The local disaster knowledge of local residents towards semeru eruption period 2021 in KRB III Semeru Volcano

Local disaster knowledge plays an essential role in efforts to reduce disaster risk. Meaningful lessons about post-disaster coping mechanisms cover a lot of traditional experience and knowledge regarding warning signs and evacuation sites. However, the changing nature of the eruption and the enormous impact in 2021 resulted in a heavy loss of life due to a lack of local knowledge and disaster awareness. This study aims to analyze local disaster knowledge on disaster risk reduction in Disaster Prone Area III (KRB III) of Semeru Volcano. This study uses a quantitative and qualitative approach with data collection techniques through surveys, observations, and in-depth interviews. The survey was conducted among 30 residents affected by the eruption of Mount Semeru. Respondents completed a questionnaire about their knowledge and actions taken when Mount Semeru erupted. Furthermore, in-depth interviews were conducted with several key figures in the field, including 1) Oro-Oro Ombo village officials; 2) the Volcano Observation Post at Mount Sawur; 3) the Head of BPBD Field Post, Curah Kobokan; and 4) the Regional Disaster Management Agency in Lumajang Regency. The aspects assessed are aspects of triggers, impacts, and forms of disaster mitigation carried out. The research results show that the public’s limited knowledge regarding the unpredictable characteristics of Mount Semeru’s eruption and which locations are safe to pass through is the cause of the large number of fatalities. The level of local disaster knowledge is directly proportional to the distribution of education and transportation facilities in Candipuro and Pronojiwo sub-districts. Belief in God causes good mental resilience so that people do not continue to be pushed down by circumstances.


Introductions
Local Disaster Knowledge (LDK) is a way to understand culture by understanding the world.This is done by collaborating knowledge, beliefs and practices in using local resources to improve human welfare [1].Several recent studies show that LDK makes a significant contribution to the topics of disaster mitigation, sustainable resource use, and community resilience [2]- [4].The relevance of LDK in improving disaster preparedness has also been identified in several socioecological regions of the world [5], [6].An example is the use of LDK in Ghana to manage disaster risk.This is caused by low literacy rates and remote communities while disasters occur repeatedly.This LDK should be an important inspiration for disaster risk management in the Semeru Volcano disaster-prone area.1314 (2024) 012039 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012039 2 Hot clouds falling from Semeru Volcano in 2021 resulted in many fatalities.This condition is caused by ignorance of the disaster-prone location of Mount Semeru.On the other hand, panic when hot clouds fall is believed to cause panic which results in casualties.Based on the results of semi-structured interviews conducted with local residents, the victims of the eruption who were carried away by the lava flood in Curah Lengkong were residents who came from outside disaster-prone areas.In general, they are drivers who do not know the danger areas during an eruption.The loss of life due to the lava flood was caused by them forcing themselves to pass through the path of the Semeru Volcano lava flow.This route, which was previously considered safe by the community, is an area that must be avoided when an eruption occurs.
The study's results further explained that the missing victims were primarily farmers and miners.Farmers and miners around lava flows and hot clouds when the eruption occurred, were killed.Limited knowledge about pre-eruption natural signs is the cause of casualties along the river flow that originates at Semeru Volcano.On the other hand, the early warning system that has yet to be maximized becomes an obstacle when an eruption comes suddenly.Most residents explained that the threat of danger and the disaster-prone location of Semeru Volcano were not informed in advance for all residents.So that when the eruption in the form of hot clouds falls, residents continue to move as usual.This is because residents who live and move around the disaster-prone area of Semeru Volcano do not have time to save themselves due to the blowing of hot clouds that occur very quickly.
The rapid movement of volcanic surges from the top of Semeru Volcano to its river valleys impacts residents' evacuation process.It is known that evacuating residents during an eruption is an independent evacuation.This evacuation was carried out based on the provision of knowledge and experience of the eruption of Semeru Volcano in the previous period.The following is an illustration of the emergency of Semeru Volcano and the independent evacuation efforts carried out by residents when the eruption occurred: 1.People at home close all doors of the house to prevent the entry of volcanic material into the house.
Then, run to an area that feels safe by covering the whole body with a cloth so as not to be directly exposed to volcanic ash.Some residents had taken ID cards just in case the body could be recognized if it did not survive.2. People around Gladak Perak (average traders) survived by taking refuge in the bathtub below until his life was saved.3.People who were outside ran away from Lengkong Bulk. 4. People who have vehicles help evacuate elderly residents, and saving themselves independently is impossible. 5.The direction of evacuation of residents during an eruption can be illustrated as follows: a. Residents of Curah Kobokan hamlet evacuated themselves into the mosque b.Suberwuluh residents evacuated to the field c.Residents of Umbulan, Gumukmas, Kamar A, and Sumbersari evacuated towards Mount Sriti and Oro-oro Ombo.In the afternoon after the eruption, residents saw whether the house's condition was still habitable and whether valuables could still be saved.The majority of residents took refuge in evacuation sites set by the government.However, some residents temporarily settle in the homes of relatives and relatives far from the danger site.Some communities still live in affected locations if there are livestock that can still be saved.They occupy their homes in the morning until evening and, at night, settle in Huntara located in Sumbermujur Village.Some people of old age do not want to settle in Huntara because the area was once a lava path in 1981.An illustration of the image can be seen in the image that Thouret, 2007 published in Figure 1.
Based on the results of an interview with the head of the BPBD field post of Semeru Volcano in Curah Kobokan, it was explained that the lava dome began to appear large in 2010.Eruption disasters due to lava dome avalanches have been predicted since 2012 and continue to grow.The field post claimed that it did not issue an early warning related to the increase in volcanic status due to the eruption that occurred not because of the blast but because of the avalanche of the lava dome.This is reinforced by the suspicion that the material that came down was not new but old material.This is shown by the visual of the peak of Semeru, which is only slightly gouged out, and the wall is not collapsed.The lava dome collapsed due to heavy rain, volcanic tremors, and gravitational forces that could reach as far as 15 km in a period of 7 minutes.The lava dome avalanche heading southeast enters Besuk Kobokan, Besuk Ngebang, Besuk Kembar, and Besuk Surep.At the same time, those that lead to the South enter Besuk Ngebang, Besuk Kembar, Besuk Sulam, andBesuk Cukit.The tip of the eruptive material reached 16.5 km from the summit of Semeru [8].

Figure 1. Semeru volcano lava flows heuristically
Source: [7] Based on visual observations, Semeru Volcano on December 4 was covered in fog on a scale of 0-II to 0-III so that the crater smoke could not be observed.The atmospheric conditions at the time of the disaster were cloudy to rainy with wind directions to the north, northeast and south.The seismic activity records consist of 66 earthquakes with durations ranging from 50-7740 s. [9], [10] Visual observations obtained from Simbar Semeru were the appearance of red lava which could be observed around 2-3 days earlier.There is increased activity at the Semeru opening in the form of a red flame which is very visible at night.On the evening of December 3, the lava had melted but it was not yet predicted when it would reach the Lengkong basin [11].Changes in morphology caused a change in the path of the lava from initially heading south to southeast.As a result of this morphological change, the detection was not informed, so that settlements at the foot of the mountains in the Southeast did not have sufficient preparation.As a result of these changes, there will be changes to the KRB in 2021.
The eruption of Semeru Volcano in 2021 brought losses in the form of considerable casualties of up to 51 people and 40383 refugees.Many fatalities are caused by their lack of knowledge of disasters and ineffective early warning systems, resulting in many fatalities.Local disaster knowledge plays a vital role in disaster risk reduction efforts.Local disaster knowledge integrated into science can help facilitate community preparedness efforts.At the same time, it supports practical psychological resilience while supporting emotional resilience.Local disaster knowledge can help improve disaster preparedness and reduce losses.LDK is defined as a collection of knowledge built by a group of people through generations who live with nature [13] to be developed into science [14].In volcanic landscapes, LDK are described as knowledge systems about the causes, effects, mitigation, and adaptation of volcanic eruptions that are locally embedded, practice-based, and tangible but also shaped in conversation with external sources of knowledge.Thus, this study aims to analyze local knowledge of disasters to build community resilience in community-based disaster mitigation efforts.

Methods
This study uses primary data in the form of in-depth interviews and questionnaires to obtain information about the characteristics of the local disaster knowledge of the community about the characteristics of Semeru Volcano.In-depth interviews were conducted with four agencies that played a role in managing the Semeru Volcano disaster.Meanwhile, data collection with questionnaires was carried out to 30 respondents.In more detail, the stages of research can be seen in the picture as follows:

Analysis of the danger of eruption to the community in Supiturang Village
The research began with observations about administrative areas and livelihoods in the KRB III area of Semeru Volcano.Generally, people make a living as sand miners and farmers whose land is at the foot of Semeru Volcano.Their work location directly faces the danger of Semeru Volcano's eruption.The mining location is in Curah Lengkong, a lahar route.While farmland is located around the foot of the mountain.Some are also located around the Lengkong River.If a disaster suddenly occurs, and people are at the work site, they may become casualties due to the eruption.

Characteristics of LDK in the Field
The working period of the study was for two months using a mixed method.Namely in-depth interviews with sampling techniques, namely snowball sampling, semi-structured interviews, and observation.The fieldwork was conducted by conducting interviews with 30 respondents: five traders, five odd workers, nine housewives, five farmers, one truck driver, and five sand miners.The interview was conducted on the following focuses: 1. Impact of Semeru Volcano eruption 2. Signs of Semeru Volcano eruption 3. How mitigation efforts are 4. Knowledge related to evacuation routes and evacuation locations 5. Sources of information related to the threat of eruption of Semeru Volcano 6.How is the early warning system when a disaster occurs [15] The interview process is to approach respondents informally until it approaches a saturation point where new, limited perspectives are revealed.Interviews are an effective qualitative method for gathering information about opinions, views, and personal experiences [16].This activity was carried out in the villages of Supiturang and Sumber Wuluh to find out which areas are safe and not to live in by looking at the impact of eruptions in the field.Local mitigation efforts are then discussed and compared with observations on the ground.Especially when and how to self-evacuate around the disaster site.The following is the distribution of respondents at the research location.The in-depth interview stage was conducted with a) BPBD Kabupaten Lumajang, b) PPGA Gunung Sawur, c) Head of Curah Kobokan field, and d) Oro-Oro Ombo village employee.Interviews were conducted to determine the chronology, impact, and mitigation of disasters from different perspectives with the community.

Result And Discussion
Local disaster knowledge of the community is an essential aspect of disaster risk reduction efforts [17]- [19].According to the Likert scale, LDK of the factors causing lava flooding in the Semeru Volcano case is mapped into five levels.Among them are very knowing, knowing, knowing enough, not knowing, and very ignorant.This is based on the suitability of respondents' answers with scientific knowledge and statements from PPGA and related agencies described in the previous sub-chapter.On average, the results of interviews show that odd workers and traders who still needed to finish elementary school needed to have better knowledge about the causes of rain lahars and the types of eruptions that occurred.While housewives, farmers, and miners with a minimum education of junior high school have a relatively good knowledge of it.
Based on experience in previous eruptions, evacuation routes and locations that should be avoided when erupting people are well known.In addition to the last education, there are differences in knowledge between residents who live in the southeast (right side of Curah Lengkong) and southwest (left side of Curah Lengkong).Residents in the southeast need better knowledge, so it is enough.On average, people who live on the southwest side have good to excellent knowledge.This may also be due to school distribution that differs between the southwest and southeast.The distribution of educational institutions in KRB Semeru is depicted on the following map.

Figure 6. Map of Distribution of School Institutions
Based on the map, it can be seen that there are fewer educational institutions on the southeast side than those on the southwest side.This can be used as a temporary conclusion that the quality of education of residents on the southeast side is lower than the quality of education for residents on the southwest side of Semeru Volcano.However, the shortcomings of the results of this study are the need for a more equitable distribution of respondents on the southeast side of Semeru and the absence of data from educational institutions, so the results cannot be categorized as valid.Regarding disaster information, residents fully entrust the Gunung Sawar PPGA.However, the village government has not been able to disseminate early warnings to the community properly.As a result, information is not evenly distributed.So, 70% of respondents are unaware and do not even know the early warning by the village government.

LDK related to eruptions
The majority of people who live in KRB Semeru are devout Muslims.They leave everything to God's will.The majority of the population also does not believe in the existence of sajen and so on.However, some believe that the eruption of Semeru occurred if there was terrible activity at the foot of Semeru Volcano.So they try to maintain their behavior and close themselves to the actions of people from outside who enter the village.Some residents also think that lava flows are driving (invisible creatures), so lahar flows cannot be predicted where they will flow.Of course, disaster activists or academics do not believe some of these beliefs because they are not under science.
Natural signs that can be trusted as a sign of an eruption are the presence of groups of animals that descend and the turbidity of some springs.The decline of animals occurred in the eruption of 1994 when a group of monkeys descended to Gladak Perak.The same event happened in the 2020 and 2021 eruptions, where groups of monkeys from TNBTS descended to find food.The turbid springs before the eruption occurred were Kali Seant, Sumber Umbulan Tempursari, and Ranu Darungan, which had a penetration into the Umbulan River.
The attitude of society when facing disasters is resignation to fate.Some information lost agricultural land, so they had to change professions to become traders or sand miners.However, people believe in God and choose to be patient.In Islamic teachings, patience means being steadfast in the calamities and tests God gives.People are trying to learn lessons from the 2021 Semeru eruption.Such as the opening of alternative roads so that the area is still crowded and used by traders in the region.Based on the information gathered, people surrender to fate rather than choosing to withdraw and try to take lessons from disaster events.This finding aligns with other research that shows how the Islamic concept of accepting destiny allows people in disaster-prone areas to interpret and live with uncertainty caused by natural disasters [20].In Supiturang Village, individuals transfer all responsibilities to God.This provides psychological resilience to return to livelihood activities after the eruption occurs.Events that show how a belief system strengthens resilience to natural disasters by helping to create psychological recovery and social cohesion, overcome anxiety, and act as a force in affected communities.

Refugees from the 2021 Semeru eruption
Based on data [21], the number of displaced people reached 40386 and was scattered in several refugee locations in Candipuro and Pronojiwo Districts.The details of refugees can be seen in the following

Integration of LDK into community-based disaster mitigation
Today's disaster policy requires sharing multiple platforms between locals, experts, and policy actors [22], [23].The use of local wisdom that is carried out side by side with scientific knowledge is increasingly encouraged.However, a framework must be developed to show how to integrate the two to reduce community vulnerability to environmental hazards [22].Literature that emphasizes the importance of incorporating local Disaster knowledge and practices in development and conservation.It is also highlighted on environmental hazards and disasters [24]- [26].Meanwhile, the theory has been recognized in the international community, and its practical application has been applied on a small scale in developing country societies [25], like the residents of Tikopia Island, who used ancient customary practices of traditional housing to survive Typhoon Zoe [27].Other research also states that Papua New Guinea, in developing the national disaster risk reduction and disaster management action framework 2005-2015, shows the integration of traditional knowledge in national disaster management but cannot be achieved 100%.Local wisdom is essential in addressing environmental hazards that impact local communities.Dekens has developed the following frameworks related to data collection and analysis of local Disaster knowledge related to disasters: Participatory techniques in the context of disaster risk reduction are often used in capacity and vulnerability analysis.Where in the process is not looking for solutions but rather identifying which forces must be built.In Semeru's case, LDK was built to build community resilience related to disasters through community-based early warning systems.The majority of people who have concern for housing and residents who live in it result in high participation of related communities to minimize losses and casualties.The frameworks that can be used to build community resilience to community-based disasters are as follows: 1. Community Engagement Community involvement in determining disaster mitigation strategies is crucial because they know more about the characteristics of their homes.Essential questions are what disaster occurred, the main impacts or consequences, and whether there are problems in post-disaster recovery efforts.Furthermore, building trust and rapport with the community is vital before moving on to the following framework.

Identify vulnerability factors
The community's vulnerability level determines the extent of the impact of hazards.Analysis of community conditions and identification of priorities are needed to determine which areas are considered the most vulnerable so that disaster mitigation efforts are carried out more optimally.The contrasting level of LDK shows that most of the population is vigilant about the impact of the eruption of Semeru Volcano.However, many also need to pay more attention to the resulting impact.A sense of community, cultural trust, and new opportunities can increase adaptive capacity to disaster risk.Close coordination between the government and the community is needed to realize appropriate and effective disaster mitigation.This community-based capacity can be a benchmark for disaster-prone countries.However, more efforts are needed to maintain the preparedness and awareness of residents in the Semeru Disaster Prone Area, where eruptions are interspersed with long rest periods [28].

Conclusion
Local Disaster Knowledge in KRB III Gunungapi Semeru is directly proportional to the community's level of education.Areas with access to transportation and sufficient educational institutions affect public knowledge of disaster mitigation.The information gap between PPGA and the village government resulted in 70% of residents needing to learn or be aware of the early warning of the eruption of Semeru Volcano, causing many losses, both property and lives.Coupled with the lack of public knowledge and underestimating the risks, people are desperate to document at an unsafe distance.LDK of community disasters is essential in disaster risk reduction efforts.LDK brings benefits to provide post-disaster psychological resilience.For some, LDK is essential in disseminating information and evacuating when disasters occur.Where LDK gets a picture of where the area with the lowest vulnerability must be prioritized.LDK brings practical concepts to some communities to create a practical disaster mitigation strategy accompanied by coordination and communication with related institutions, namely BPBD and PVMBG.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Distribution Map of Respondents

table : Table 1 .
Refugee Distributions on Semeru Emergency Situation 2021 No

Table 2 .
LDK 3. Identify local community-based strategiesDisaster mitigation is not only the responsibility of BPBD and village governments.Local communities also play a significant role in disaster mitigation efforts at Semeru Disaster Prone Area, where local communities have more local Disaster knowledge and greater sensitivity to protect their areas of residence.Mitigation strategies need to be structured in such a way as to form disaster-resilient communities independently, clearly structured, and effectively.4.Integrated strategy developmentAn integrated strategy is developed by dividing the community into several teams under the auspices of relevant government agencies.In this regard, Semeru's monitoring and mitigation efforts are divided into 2 major groups.Namely the field supervisory group and the visual observation group.Local communities working in field supervisory teams collaborate with BPBD Kab.Lumajang to carry out direct supervision and action in the field.This includes providing residents information as soon as possible to close potentially dangerous transportation access.The visual observation team was carried out under PVMBG in collaboration with residents to monitor the Gunuungapi peak from Simbar Semeru in Oro-oro Ombo Village, Pronojiwo District, Lumajang Regency.