A bibliometric analysis of tourism gentrification

The increase in global tourist activities triggers the emergence of physical change phenomena known as tourism gentrification. This phenomenon is famous for its negative impact, especially on low-income people, until this process is considered a cascading hazard from disaster. Unfortunately, researchers find difficulties when trying to start research on this topic due to the absence of an overview of research trends in bibliometric studies. This research uses bibliometric analysis to analyse the effect and significance of the nations, publications, organizations, and authors that have contributed the most to this subject matter. The Scopus database was used to collect bibliographic information on pertinent studies. The selection process resulted in choosing a total of 220 articles that were published between 1990 and 2023. A bibliometric study of these publications was carried out using VOSviewer version 1.6.19 as the primary software application. Regarding tourism gentrification, the most prolific institution was located in Portugal, Universidade de Lisboa, while the most productive journal is Sustainability (Switzerland). The most prosperous nation in terms of production and cooperation was Spain. The effects of tourism gentrification, including over-tourism and touristification, have been the primary focus of research published in recent years. The link between tourism development or planning and the tourism gentrification process needs to be examined.


Introduction
According to recent reports, the tourism industry has been recovering from the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic [1].Foreign visitors increased by over 130 percent from January 2021 to January 2022.The trend is seen throughout several locations, with Europe and America emerging as prominent destinations with the most significant proportions of 199% and 97%, respectively.As the world's thirdlargest export industry, the industrial sector's regrowth significantly impacts various aspects [2].One of the impacts that has been highlighted is the change in spatial and demographic conditions of an area due to tourism activities, known as tourism gentrification.Tourism gentrification refers to changing the character of traditional residential areas due to the arrival of tourists and tourism-related activities.Today tourism activity is believed to have triggered the emergence of this process in many world cities [3].
Gentrification is conceptually considered a cascading hazard from disasters.Gentrification can create massive disruptions to the physical and social terrains of cities that may not protect low-income residents' tenure security, livelihoods, and cultures [4].The presence of this adverse aspect is also evident in the phenomenon of tourism gentrification.Undoubtedly, the procedure, as mentioned above, can foster economic development, enhance the quality of infrastructure, create a sense of local community pride, preserve historical value, and effectively rejuvenate cultural aspects.However, tourism gentrification was found to have created environmental degradation because infrastructure construction and tourist arrivals triggered overconsumption of natural resources and ecosystem degradation [5].The survival of local communities is also threatened when there is an increase in traffic, noise, and water pollution due to tourism activities.The most dangerous impact is the displacement of local communities due to rising property prices they can no longer afford.People who are victims of displacement and do not have a place to live and decent work will be more vulnerable to disasters because there is no access to resources [6].Local people's fear of displacement due to tourism activities has sometimes created tourism phobia [7].
The various problems above make many academics interested in researching the phenomenon of tourism gentrification.However, many researchers find it challenging to understand tourism gentrification research trends.Bibliometric analysis is needed to help researchers map developments and find research gaps [8,9] Bibliometric analysis is a research method that uses statistical and mathematical methods to understand bibliographic data to find the core and trends of research and the relationships between them [10].Collaborative relationships that can be mapped through bibliometric analysis will help researchers find potential cooperation partners [9].In addition, researchers can also use this analysis to evaluate the influence of their publications on other studies or find the most influential publications [11].Generally, bibliometric analysis will use specific software such as VOSViewer to build and visualize bibliometric networks.Not only does it help a researcher to find publications and analyse the citations, but VOSViewer also helps the researcher identify core topics.VOSViewer also become one of the objective and unbiased analysis tools because it is based on simple counting [12].However, researchers find difficulties when trying to start research on this topic due to the absence of an overview of research trends in bibliometric studies.There are several benefits that we can take from this kind studies, such as identifying up and upcoming fields or evaluating scientific production [10] or improving the quality of papers [11].Unfortunately, the similar research we found only explores the gentrification literature in China [13] [14], or mapping research on the theme of green gentrification [15].This study aims to cover the research gap by compiling a bibliometric analysis of English-language publications on tourism gentrification using the Scopus database.

Methods
This study uses a literature study method to understand the academic debate on tourism gentrification.This method can help the researcher identify core topics, collect background information, determine the research gap and the problem, and measure the impact of the study [16].Tourism Gentrification-related publications were extracted from the Scopus database on May 31, 2023.Scopus' database was selected because it comprises a more significant number of publications than the Web of Science [17] and covers a wider variety of topic areas [18].Data was collected using (TITLE-ABS-KEY ("Tourism") AND (TITLE-ABS-KEY ("Gentrification")).Articles with "Tourism" and "Gentrification" in the title, abstract, or keywords were considered for the bibliometric analysis.There were no year restrictions.The reliability of the collected data is improved through manual abstract eligibility screening.The bibliographic data of selected papers was extracted in CSV format and subsequently analyzed using the VOSviewer application.Figure 1 is a summary of the flowchart for the bibliometric analysis of this study.
The collected data was analyzed using VOSviewer software version 1.6.19.A trend analysis of publications by year was undertaken, illustrating the pattern of publications published on Tourism Gentrification.The number of papers and citations were counted to assess the influence and impact of the research conducted.The co-occurrence analysis, co-authorship analysis, and bibliographic coupling analysis were performed using the full counting method and presented as network visualization maps.The terms (countries, authors, and keywords) are represented in a bubble, and the size of the bubble corresponds to the number of documents or occurrences of each term.Lines are used to connect each of the bubbles to the others.The distance between two bubbles represents the degree to which the words are associated regarding co-authorship, co-occurrence, or bibliographic coupling.The category that the words are categorized into may be inferred from the color of the bubble.

The Trend of Publication by Year
For 33 years, from 1990 to 2023, a cumulative count of 220 scholarly works regarding tourism gentrification was documented and published, as seen in Figure 2. In the year 1990, the first publication by City and Society journal shed light on the phenomenon whereby coastal regions were more appealing to retirees and those in search of improved quality of life, thus resulting in the process often referred to as the "gentrification" of commercial fishing [19].The most recent publication, authored by Noblejas et al. in 2023, which appears in the journal Cuadernos Geograficos, presents a comprehensive analysis of the profound gentrification and touristification phenomena occurring in the historic city of Málaga [20].The findings demonstrate a positive correlation between touristification and proximity to the historic center, whereas squares with distinctive architectural features exhibit signs of gentrification.
The temporal trend in academic papers has a discernible upward trajectory but with a relatively modest growth rate.Between 1990 and 2023, the literature concerning Tourism Gentrification has been reported in fewer than seven articles annually.In 2018, there was a notable rise in the number of publications, from seven in the previous year to thirteen.In 2019, the annual growth rate (AGR) had a threefold increase, seen in an overall count of 21.The quantity of publications in the year 2020 has seen an enormous rise and culminated at its zenith, totaling 38 publications.In the following year, there was a decline in the number of publications, with a total of 37 articles, until reaching its highest point again in 2022 (n=38).Up to the end of data gathering in May 2023, eight publications were identified.Based on the available data, it is evident that a significant majority of the articles, which are over 70% (n=155), were published after 2018.Furthermore, most publications were published in Social Sciences, Business, Management and Accounting, Environmental Sciences, Arts and Humanities, Energy, Engineering,

Assessment of Contributing Journals
Table 1 displays the rankings of the ten most prolific journals.A compilation of 220 scholarly articles was disseminated throughout a diverse range of 112 academic journals, with a notable proportion of these publications being released during the preceding five-year period.The chosen articles were primarily published in the top 10 journals, accounting for 43.5% of the total contributions.The journal with the highest productivity level in disseminating research on tourism gentrification is Sustainability, with a quantity (n) of 20.This journal has achieved an average citation rate (AC) of 13.90%.The second and third-ranked journals in the category in terms of publication count are Tourism Geographies and Urban Studies, with 14 and 12 publications, respectively.These journals have AC values of 41.36% and 74.17%, respectively.Despite being ranked third, Urban Studies has the most citations for a single work, with a remarkable count of 890.This dataset has the potential to assist scholars and researchers in identifying the most reputable publication for conducting literature searches and publishing their research within the respective fields.In summary, the journal Sustainability may be considered a prominent choice for disseminating research on tourism gentrification.
Nevertheless, according to recent publications in the top 10 academic journals, research on tourism gentrification has moved forward by covering various emerging concerns.These include an analysis of its connection with social issues, the polarization occurring within gentrified areas, the involvement of governmental entities, and the phenomenon of displacement.The most recent publication in journal "Sustainability", focused on the interrelationships of Touristification (tantamount with tourist gentrification) and conflicts of interest in tourist areas [21].A new publication by Cities attempts to provide a scholarly analysis of the political and economic factors influencing the state's involvement in touristification in Lisbon [22].The findings indicate that the phenomenon of touristification may be attributed to the deliberate involvement of the neoliberal state.The present study indicates that scholarly investigations on tourist gentrification are progressively focused on examining the adverse consequences and underlying factors associated with this phenomenon.The present investigation identified the top ten nations that have made the most significant contributions to research on Tourism Gentrification worldwide (see Table 2).The articles selected for this study consisted of 220 samples originating from 42 different nations.Approximately 35% of scholarly articles were authored by Spain and the United States, suggesting that these nations significantly influence the development of research on tourist gentrification.Spain emerged as the most prolific nation, having produced 43 scholarly publications.It was closely followed by the United States, which contributed 34 papers, and the United Kingdom, which produced 27 papers.Spain emerged as the leading nation in terms of paper count.However, the Netherlands demonstrated a more significant influence on average citations per paper (AC).The Netherlands had an impressive AC value of 48.00, securing its position as the frontrunner.The United States followed closely in second place with an AC value of 39.79, while Portugal earned the third spot with an AC value of 35.85.Simultaneously, an additional seven nations contribute with an alternating current (AC) value of less than 30.Additionally, we examine the collaborative efforts across nations that have engaged in at least one publication together (see Figure 3a).Spain, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Portugal showed a large bubble compared to other nations.The size of the bubbles in the visualization corresponds to the number of publications, while the thickness of the lines connecting different nations denotes the degree of cooperation between them.Based on the graphic, Spain had a robust level of cooperation with Portugal, whereas Portugal indicated an equivalent level of collaboration with the United Kingdom.Spain and the United Kingdom have emerged as the leading nations in cooperation networks, with an enormous number of these networks among ten countries.Germany achieved a praiseworthy third position by establishing collaborative networks in a total of eight nations.The United States and Portugal demonstrated cooperation via a similar alliance, including six nations.
The overlay visualization (Figure 3b) illustrates that Portugal, with an average publication year of 2020, exhibited the most recent studies on tourism gentrification compared to Spain (average publication year 2019), the United Kingdom (average publication year 2018), Canada (average publication year 2016), and the United States (average publication year 2011).The yellow bubbles in the visualization represent this information.The findings are consistent with the item density visualization, which revealed that Spain, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Portugal exhibited high productivity levels regarding publications on this subject.The intensity of the yellow hue in these nations illustrated this condition.

Institution Partnerships
One hundred sixty institutions and 385 different organizations submitted 220 chosen papers.A nation can possess several institutions, each potentially comprising multiple organizations.The top 10 institutions with the highest number of articles and citations were compiled and shown in Table 3.The Universidade de Lisboa, located in Portugal, emerged as the leading institution globally in tourism gentrification research, having produced 12 publications.The five positions are also occupied by an institution from the same nation.Namely, Universidade does Porto, which has a total of six publications.The second, third, and fourth positions were occupied by Spanish institutions, namely Universitat de les Illes Balears (n=9), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (n=8), and Universidad de Sevilla (n=6).The top five most productive institutions are from Portugal and Spain, which have seen significant impacts of tourism gentrification [23].Spain experiences the phenomenon of tourism gentrification due to its prominent status as a highly sought-after worldwide tourism destination, particularly in urban centers like Barcelona and Palma [24].In Portugal, a phenomenon is occurring wherein the arrival of visitors in urban centers such as Lisbon has resulted in the displacement of several indigenous people [22].The other five institutions contributing to the research were the Universiteit van Amsterdam, Universidad de Málaga, Politecnico di Milano, Universidad de Guanajuato, and the University of Westminster.These universities successively produced 4, 4, 4, 3, and 3 papers.Universidade de Lisboa achieved the top ranking in terms of production, as shown by its AC value of 55.The score above suggests that the themes covered in their publications had a more significant impact and were more often cited as references than those of other organizations.For instance, their scholarly article published in 2016 examines the phenomenon of vacation rentals as emerging sites of gentrification in various tourist areas [25].This publication has been referenced by 244 scholarly works in the Scopus database.Based on the analysis of recent publications from the top ten academic institutions, a more significant number of experts seem to use the word "touristification" rather than "tourism gentrification."Touristification and tourism gentrification are interconnected notions that delineate the metamorphosis of urban areas due to the impact exerted by tourist endeavors.Nevertheless, it has been argued by several academics that the phenomenon known as touristification may be both a result and a feature of gentrification [26].The 220 articles contained contributions from 423 writers from various organizations, institutions, and nations.The quantity of scholarly articles authored by an individual indicates the author's involvement and dedication to a particular subject matter while also reflecting the collective contributions of the affiliated institution and nation.Table 4 lists the top tourism gentrification authors from four nations, including Portugal (one author), Spain (seven authors), the United States (one author), and Hungary (one author).Notably, despite the United Kingdom's ranking as the third most prolific nation in terms of paper production, its contributors did not feature among the top ten most productive authors.The current pattern may be attributed to the potential scenario whereby several authors from the United Kingdom, who have contributed to the body of literature on tourism gentrification, may not have entirely and consistently devoted their studies to this topic.The authors that demonstrated the highest productivity were Cocola-Gant, A. from Portugal, with a total of five publications, and González-Pérez, J.M. from Spain, who also published a total of five papers.Authors from Spain named Lopez-Gay, A. and Díaz-Parra, I. occupied the third and fourth places, respectively, with three published publications.With three articles, author Jover, J., from the United States, was in five places.Positions six through nine are taken by authors from Spain, who published two identical papers: Anguelovski, I., Honey-roses, J., Oscilowicz, and Triguero-mas.Csizmady, A. from Hungary, who contributed to two works, was the last author on the top ten list.Despite being the most prolific writer, Cocola-Gant, A.'s AC per article (55.40) is still behind Jover, J., who has the most significant AC value of 58.67.Interestingly, Anguelovski, I., even at position six, becomes the author with the highest H-Index score of 37. A high H-index number can be used as an indicator of the author's productivity in terms of paper production and the significant citation impact of their papers by other scholarly works.

Assessment of Influential Authors
The visualization of co-authorship analysis created by VOSviewer illustrates the collaborative relationships among authors.One paper was the bare minimum for an author.Only 28 of the 423 authors formed the most comprehensive group of related authors in four clusters (Fig. 4a).Based on the visualizations shown in the overlay (Fig. 4b), the majority of authors released their work throughout the period ranging from 2021 to 2023.According to the density visualization shown in Figure 4C, it can be seen that among the many authors examined, Cocola-Gant, A, and Lopez-gay, A, exhibit a notably higher intensity of the yellow hue.This means that they have produced a more significant number of publications than other authors.Lopez-gay, A, with the best link strength of 22, was the most cooperative partner.The link strength measure indicates the number of academic publications that two individuals have collaboratively written.The most recent work authored by Lopez-Gay and Cocola-Gant looks into the examination of how the government participated in the process of transforming Lisbon into a tourism destination [22].The most recent publications authored by the top 10 scholars have shown that much study has been conducted on tourism gentrification to investigate the social impacts of this phenomenon.The data provided in this study revealed a significant research void, considering no previous research has examined the effects of tourism gentrification on the social reproduction activities of the working class.

Keywords Co-occurrence Analysis
The analysis focused on identifying keywords from the chosen publications to discover similar phrases and guide researchers in determining the prevailing topics of interest.The keywords utilized in this visualization (Fig. 5a-c) must occur at least five times.Among the entire array of 724 keywords, only a mere 20 terms meet the predetermined criteria.The twenty chosen keywords were organized into four distinct clusters, resulting in 85 links and a combined link strength 246.The term "gentrification" emerged as the most frequently occurring keyword co-occurrence, shown by the most significant bubble size, a more intense yellow hue in the bubble (Figure 5c), and the highest link value of 18.In the second place, "tourism" is a keyword used in queries during the bibliometric study, as seen in Table 5.The following eight terms are presented in a sequential manner, namely "touristification," "Airbnb," "Tourism Gentrification," "Over tourism," "Urban Tourism," "Housing," and "China."Interestingly, one brand, namely "Airbnb," appears in the top 10 keywords.This result demonstrated that the tourism gentrification process is closely associated with this particular kind of business [27].The illustration also reveals a correlation between tourist gentrification and other phenomena such as "overtourism," "urban tourism," "tourism development," and "urban regeneration."As cities that are strongly associated with the tourism gentrification process, "Lisbon," "Barcelona," and "China" were highlighted.
In visualization (Fig. 5b), all of the author's keywords became popular in 2018.The topics marked by blue bubbles gained popularity in the early stages of around 2015, whereas the topics represented by green bubbles exhibited more prevalence over the period spanning from 2019 to 2020.Topics with yellow bubbles, like "touristification," predominated in 2021.The feasibility of this pattern arises from the observed tendency in a recent scholarly article, wherein the same idea is used to examine the occurrences of tourist gentrification.Future research is necessary to clarify the correlation between touristification and tourism gentrification.The debate about touristification and development that has been going on in the past [25] can continue in future research.

Most Cited Papers
Table 6 shows that the top 10 most-cited publications gained around 94 and 385 citations, averaging 192.6.Only three of the top ten publications had been published before 2010.The work authored by Gotham, K.F., which had the highest number of citations at 385, held the second oldest position inside the top 10 papers.Using the Vieux Carre (French Quarter) in New Orleans as a case study during the last fifty years, the study investigates the process of tourism gentrification [28].The findings suggest that the influx of capital into the real estate sector and the rise in tourism contribute to the increasing significance of consumption of residential areas, thus encouraging gentrification.The most recent publications from the top 10 list were authored by Nieuwland, S., emphasizing the primary issues urban areas have in managing Short Term Rental (STR) platforms and the underlying reasoning behind various regulatory solutions [29].This result demonstrated that most cities have little to no (total) restrictions on STRs.In contrast, property rental regulations may restrict the number of visitors, duration of stay, and frequency of rental occurrences.Additionally, these regulations may mandate specific safety measures and information disclosures or necessitate that the property be occupied as a primary residence.

Conclusions
This study provides valuable information regarding publications in tourism gentrification research, spanning 1990 to 2023.There has been a noticeable increase in academic articles related to the issue, particularly in the year after 2016.The analysis of contemporary patterns in tourism gentrification reveals a scholarly shift towards investigating the adverse effects and underlying factors associated with this phenomenon.Spain and the United States are often regarded as the most productive nations in tourism research.Notably, the journal "Sustainability (Switzerland)" has emerged as a prominent source of scholarly publications about tourism gentrification.The analysis has further shown the area's leading institutions and developing patterns.Touristification has emerged as a concept closely aligned with studies on tourist gentrification in current discourse.Given the current lack of clarity around their respective positions, future research must be undertaken to clarify the relationship between these two concepts adequately.
The field of tourism gentrification study is seeing significant growth because of its emerging connections with other socioeconomic phenomena, including touristification, overtourism, and urban tourism.This process also has a chance to grow because this study finds that it is linked to development programs such as tourism development and urban regeneration.The presence of tourist companies, such as AirBnB, constitutes a further component that needs continued attention in this process.

Figure 3 .
Figure 3. Network visualization (a), overlay visualization (b), and item density visualization (c) of contributing countries

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Network visualization (a), overlay visualization (b), and item density visualization (c) of contributing countries

Table 1 .
Top 10 Journals with the most papers

Table 2 .
Top 10 countries with the most papers.

Table 3 .
Top 10 institutions with the most papers

Table 4 .
Top 10 authors with the most papers

Table 5 .
Top 10 authors' keywords with the most cooccurrences

Table 6 .
Top 10 authors with the most papers Author argue that the readily expressed negative attitudes against tourists and the easily accepted link between tourism and gentrification have to be explained against the backdrop of certain housing-market dynamics.Neo-bohemia supports both residential gentrification and the concentration of entertainment and new media enterprises, creating the context for the redevelopment of former industrial spaces in Chicago.Neo-bohemia complicates contemporary urban theories that stress deconcentration, and theories of urban tourism that overstate the regulated and hermetic nature of consumption spaces.The changing pattern of informal trading can be viewed as an unconventional 'barometer' of the progress of policy-led gentrification, applicable to other cities in the developing world.© 2009 Urban Studies Journal Limited.