basic services requires adequate infrastructure support such as roads and transportation facilities.
Basic service facilities, including electricity supply, are also areas that still require solutions for stakeholders in Sleman Regency.Some hamlets in Glagaharjo and Kepuharjo rely on electricity from Klaten Regency in Central Java.Additionally, residents feel the need to improve street lighting in some village road sections.

Disaster Risk Reduction and Community Resilience
The disaster-prone area III is the most at-risk zone for the primary hazard of Mount Merapi eruptions.The level of risk is directly proportional to the elevation of the volcano's status.The higher the volcanic status, the greater the risk faced.Residents who choose to live in disaster-prone area III have a higher risk compared to those living in disaster-prone area II.
Based on the risk level measurement table for volcanic disaster-prone areas, at level I (normal), the risk level in disaster-prone area III is low.When the status rises to level II (caution), the risk level also increases to high.At level III (alert), the risk level becomes very high, and at level IV (warning), the risk level becomes extreme, necessitating evacuation from the area.and Volcanic Status (y) [11] The measurement of risk levels in disaster-prone areas becomes a crucial consideration in the policymaking by local governments.These policies represent the government's duty to protect its citizens.In regulations concerning spatial planning in disaster-prone areas, the Sleman Regency Government has prohibited the construction of residential buildings, the addition of infrastructure, and the expansion of settlements in disaster-prone area III [12].Residential buildings include houses, public facilities, social facilities, fisheries, and livestock.Furthermore, Sleman Regent Regulation Number 20 of 2011 regarding the Mount Merapi Volcanic Disaster-Prone Area stipulates that when Mount Merapi's status is normal or cautionary, community activities can take place in disaster-prone area III.However, during level III, no activities are allowed in this area.This is also mentioned in the Mount Merapi Eruption Contingency Plan for 2020, which recommends that residents living in disaster-prone area III should not engage in activities and should prepare for evacuation [5].
Since November 5, 2020, the status of Mount Merapi has been raised to level III (alert) by BPPTKG following a significant increase in volcanic activity.This prompted residents in disasterprone area III to start preparing for evacuation.Residents of Kalitengah Lor hamlet in Glagaharjo evacuated to the community shelter in the village hall, and residents of Turgo hamlet in Purwobinangun also sought refuge at the Sanjaya Tritis Elementary School.Livestock was also relocated to prevent losses of this vital livelihood asset due to the eruption.Residents' decision to evacuate was taken to reduce the level of risk.However, after several months of evacuation, some residents chose to return to their homes in disaster-prone area III even though Mount Merapi's status remained at level III.
The prolonged alert status made it difficult for residents to follow the recommended activities based on existing regulations.Residents needed to sustain their daily livelihoods, and while assessing the volcano's eruption risk based on its activity level, the risk remained very high.Meeting daily needs became a higher priority than the threat of a disaster that occurred only every few years.
Choosing to reside in a high-risk area prompted residents to enhance their resilience.The resilience of residents in disaster-prone areas is crucial.It helps them understand the existing risks and be prepared to face threats.In accordance with the Sendai Framework, residents who choose to live in disaster-prone area III have an understanding of the disaster risk.They live comfortably with the threat, carrying out daily activities when Mount Merapi's activity levels are at I, II, and III.However, at level III, residents must heighten their preparedness and be ready to evacuate at any time in case of emergencies.
Efforts to build resilience and reduce disaster risk have been undertaken by residents in disasterprone area III.This is evident in the existence of disaster management plans in each village within disaster-prone area III.Moreover, awareness campaigns, training sessions, and disaster simulations are routinely conducted for the residents in disaster-prone area III, including those involved in tourism in this area.Another effort to prevent disaster risk involves cooperation with various parties, both in terms of livelihood asset improvement and disaster mitigation.Cooperation is also established among villages in different regencies but within the same disaster-prone area III of Mount Merapi.This intervillage collaboration includes sharing experiences, agricultural knowledge, information, and implementing sister village programs.
Disaster risk reduction related to land and livelihood assets includes maintaining orderly land administration records, particularly in cases of land leasing and buying.This is essential so that when disasters occur and damage land boundaries, they can be restored based on existing administration records, avoiding disputes among landowners [13].
In the Mount Merapi III Disaster-Prone Area, residents have conducted land registration.Land ownership status has been documented, and residents can reapply for lost land ownership documents after eruptions.Residents of Glagaharjo Village mentioned that they could manage the administration and reissue land documents that were lost by paying a fee of five million Indonesian Rupiah.This aligns with the Pinheiro Principles, which state that everyone is protected from arbitrary displacement and has the right to choose voluntarily to return to or leave their disaster-affected residence [14].Based on interviews and discussions with several residents, land affected by eruptions can be reclaimed as a livelihood asset for the residents.Some residents can even sell their land to investors for use as tourist destinations.This demonstrates that residents' rights to regain their land affected by eruptions can be fulfilled.The affected land slowly recovers and can be used again by the community.
Disaster risk reduction also involves orderly administration and licensing of land use, especially for tourism and hospitality operators in disaster-prone area III.This is done to ensure that tourism operators are registered and can receive disaster eruption mitigation training and awareness.
Efforts to reduce disaster risk also include improving infrastructure such as evacuation routes.Infrastructure development in disaster-prone area III is one of the challenges in providing basic services due to conflicts with regulations and policies in place in this disaster-prone area.However, the presence of residents in the area should also be a consideration for policymakers, as residents have the right to access basic services.Improving evacuation routes can also enhance the preparedness of residents in disaster-prone area III because, in emergencies, residents can quickly evacuate to safety.Improving evacuation routes should be accompanied by disaster mitigation knowledge dissemination to ensure that the community is well-prepared.
The efforts to enhance preparedness are also undertaken by developing community-based information and early warning systems.This system is established through the dissemination of information via community WhatsApp groups, neighborhood watch activities, and the installation of loudspeakers that emit seismograph sounds, serving as one of the signs for residents to monitor Mount Merapi's activities at all times.The warning system is built within the community, enabling residents to receive information more quickly through monitoring devices, WhatsApp groups, and improve their preparedness.Livestock, tourist assets, and other crucial assets still located in disaster-prone area III can be prepared for evacuation when receiving accurate information about Mount Merapi's activity.
Community preparedness is demonstrated by residents knowing and understanding evacuation routes and the actions to take when receiving emergency information about Mount Merapi's condition.This knowledge has been instilled from children to the elderly through awareness campaigns and training sessions.Hence, when children are at school, they already understand the destination and actions to take while waiting for their families to reach the evacuation site.This was shared by representatives from the children's forum in Turgo Purwobinangun and Glagaharjo Village.They mentioned that in case of emergencies at school, teachers and the school administration have an evacuation plan in place, and students do not need to return home first because their families are already aware of the school's evacuation plan.
Preparedness developed by cattle and goat farmers who chose to return to their land in disasterprone area III is done by creating livestock evacuation plans and maintaining good relationships with communal livestock managers and hamlet leaders in permanent settlement areas.In case of emergencies, they can evacuate their livestock to communal livestock pens located in disaster-prone area II.Farmers in disaster-prone area III also cooperate with cooperatives and livestock groups for the sale of livestock products, especially milk, and to obtain additional feed supplies for their animals.Additionally, by joining livestock groups, farmers also receive livestock health checkup facilities provided by the group and cooperative.
In contrast to cattle and goat farmers, chicken and quail farmers in disaster-prone area III admit they don't yet have a way to save their livestock.However, they have built resilience by forming partnerships with buyers of their livestock who also serve as feed suppliers.These partnerships involve agreements to continue purchasing and supplying animal feed to the livestock farms in disaster-prone area III as long as the farmers provide information about an emergency situation.This arrangement is in place so that when Mount Merapi's status reaches level III (alert), these partners are still willing to buy and provide feed for the chicken or quail farmers, thereby minimizing losses due to the inability to evacuate their livestock.
In the tourism sector, one of the emergency preparedness measures taken by tourism operators is creating evacuation plans for their families and the tourists they serve.The operators of tourism jeeps in Hargobinangun Village mentioned that besides generating income, their jeeps also serve as a means of evacuation when they receive information about an emergency situation.These jeeps are used to transport their families living in disaster-prone area III to evacuation sites.This plan is put into action when emergency condition information is communicated with sufficient time to close the tourism locations, eliminating the need to evacuate tourists.This aligns with the action recommendations in the 2020 contingency plan, which state that when Mount Merapi's status is at level III, activities in disaster-prone area III are not permitted to operate, and residents should prepare to evacuate.
However, during the prolonged alert status, the situation becomes less clear because tourism sites in disaster-prone area III remain open, and many tourists continue to visit.The tourism jeep association in Hargobinangun Village has established standard operating procedures (SOP) for emergency situations when tourism is still operational.The SOP implemented by this association includes requirements such as jeep drivers must identify high-risk jeep destinations, such as the Mbah Maridjan museum, Bunker Kaliadem, and the Gendol cliff photo spot.Additionally, at each tourist destination, jeeps must always face the exit road, visiting hours are restricted, tourists must be guided, and when an emergency situation occurs, they must immediately move away from the location together with the tourists they are transporting.To move away, jeeps must not speed, avoid rivers, and follow designated evacuation routes.
For tourism jeep operators who have families in disaster-prone area III, it's essential to instill preparedness in their families as well.When the jeep driver is transporting tourists, and an emergency situation arises, the family should already be prepared to follow the instructions of the local community or village emergency response team, eliminating the need for them to wait for each other.Preparedness for tourists is also outlined in the contingency plans for Mount Merapi eruption in Hargobinangun and Glagaharjo Villages.These contingency plans assume that there is enough time to inform tourism operators and tourists about the emergency condition so that tourists can independently evacuate using their own vehicles.
Preparedness for those engaged in sand mining along the rivers originating from Mount Merapi is also carried out by assigning several individuals as weather information monitors at the mountain's peak and as providers of information for miners in case heavy rainfall occurs at the summit, which could potentially cause river flooding.However, in some instances, sand miners in these riverbeds were late in rescuing their mining assets, such as backhoes and sand-carrying trucks.On February 3, 2022, 24 trucks were trapped in the Boyong River due to delays in evacuation during a flood [15].The delay in evacuation occurred because of a long queue of trucks trying to exit the river, while the flood arrived at the mining location faster.However, the evacuation of drivers and miners was successfully carried out before the trucks became trapped in the flood, preventing any loss of life [16].Similar incidents of sand mining trucks being late in evacuating also occurred in the Gendol River.Despite receiving warnings to leave the river immediately, one truck from outside the area remained in the riverbed and was subsequently trapped by the flood [17].
During Mount Merapi's level III status, sand mining originating from the volcano was temporarily prohibited.However, the daily needs of the local population and the volcano's stable activity, characterized by minor eruptions, led people to believe it was safe to continue sand mining in the rivers originating from Mount Merapi.According to manual sand miners, the pyroclastic flow from Mount Merapi on March 9, 2022, which carried eruption materials and reached approximately 5 km from the peak in the direction of the Gendol River, had already been mined within a few days.This illustrates that a portion of the population relies on sand mining as a livelihood, emphasizing the need to enhance preparedness efforts for those engaging in activities in the riverbeds originating from Mount Merapi.

Community-Based Land Use Model for Sustainable Livelihood in Disaster-Prone Area III of Merapi Volcano
People who make a living from the land in disaster-prone area III have adapted to the risk of volcanic eruptions from Mount Merapi.The community have local wisdom that demonstrates the community's closeness to Mount Merapi by referring to it as "Mbah" (grandparent).They belief that Mount Merapi provide of livelihood for them.However, when "Mbah" (referring to the volcano) is having a "gawe" (celebration or event), the residents must temporarily relocate to a safer place and return after the event concludes.This belief aligns with the principle of "sadumuk bathuk sanyari bumi," which reinforces their sense of preserving their land rights.
The community believes that when Mount Merapi erupts, it signifies a bestowal of fertility to the land for farmers and livestock keepers.It also offers additional resources for sand and stone miners.The captivating spectacle of effusive lava flows during eruptions serves as an attraction that brings prosperity to café owners and tourism operators.Furthermore, the post-eruption conditions gradually transform into educational tourism opportunities for tourists, researchers, and the general public.

Land Use Planning Based On Spatial and Temporal Considerations.
The people living in disaster-prone area III have planned for dealing with recurring eruptions.Their planning takes into account both spatial and temporal considerations.Spatial context means that the community understands that they reside in a disaster-prone area with high risks.Temporal context is understood in terms of the activity level of Mount Merapi, which can be categorized as level I, II, III, or IV.The planning follows recommendations that have been made.However, during prolonged alert status, these recommendations are adjusted to meet the daily needs of the community.
The daily needs of the residents on the slopes of Mount Merapi, who have traditionally relied on the existing natural resources, allow them to live comfortably and utilize their land in disaster-prone area III.Meeting these daily needs in a disaster-prone area at level III of volcanic activity does not mean that the community is resisting government policies; rather, they need to manage their livelihoods in that region.Community-based land utilization in disaster-prone area III is done in accordance with the level of Mount Merapi's activity.During levels I to III, land in disaster-prone area III can be used for agriculture, livestock, tourism, mining, and trade, while paying attention to information and advisories related to Mount Merapi's activities.At levels III to IV, the community evacuates to lower-risk locations.Livelihood assets that can be moved are shifted to areas with lower risk, such as relocating cattle and goats to evacuation sites.

3.4.2.
Land Use in Disaster-Prone Area III at The Micro, Meso, and Macro Levels.Land use in disaster-prone area III is closely linked to efforts to reduce disaster risks and enhance community preparedness.This involves actions at both the micro and macro levels.At the micro level, families play a crucial role.From children to the elderly, family members are educated about hazard risks and how to protect themselves when they are outside their homes, whether at school, fields, rivers, or other activity areas.Family preparedness also includes understanding the characteristics of volcanic eruption threats, recognizing warning signs, being aware of early warning systems within the community, and effectively communicating this information to other family members.
At the meso level, the community collaborates in land utilization.Residents come together in groups and create various programs to secure financial support for business ventures, cooperatives, knowledge enhancement, and capacity building.Support services such as animal and plant healthcare (veterinary care, pest consultations) are also provided, making it easier to establish partnerships for land produce sales and the procurement of land management necessities (fertilizers, superior seeds, animal feed).These community groups also facilitate training and awareness campaigns to improve livelihoods and reduce risks during disasters.In emergencies, they provide support for emergency conditions, such as providing shelter for livestock, meeting needs during evacuation, and land recovery after disasters.These groups are also instrumental in coordinating self-help infrastructure development.
At the macro level, the government can provide various forms of support for disaster risk reduction and improving community livelihoods.The government can formulate policies that accommodate residents who choose to utilize their land in disaster-prone area III.However, the local government faces a dilemma in providing basic services to support community activities and preparedness efforts in disaster-prone area III due to development policies in the area.Policies that seem irrelevant in light of Mount Merapi's activities need to be updated with input from various stakeholders.
Government policies related to building evacuation routes for disaster-prone area III residents, ensuring clean water availability, and providing electricity infrastructure need to be reevaluated by local authorities.Land use regulations can be adjusted based on Mount Merapi's activity developments.The volcano's activity can also be periodically assessed to ensure that community activities in disaster-prone area III align with disaster risk reduction policies while meeting their daily needs.Regency that serves sustainability can be achieved by considering the context of space and time.Building resilience in land use within disaster-prone area III of Merapi Volcano is done at micro, meso, and macro levels.The micro level is within families, the meso level within community groups, and the macro level involves government policies.d.Land utilization in the disaster-prone area III of Merapi Volcano is carried out by building resilience among the residents and fostering cooperation with various parties to enhance livelihood

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Risk Level Assessment Based on Disaster-Prone Area (x)and Volcanic Status (y)[11] use in the disaster-prone area III of Merapi Volcano is mainly for farming, livestock raising, tourism, small-scale industries, and sand mining.The local people rely on the resources around Mount Merapi for their livelihoods.b.Land use in the disaster-prone area III of Merapi Volcano is connected to efforts to reduce disaster risks and prepare the community for eruption threats.c.A community-based land use model in the disaster-prone area III of Merapi Volcano in Sleman