Disaster risk assessment in villages near PT ANTAM UBPB West Kalimantan’s bauxite mining area

PT Antam UBPB West Kalimantan is a firm dedicated to the long-term viability of the local community. This commitment is fulfilled by the preparation of an analysis of disaster risk, vulnerability, and capacity owned by the communities surrounding the company’s operational region in order to lessen the danger of an imminent disaster. Balai Belungai Village is one of these villages, which faces two sorts of threats: floods and droughts. According to an estimate of disaster risk, a flood will have an impact on four sorts of assets: human assets, economic assets, infrastructure assets, and environmental assets. Drought will have an impact on four sorts of assets: human assets, economic assets, environmental assets, and social assets. Drought poses a high level of danger to economic assets, a moderate level of risk to human and environmental assets, and a low level of risk to social assets.


Introduction
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is one of the obligations of firms that conduct business in the field of and/or related to natural resources.The CSR requirements of this company are outlined in Law No. 40 of 2007 on Limited Liability Companies [1].CSR is defined under the statute as the organization's commitment to sustainable economic development in order to improve the quality of life and provide a good environment for the company, the local community, and society as a whole [2].
Corporate social responsibility entails being accountable and committed to long-term development.Sustainable development is a development idea that has become a worldwide accord through the United Nations and is defined as development that meets the requirements of the current generation without risking future generations' ability to satisfy their own needs [3].The concept of sustainable development advanced significantly in 2015, with the acceptance of a universal development agenda documents entitled Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development by 193 heads of state and government at the United Nations Headquarters New York.The document known as Sustainable Development contains an agreement to achieve 17 Goals and 169 Targets that are valid from 2016 to 2030 [4].
Indonesia as one of the countries that signed the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) agreement is committed to implementing this agenda.One of them is by issuing Presidential Regulation No. 59 of 1314 (2024) 012022 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012022 2 2017 concerning the Implementation of SDGs which is a reference for parties involved in development, one of which is business actors or companies.As a result, efforts to accomplish the SDGs' goals and objectives are the duty and commitment of Indonesian businesses.The attainment of SDG goals and objectives significantly encourages the participation of all stakeholders in disaster response actions that are responsible and dedicated.As a result, disaster management activities in Indonesia are also a company's obligation and commitment.The company undertakes a disaster risk analysis, mapping disaster-prone areas in and around the company's operational areas, which is one of the criteria examined in completing the disaster response criterion [5].The criteria for conducting disaster risk assessments and mapping disaster-prone areas are developed to indicate the company's involvement in disaster preventive measures both within and outside of its operational areas [6].
As one of the companies committed to the sustainability of the local community, PT Antam Tbk West Kalimantan Bauxite Mining Business Unit (hence referred to as PT Antam Tbk UBPB Kalbar).Since the COVID-19 epidemic struck the world, including Indonesia, in early February 2020, PT Antam Tbk UBPB West Kalimantan has been one of the companies involved in various emergency response activities.To carry out emergency response actions, PT Antam Tbk UBPB West Kalimantan is the coordinator of BUMN in the West Kalimantan region.PT Antam Tbk UBPB West Kalimantan is also involved in emergency response efforts for various natural disasters, both within and outside the company's operational area, such as extinguishing land fires in Pedalaman Village, rehabilitating houses of tornado victims, emergency response to the Mamuju earthquake, responding to Bogor flash flood emergency in early 2021, emergency response for mount Semeru eruption in 2021 and emergency response for the Cianjur earthquake in 2022.
PT Antam Tbk UBPB Kalbar understands that efforts to address and manage disasters do not stop when a disaster happens.Since it is recognized that a calamity is imminent, disaster management has begun [7].This is necessary in order to implement preventive, mitigation, and preparedness measures to reduce disaster risk [8].PT Antam Tbk UBPB Kalbar conducts a disaster risk analysis, taking into account PT Antam Tbk UBPB Kalbar's commitment to become one of the mining companies that performs environmental management beyond compliance and PT Antam Tbk UBPB Kalbar's commitment to disaster management measures for the surrounding area.
Disaster risk analysis activities in Indonesia already have guidelines, namely Perka BNPB No. 02 of 2012 concerning General Guidelines for Disaster Risk Assessment.However, the area covered in the General Guidelines is the district/regional area, so it is not suitable for disaster risk analysis at the village level.Therefore in this document, the method used in conducting disaster risk analysis is a method adopted from disaster risk analysis at the village level according to Perka BNPB No. 1 of 2012 concerning General Guidelines for Disaster Resilient Villages [9].The threat assessment, vulnerability assessment, and capacity/capability assessment are the same variables that are used in the General Guidelines for Disaster Risk Assessment in the analysis approach for "Desa or Kelurahan Tangguh Bencana".The distinction is that under the General Guidelines for Disaster Risk Assessment, a party outside the village is responsible for conducting the study, whereas in "Desa Tangguh Bencana", study actors are locals who receive assistance from the facilitator.The threat assessment, vulnerability assessment, and capacity/capability assessment variables used in the General Guidelines for "Desa or Kelurahan Tangguh Bencana" analysis approach are the same as those used in the General Guidelines for Disaster Risk Assessment.The distinction is in the assessment players; in the "Desa or Kelurahan Tangguh Bencana", the study actors are villagers who are supported by the facilitator, but the party conducting the study on the General Guidelines for Disaster Risk Assessment is a party outside the village [10].
This activity was carried out with the goal of: identifying disaster threats in the area surrounding the company's operations; identifying and analyzing the types of vulnerabilities and steps that must be taken to reduce potential losses that arise if a disaster cannot be prevented or must occur; and providing shortterm and long-term program recommendations to handle and manage disasters.

Observation
The observations employed in the disaster risk study procedure at PT Antam UBPB West Kalimantan were conducted directly where researchers interacted to perform direct observations with potential threats, community vulnerabilities, and village community capacity.The indicators used in this study use descriptive qualitative research methods referring to disaster risk analysis studies from the National Disaster Management Agency of the Republic of Indonesia.

Deep interview
In this study, interviews were conducted by involving two parties, namely the interviewer and the informant, who used a question guide.The tool includes questions about disaster dangers, the vulnerability of community livelihood assets, and village communities' capabilities.
During the interview stage, the interviewer not only obtains information based on the planned guide questions, but also assesses the scenario and conditions.Its goal is to discover symptoms that are not reported during the interview process.
In-depth interviews were done both before and after the FGD procedure in order to deepen and expand information on the FGD results.

Focus Group Discussion (FGD)
The Disaster Risk Assessment FGD is both a data collecting and data analysis activity.This focus group was conducted with a total of 20 people from each village, representing vulnerable groups, youth organizations, women's groups, professional groups, and community leaders.FGD activities are conducted by a facilitator who guides the conversation to keep it focused and is aided by a note taker, a recorder of the discussion's results, and a camera to chronicle the discussion's progress.
Disaster Risk Assessment the FGD activities were carried out in stages, with each stage focusing on a different discussion issue, such as (1) an introduction to village conditions.( 2 9) Creating disaster-prone village maps.The method for developing it and the assessment process can be explained from the data collection stages.There are 2 types of data, namely secondary and primary.After collecting primary and secondary data, data analysis is carried out.

Data Analysis
Data analysis activities were carried out with the local community during group discussions facilitated by the FGD facilitator.The facilitator assists the community in doing a disaster risk analysis by comparing the information provided by the community with disaster information gathered from secondary sources, observation findings, and in-depth interviews.Following the FGD, data analysis is carried out by reviewing the results of the FGD data, which is then followed by strengthening the information through in-depth interviews with associated parties in the activity target villages.

Seasonal calendar
According to the findings of studies, disasters that have occurred in Balai Belungai Village include rain, dry season, floods, haze, and drought among the events and seasons in Balai Belungai Village [12].According to the FGD results, the following is the seasonal calendar for Balai Belungai Village (Table 1).The community prioritized each sort of threat based on the results of the identification of the many forms of dangers in Balai Belungai Village.Ranking is accomplished by assigning values to the likelihood and impact factors, which are then combined together.According to the ranking findings, the threat of floods and drought has the same score, so it is considered vital to seek attention so that it does not cause losses when it becomes a disaster in Balai Belungai Village.The following are the characteristics of these two sorts of threats (Table 3).Floods occur during the rainy season, which is problematic for rice producers because it coincides with the beginning of the planting season [13].Because of the rain, the community also found it impossible to carry out activities such as burning fields.Meanwhile, dryness occurs during the dry season's climax.Drought is defined as no rain for nearly 30 days with low rain intensity, or around two days in the dry period [14].

Vulnerability mapping
Based on the danger characteristics that have been studied, a research and identification of the types of risk that each livelihood asset of the residents of Balai Belungai Village may face if the threat becomes a disaster is then carried out.In addition to recognizing the types of risk that each livelihood asset may face, the community analyses the vulnerabilities/weaknesses of each asset so that risk assumptions develop.The vulnerability map for each disaster that occurred in Balai Belungai Village is as follows (Table 4).During floods, the main assets that are disrupted are infrastructure and the environment, which has an impact on other things, particularly persons and the economy.The flood's impact, which shut off access to many major routes, impacted the area's food supply [15].It has become typical in recent years for basic staples, particularly rice, to become scarce in a number of regions.Then there's the issue of environmental assets, specifically the appearance of dangers in the shape of drowned rice fields and community fields.Farmers were unable to market their agricultural products due to the closure of main highways such as Balai Rawa, Nek Bindang, and Natai.Floods also mix water sources with the surrounding mud, resulting in a scarcity of pure water [16].Balai Belungai, Natai, Mandai, and Lombak Baru are among the hamlets affected.
The Balai Belungai drought disaster had a significant impact on clean water sources.Due to the existence of water fights among communities for irrigation of agricultural areas and their corresponding home activities, social difficulties are a big concern.The economic impact of the drought calamity was also felt since the rice fields of farmers were dry and cracked [17].The community, particularly the farmers in Balai Belungai, still lacks a unique dam for irrigating their land.
Problems with Social Livelihood Assets (SLA) possessed by Balai Belungai Village are related to flood disasters that occur during the rainy season and drought disasters that occur during the dry season.Because of the low population of human resources, the community in Balai Belungai Village is vulnerable in terms of financial capital.This means that two capital issues must be addressed in order to carry out development planning and to overcome the tragedy in Balai Belungai Village.The disaster problem can be overcome if the capital can be repaired.

Capacity mapping
The Balai Belungai Village community discussion also mapped current capacity in the village to mitigate the risk of flood and drought catastrophes after conducting an analysis of the vulnerabilities of each community's livelihood assets.The assessed capacity includes all available resources in the village that can be used to minimize vulnerability and prevent risks, as well as reduce the level of flood hazards.Policies, activities, information, skills, tools, employees, cash, and other resources are examples of resources.Discussions with the Balai Belungai people resulted in the identification of several existing capacity in their village that could lower threats to human, economic, infrastructure, and environmental assets.The mapping findings are summarized in the table below.

Table 5. Characteristics of Flood and Drought Threats in Balai Belungai Village Types of Threats Flood Drought Human
• There is a Village Fund (ADD) to build a school Collective activity by the community • Tighter parenting, and the availability of entertainment at home, such as TV, cellphones, etc. • The availability of several food ingredients in nature; for example, fish in rivers, vegetables such as bamboo shoots, cassava leaves, and ferns in the forest • Availability of yard space for planting food and kitchen spices • The PKK is actively campaigning for planting in the yard.
• There is a family barn Balai Belungai Village's capacity is based on human resources with environmental awareness and a spirit of mutual collaboration in dealing with flood disasters.The community is then assisted by funds from the village, local businesses, and the community itself in developing village infrastructure by raising roads [18].The community's most recent initiatives, particularly those of PKK women, include a yard planting campaign to improve water absorption as well as an indirect forestry scheme.
During a drought, Balai Belungai Village has the advantage of having a small river that may still be used as a spring for the farming community's rice crops.Farmers' awareness of these limited resources is also appreciated by the community as a significant aspect since it can prevent secondary issues such as resource disputes caused by the struggle for these springs.Furthermore, public health knowledge is a strength because it can decrease diarrheal disorders, which are common when there is a drought [19].

Disaster risk level assessment
The Balai Belungai Village community assesses if the capacity indicated in the village can minimize or even eliminate vulnerability and the threat of flooding when establishing the level of disaster risk addressing the threat of floods and drought.Following a debate, the community agreed on the level of danger that each of their livelihood assets would face in the case of a flood.The danger level is categorized into three categories: low, medium, and high.Table 6 showed the following table summarizes the results of the assessment of the risk form and risk level of each livelihood asset.

Low
In Balai Belungai Village, the risk level for risky assets is essentially constant, with high risk for human, infrastructure, and environmental assets and moderate risk for economic and financial assets.The high risk to assets in Balai Belungai Village is caused by the impact of the disaster, which can directly influence the community's ability to survive, such as environmental assets when floods contaminate the village's springs and cause disease to spread among the population.In addition, because it disrupts people's mobility, it can also have an impact on infrastructure assets because it delays the delivery of essential goods [20].
The amount of risk on risky assets in Balai Belungai Village, however, was more varied during the drought disaster, with one asset having low risk on social and political assets, two having medium risk, namely human and environmental assets, and three having high risk on economic and financial assets.This risk is not usually assumed despite the tendency for drought disasters to have low and moderate risk levels.When disasters strike their communities, the community responds with greater compassion and wisdom [21].

Preparation of Disaster-Prone Map
As with the preparation of disaster-prone maps for other villages, the preparation of disaster-prone maps for Balai Belungai Village took the form of focus group discussions led by Balai Belungai Village community representatives in the Balai Belungai Village office hall.A map from the Balai Belungai Village Government was utilized as input to describe the disaster risk map, namely mapping hazards, forms of risk, and vulnerability.The following are the outcomes of the disaster-prone map preparation for Balai Belungai Village in Figure 1.

Risk reduction recommendations
The community develops activities that will have an influence on lowering disaster risk based on an examination of the sorts of threats, forms of vulnerability, and forms of capability possessed by villages surrounding the company's operational areas.The proposed activities' goals are to prevent and decrease dangers, reduce vulnerability, and develop the capacity of both the community and the village environment.The risk level of assets that will be affected when a disaster happens is used to determine activity priorities, with High risks being prioritized first, followed by medium risks, and ultimately Low risks.
Based on threat identification, there are two categories of risks that must be handled in Balai Belungai Village, namely the threat of floods and the threat of drought.This is due to the fact that these two sorts of threats have the same monetary worth in terms of their likelihood of occurrence and the impact they will have if they become a disaster [22].
3.7.1.Flood.After analyzing the level of disaster risk, it is known that if a flood disaster occurs in Balai Belungai Village, there will be an impact on four types of assets, namely human assets, economic assets, infrastructure assets and environmental assets.The four types of assets, the community agrees that three assets have a high level of risk, namely human assets, infrastructure and environmental assets.Meanwhile, economic assets have a medium risk level.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Disaster Prone Map of the Village of Balai Belungai, showing floods on the left and drought on the right.Source: Documentation of Disaster Risk Analysis for Balai Belungai Village

Table 1 .
Seasonal Calendar Balai Belungai Village Threat mapping was carried out after establishing what catastrophes occurred in the Balai Belungai Village seasonal calendar by ranking disasters in terms of their likelihood of occurring as well as the impacts they created.Table2showed the disaster hazard mapping study in Balai Belungai Village produced the following conclusions based on a risk study conducted in collaboration with the community.

Table 3 .
Characteristics of Flood and Drought Threats Balai Belungai Village

Table 4 .
Forms of Risks and Weaknesses of Livelihood Assets for Flood and Drought Threats in Balai Belungai Village

Table 6 .
Asset Risk Level in the Threat of Floods and Droughts in Balai Belungai Village