Identifying community liquefaction catastrophe preparedness in North Birobuli subdistrict, Central of Sulawesi

The purpose of this study certain how prepared the residents for liquefaction catastrophes. Utilizing survey techniques, this form of research is quantitative. Analyzing quantitative data is analysis minimum age of 17 years served as the study’s subjects. The outcomes demonstrated that there were differences in the community’s readiness attitudes with regard to two types of statements, which were positive and negative statements separated into five disaster preparedness indicators. The emergency response plan received a value of 68.26% for the knowledge and attitude indicators. A value of 75.14% was obtained for the emergency response plan indicator, a value of 79.86% for the early warning system indicator, a value of 56.32% for the auxiliary resource indicator, and a value of 74.28% for the social capital. According to the Likert scale interval, four out of the five indicators are in the “good” range. This is due to the fact that in the four indicators—knowledge and attitudes, emergency response plans, early warning systems, and social capital—community preparedness attitudes are consistent with the form of statements from the four indicators and are strengthened by the explanations.


Introduction
Central Sulawesi is one of the islands in Indonesia and is a part of the island with a high level of disaster vulnerability.This island is a confluence of three large plates, with very complex and varied geological influences, according to UGM Geologist Prof. Dr. Ir. Subagyo Pramumijoyo Palu and Donggala Cities in Central Sulawesi are in the collision zone of three large plates namely the Eurasian plate, the Indo-Australian plate and the Pacific plate.When the three large plates move and collide with each other, this energy will eventually gather in several places and form tension and fault.If the plate is no longer strong enough to hold its energy, this energy will turn into an earthquake which will cause a tsunami and liquefaction.The geological condition of Palu City has several rocks that form this area in the form of alluvium and coastal sediments consisting of gravel, sand, mud and coral limestone.When viewed from the geological conditions of Palu City, if another major disaster occurs, it has the potential for other disasters such as liquefaction.
The efforts that can be made to reduce the risk of disasters that occur in Palu City, Central Sulawesi by changing the behavior of the community itself and increasing awareness, attention and attitudes towards the environment where they live, changing people's behavior can be achieved by changing the way of thinking and getting used to it from an early age to care about the environment and understand disasters both from natural signs, causes and impacts [1].So it is necessary to provide an understanding related to disaster mitigation to the community to improve the attitude of disaster preparedness.By 1314 (2024) 012034 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012034 2 incorporating disaster preparedness as early as possible in disaster-prone areas and can improve the attitude of preparedness in dealing with disasters, change people's behavior and understand the impact of disasters at any time.
According to statutory regulations No. 24 of 2007 concerning preparedness in dealing with disaster risk states that every human being living in an area with the potential for a disaster has the right to receive a form of disaster knowledge in the form of education, training, counseling, and skills in implementing disaster management, both in situations before a disaster occurs which is still a potential disaster.or when a disaster occurs" seeing the disaster in the city of Palu, earthquakes can cause liquefaction hazards and can damage buildings and infrastructure [2].Liquefaction can be explained as the loss of soil shear strength due to increased pore water pressure caused by cyclic loading, so that the total soil stress is partially replaced by pore water pressure.
Researchers on liquefaction have been studying liquefaction since the 7.3 magnitude earthquake occurred on June 16, 1964.The epicenter was about 56 kilometers from Niigata.The city of Niigata has experienced extensive sandy soil liquefaction, with water seeping into the soil pores and the collapse of buildings in the city.According to centenary data , an earthquake with a magnitude >4.5 on the Richter scale occurred in Palu, and Palu's seismology has a high potential for earthquake damage [2].Seeing the occurrence of an earthquake measuring 7.5 on the Richter scale that hit Palu City, Central Sulawesi. .Previously, in 2012, research was carried out and produced a liquefaction hazard zone map for the Palu area and its surroundings, where the area of South Palu District, especially the North Birobuli subdistrict area, has a very high potential for liquefaction to occur, some of which are areas that are in a high zone affected by liquefaction, therefore it is important to increase preparedness liquefaction disaster in the North Birobuli subdistrict.

Methods
The type of research used in this study is quantitative with survey research methods.Survey research is research conducted on large and small populations, but the data studied is data from samples taken from this population, so that relative events, distribution and relationships between sociological and psychological variables are found [3].The approach used in this study is a spatial approach.The spatial approach is an attempt to examine a series of similarities from differences in geosphere phenomena in space.Spatial analysis is a unique approach in geography, because it is a study of the diversity of the earth's surface by discussing each of its spatial aspects.
This research took place in the northern Birobuli subdistrict, the location is located at 0º55'08" south latitude and 119º54'05" East Longitude South Palu.The research took place in North Birobuli because: 1) North Birobuli sub-district is an area with a very high liquefaction zone.2) Birobuli area is included in a very high liquefaction zone so it is important to know community preparedness from an early age before liquefaction occurs in order to minimize casualties in the future.3) North Birobuli has a dense distribution of buildings filled with housing complexes.The population was determined based on the number of family heads in the subdistrict where the research was conducted, namely the North Birobuli subdistrict with a total of 6,159 household heads.The male population is 9,315 people and the female population is 9,509 with a total population as of 2021 of 18,824 people.
The sample in this study was taken, determined by the slovin formula with an error rate of 10%.Sampling is determined by technique Simple Random Sampling namely the sampling technique from members of the population which is carried out randomly without regard to the strata in that [3].Based on the calculation above, a minimum sample of 98 people is obtained.The data collection technique used in this study is a survey.The survey is a data collection technique that is carried out by making direct observations in the field of the object under study.Data collection uses observation, questionnaires, and documentation studies.This questionnaire will then be distributed and filled in by respondents in the form of the community.The instrument filled in by the respondent is expected to provide information and data regarding the attitude of preparedness of the people of the North Birobuli subdistrict.This data processing technique is carried out through the process of recording field data (raw data), then rewriting it in the form of unification and categorization of data, after which the data is summarized, reduced and adapted to the focus of the research problem [4].In this study, the data analysis used was Likert Scale Analysis, namely analysis using frequency tables and cross tables, then analyzed descriptively based on the description of the situation or data obtained in the field.The results of the analysis were made into five interval classes which are a measure of the level of preparedness of the people of North Birobuli, the forms of preparedness carried out by the community when liquefaction occurs are very good, good, moderate, not good and very bad then conclusions are drawn.
The Likert scale is used to measure attitudes, opinions and perceptions of a person or group of people about social phenomena.In this study the Likert scale was used to measure the preparedness of the people of the North Birobuli sub-district when a liquefaction natural disaster occurred.

Source :[5]
The assessment of the respondents' interpretation of preparedness attitudes is the result generated by using the formula for finding the average as follows: Pre-solution: Before solving it, we also have to know the interval (distance range) and the interpretation of the percent in order to find out the assessment by the method of finding the percent score interval (I) [5] Interval Formula I = 100 / Total score (Likert) The following are the criteria for interpreting the score based on the interval: a. 0% -19.99% = very much (disagree/bad/very less) b. 20% -39.99% = No (agree/not good) c. 40% -59.99% = Fair/Neutral d. 60% -79.99% = (Agree/good/like) e. 80% -100% = Very much (Agree/good/like)

Result
Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the discussion is by looking at the type of research, namely quantitative research, the discussion is in the form of a bar chart of community preparedness attitudes.

Source: researcher Figure 1. Graph of knowledge and attitude intervals
Based on Figure 1, the knowledge and attitude above shows statement 1 with a percentage of 89.38%, statement 2 with a percentage of 91.42%, statement 6 with a percentage of 38.77%, statement 7 with a percentage of 39.79%, statement 14 with a percentage of 85.10%, statement 19 with a percentage of 65.10% determination of the results is calculated based on the formula: Based on the percentage of the average value of 68.26% indicating a preparedness attitude included in the "Good" attitude category this is in accordance with the basic knowledge of the people of North Birobuli which is in line with the attitude of community preparedness as an example in statement number 1 avoid watery areas when liquefaction occurs the majority the people of North Birobuli replied that they agreed with the reason that when the earthquake occurred the ground was shaken, if the land was filled with water then the soil would easily become soft and liquid so that the potential for liquefaction was large.good" based on Likert scale intervals.

Source: researcher
Based on the results of the percentage of the average value of 79.86% indicating the preparedness attitude of the people of the North Birobuli subdistrict on the early warning system indicator included in the "good" category based on the determination of the Likert scale interval, this is in line with the community's attitude from the statement on the early warning system indicator as the example in statement number 12 is to make an evacuation route to a place that has been approved by the authorities to get a good interval on the grounds that this route is the best route that has been previously researched, so it is important to follow the directions that have been approved by the government.Based on the results of the percentage of the average value of 74.28% indicating the attitude of preparedness of the people of the North Birobuli subdistrict on the social capital indicator included in the "good" category based on the determination of the Likert scale interval, this is in line with the community's attitude from the statement on the early warning system indicator as an example in statement number 15 working together to build and help restore post-liquefaction settlements on the grounds that helping restore settlements is something that must be done in order to return to normal life and carry out activities as usual.

Preparedness direction.
Based on the explanation of the five indicators above, the preparedness attitude of the people of North Birobuli is in the good category, so that it can be determined that the attitude of community preparedness is more towards indicators.It can be explained that the preparedness attitude of the people of the Birobuli Utara Sub-District has fully approached a good preparedness attitude and it can also be concluded that the attitude of community preparedness is more directed towards indicators of an early warning system by looking at the diagram above with a score of 79.86%, with a further preparedness attitude leads to an emergency response plan indicator with a score of 75.14%, then preparedness leads to an indicator of social capital with a score of 74.28%.In the explanation above, the attitude of preparedness of the people of North Birobuli leads to 3 attitude indicators with the highest attitude of preparedness being the indicator of the early warning system.
Disaster is a gift and a blessing that must be faced by humans especially living on this earth, especially in disaster-prone areas.The sudden arrival of disaster cannot be avoided but must be faced.Humans need not fear disaster, however Humans must be able to deal with disasters, especially liquefaction disasters which are still very foreign to the public's ears, therefore the importance of including disasters in education is due to the sudden arrival of disasters that destroy an area or area which results in many casualties so that by including disasters in education, it makes and improves awareness of children, youth and adults about disasters that can happen at any time and will impact on the least number of fatalities when a disaster occurs, this is because disasters that are included in education do not only affect one's knowledge but affect one's attitude [6],[7].

Discussion
Knowledge is the main and important factor that is the key to preparedness.Knowledge possessed by individuals or the community can usually influence people's attitudes and public awareness to have a ready and alert nature in anticipating disasters, especially for those who live in disaster-prone areas, such as the North Birobuli subdistrict.Attitude, in general is defined as influence or rejection, judgment, likes or dislikes, or positivity or negativity towards a psychological object and is an important component in the human soul that will influence one's behavior.Attitudes influence all the decisions we make and those we choose.
Based on indicators of preparedness, knowledge and attitudes, there are 6 statements out of 20 questionnaire statements with 4 positive statements and 2 negative statements, item number statements are 1, 2, 6, 7, 14, and 19.

Source: researcher
Positive statement number 1 Avoid watery areas when liquefaction occurs and get very good interval gains with the majority of respondents agreeing with a percentage value of 89.38% according to the narrative of one community member.then the soil easily becomes soft and liquid so that the potential for liquefaction becomes large.Positive statement number 2 running towards a hard layer of soil gets a very good interval with the majority of answers strongly agree with a percentage value of 91.42% according to the narrative of one of the residents the reason why they chose strongly agree is because when an earthquake occurs, the hard ground will experience shocks but not easy to become liquid so that there is very little liquefaction.
Positive statement number 14 stay away from the center of the movable land when liquefaction occurs get a very good interval gain with the majority of people choosing the answer agree with a percentage of 85.10% according to the narrative of one community movable land is a place where liquefaction will occur, as far away from moving land as possible when the earthquake is over.Positive statement number 19 the liquefaction area must build a building with a deep foundation so that it touches hard soil layers to get good interval gains with the majority of people choosing the answer that disagrees with a percentage of 65.10% according to the narrative of one community that a solid foundation is not necessarily able to withstand liquefaction but can reduce the physical impact and casualties from liquefaction events.
Negative statement number 6 is the first thing to do when liquefaction occurs running away from the ground moving while shouting warning others getting bad interval gains with the majority of people choosing the answer strongly agree with a percentage of 38.77% according to the narrative of one of the people the reason why they chose strongly agree is other than saving human beings must also help each other and warn each other in trouble.Negative statement number 7 holding hands with family and walking together when a liquefaction occurs gets bad interval gains with the majority of people choosing the answer agree with a percentage of 39.79% according to one community member the reason for choosing to agree is because in the event of a liquefaction he doesn't want to lose family members due to the impact of the liquefaction.
An emergency response plan is a plan owned by an individual or community in dealing with an emergency situation in an area due to a natural disaster.Emergency response plans are very important, especially on the first day of a disaster or a period when outside assistance has not yet arrived.Based on preparedness indicators, the emergency response plan has 4 statements out of 20 questionnaire statements and all statements are positive, the statement item numbers are 3, 9, 10, and 16.

Source: researcher
Positive statement number 3 makes tents for temporary shelter after liquefaction obtain good interval gains with the majority of the people choosing the answer agree with a percentage of 72.65% according to the narrative of one community prayer, tents really have to exist as temporary shelters because conditions are still very vulnerable especially when it happened that help had not fully arrived.Positive statement number 9 doing rescue or evacuation for oneself gets a good interval with the majority of people choosing the answer agreeing with a percentage of 64.89% according to the narrative of one community self-evacuation is very important, if everyone thinks like this it will reduce fatalities when liquefaction occurs [8].
Positive statement number 10 remains calm when trapped in liquefaction and immediately takes action to get a very good interval with the majority of people choosing the answer agreeing with a percentage of 80.61% according to the narrative of one community member should indeed remain calm so that panic does not occur, if panic occurs then will have an impact on yourself who don't know what action to take.Positive statement number 16 preparing evacuation equipment after a liquefaction disaster obtained very good intervals with the majority of people choosing the answer agreeing with a percentage IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/0120349 of 82.44% according to the narrative of one community evacuation equipment should be available when the disaster is over because many victims are still alive and can rescued, if you do not have evacuation equipment, of course there will be difficulties in saving victims.
Early Warning System The warning system includes warning signs and distribution of information in the event of an impending disaster.Source: researcher A good system is one in which the community also understands the information that the early warning signs will provide or knows what to do if one day the early warning signs sound/turn on.Based on the preparedness indicators the early warning system has 3 statement items out of 20 questionnaire statements and all statements are positive with statement item numbers namely 12, 17 and 20.Positive statement number 12 makes the evacuation route to a place that has been approved by the authorities get a good interval with the majority of the people choosing the answer strongly agree with a percentage of 71.22% according to the narrative of the people, yes very much agree because this route is the best route that has been researched before, so it is important to follow the directions that have been approved by the government [9].Positive statement number 17 is that there is socialization about liquefaction to the public so that they are always ready to face liquefaction, they get good intervals with the majority of the people choosing the answer to agree with a percentage of 79.59% according to the narrative of one of the people, socialization is very important, and the North Birobuli area has received liquefaction socialization since the occurrence of liquefaction in the Petobo area.Positive statement number 20, the local government appealed to the public not to build buildings in disaster-prone areas, getting a very good interval with the majority of the people choosing the answer agreeing with a percentage of 88.77% according to the narrative of one of the residents, it is true that since the liquefaction occurred in Palu City, the government made a development call so as not to build in fields in areas prone to liquefaction.
This indicator generally looks at the various resources needed by individuals or communities in efforts to recover or survive in a disaster or emergency situation.Supporting resources come from internal and external from the affected area.Resources according to Sutton and Tierney are divided into 3 parts, namely human resources, funding/logistics resources, and technical guidance resources and material provision [10].Based on the indicators of preparedness of supporting resources, it has 3 statements out of 20 questionnaire statements with questionnaire item numbers 4, 5, and 8 with 1 positive statement and 2 negative statements.Source: researcher Positive statement number 4 taking shelter in an area with lots of trees when liquefaction occurs gets bad interval gains with the majority of people choosing the answer disagree with a percentage of 33.26% according to the narrative of one of the people when liquefaction occurs taking shelter under a tree is scary if the tree is swallowed up and falls towards the group people who take shelter will make more victims.Negative statement number 5 saves valuables when liquefaction occurs and gets quite good results with the majority of people choosing the answer disagree with a percentage of 57.95% according to the narrative of one of the residents valuable items can be searched for again but lives can only be owned once so it is important to save lives compared to treasure.Negative statement number 8 immediately saves the vehicle when liquefaction occurs gets a good interval with the majority of people choosing the answer strongly disagree with a percentage of 77.75% according to the narrative of one of the residents if saving the vehicle first then there will be more fatalities, as much as possible think about lives first before the vehicle [11].
Social capital is often interpreted as the ability of individuals or groups to work together with other individuals or groups.Communities or individuals who have better social ties with one another will find it easier to carry out existing preparedness.Good social capital among people in disaster-prone areas will reduce the vulnerability itself.Based on the preparedness indicator, social capital has 4 statements out of 20 questionnaire statements with statement item numbers 11, 13, 15 and 18 with positive statements totaling 2 items and negative statements totaling 2 items.The social capital good inform for residents in adaptive of disaster mitigation based on [12], [13].

Source: researcher
Positive statement number 11 makes public kitchens after liquefaction get very good results with the majority of people choosing the answer strongly agree with a percentage of 84.89% according to one community member.Reflecting on the disaster incident in 2018, many victims of the disaster were hungry, so it is very important to make a kitchen.common after liquefaction.Positive statement number 18 is willing to help fellow victims when a liquefaction disaster occurs, getting very good interval gains with the majority of people choosing the answer agree with a percentage of 80.81% according to the narrative of one community helping is a noble deed, helping others in any case will definitely get response, especially during a disaster situation.Negative statement number 13 rebuilding former settlements that have been hit by liquefaction has obtained good intervals with the majority of people choosing the answer disagree with a percentage of 75.10% according to one community, the area that has been hit by liquefaction is a mass grave and it is scary to build resettlement over graves disaster victims.Negative statement number 15 working together to build and help restore settlements after liquefaction has obtained a fairly good interval with the majority of people choosing the answer agree with a percentage of 56.32% according to one community member helping to restore settlements is something that must be done in order to return to normal life and carry on as usual [14].

Conclusion
Based on the results of the research conducted, it can be concluded that the North Birobuli subdistrict is one of the areas in Palu City which is located in an urban area in the form of lowlands with an altitude of 100 -500 m above sea level and is one of the areas with very high potential.against liquefaction disaster based on disaster vulnerability map in Palu City [15], [16] .
The attitude of community preparedness is almost entirely in good preparedness with details of 4 indicators being in a good attitude, namely indicators of knowledge and attitudes, emergency response plans, early warning systems and indicators of social capital, while 1 indicator is in a sufficient attitude.Based on the results and discussion, it can be concluded that the attitude of preparedness of the North Birobuli community is more towards indicators of the early warning system with a score of 79.86%.The results of this research are expected to provide input as a basis for determining policy direction in anticipating liquefaction such as: 1) providing seminars or outreach related to liquefaction disaster mitigation involving the community directly; 2) providing disaster information to the public in the form of liquefaction hazard maps, signs of areas prone to liquefaction, and making maps of no-inhabited areas; 3) include disaster material in the local content curriculum in every school in the North Birobuli sub-district.For the community things that need to be done: 1) social skills in the form of mutual

Figure 2 .
Graph of emergency response plan intervalsBased on Figure2statement 3 with a presentation of 72.65%, statement 9 with a percentage of 64.89%, statement 10 with a percentage of 80.61% and statement 16 with a percentage of 82.44% determination of results is calculated based on the following formula: results of the percentage of the average value of 75.14% indicating the attitude of preparedness of the people of the North Birobuli subdistrict to the emergency response plan indicator included in the "good" category based on the determination of the Likert scale interval, this is in line with the community's attitude from the statement on the emergency response plan indicator as the example in statement number 3 is making temporary shelter tents after liquefaction occurred on the grounds that the tents really had to be there as temporary shelters because the conditions were still very precarious, especially when the aid had not yet arrived.c.Early warning system Source: researcher Figure 3. Early warning system intervals Based on Figure 3, statement 12 with a percentage of 71.22%, statement 17 with a percentage of 79.59%, statement 20 with a percentage of 88.77%, the determination of the results is calculated based on the following formula

Figure 4
Supporting resource interval graphBased on Figure4statement 4 with a percentage of 33.26%, statement 5 with a percentage of 57.95%, statement 8 with a percentage of 77.75%, the determination of the results is calculated according to the following formularesults of the percentage of the average value of 56.32%, it shows the preparedness attitude of the people of the Birobuli Utara Sub-District in the indicator of supporting resources in the category of "good enough" based on the determination of the Likert scale interval, this is reinforced by the attitude of the community in statements in the indicators of supporting resources For example, in the negative statement number 8, immediately save the vehicle when liquefaction occurs, get a good interval for the community's reasons, that is, when saving the vehicle first, the number of fatalities will increase, it is better to think about life first so as to minimize fatalities.e.Social capitalSource: researcher Figure5graph of social capital intervals Based on Figure5, statement 11 with a percentage of 84.89%, statement 13 with a percentage of 75.10%, statement 15 with a percentage of 56.32%, statement 18 with a percentage of 80.81%, the determination of the results is calculated based on the following formula: