Knowledge of disaster safe education at landslide-prone schools in Tawangmangu, Indonesia

Natural disasters are phenomena that cause losses to humans. Therefore, research on disaster education must be intensified in areas where natural disasters frequently occur. Tawangmangu is an area that is prone to landslides. This research aims to analyze landslide vulnerability in Tawangmangu Sub-District, determine the distribution of schools in landslide-prone areas, and the school community’s knowledge of the Disaster Safe Education Unit (SPAB). This research is qualitative research based on literature studies, school locations, landslide disaster vulnerability data as well as policies and history of SPAB implementation in Tawangmangu. Determining the research location based on the level of landslide vulnerability in Tawangmangu which shows that most of the area is in the high vulnerability category. The research results show that the actual condition of schools prone to landslides in Tawangmangu is 54%, but individual knowledge about SPAB is still very low. The SPAB program needs to be implemented in schools prone to landslides in Tawangmangu Sub-District.


Introduction
Indonesia is a disaster-prone region both geologically and hydrometeorological [1], [2].This fact is proven by Indonesia's geological position, which is traversed by the world's four main tectonic plates, which form a distribution of volcanoes, folds and faults, so that the region in Indonesia has a diverse topography [3].Indonesia's geographical location is between the Asian Continent and the Australian Continent and between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.This geographical location causes Indonesia to experience the La Nina phenomenon which influences the high intensity of rainfall [4], [5] [6].The area has topographic characteristics with steep slopes and high rainfall causing the area to be in a zone of high vulnerability to ground movement.These factors will trigger landslides [7], [8].
Karanganyar Regency is one of the areas where landslides frequently occur in Central Java Province.Karanganyar Regency is on the slopes of Mount Lawu with a steep slope and has high rainfall intensity, which triggers the process of moving rock mass which is at risk of landslides [9].Landslides are a disaster that has the highest threat compared to other disasters.There are six sub-districts in Karanganyar Regency that are in the high landslide risk class including, Jatiyoso, Jumantono, Jenawi, Karangpandan, 1314 (2024) 012021 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012021 2 Ngargoyoso, and Tawangmangu Sub-Districts.Tawangmangu Sub-District has 10 villages located in landslide-prone areas with the identification of 7 villages in the moderate landslide risk class and 3 villages in the high risk class [10].
Landslide events are a threat in Tawangmangu Sub-District, especially during the rainy season.The threat of disasters can cause human and economic losses [11].In 2007, a major landslide occurred in Mogol Ledoksari Hamlet, Tawangmangu Sub-District, which resulted in 105 houses being damaged, 34 fatalities, and agricultural land being damaged [12].A landslide in Tawangmangu Sub-District recently occurred in February 2023 which resulted in the Tawangmangu-Sarangan road access being closed.The landslide disaster in Tawangmangu Sub-District has the potential to expose a population of 270,031 people to physical and economic losses in the high category of IDR 707,179,958,449.01rupiah [10].
Landslides in Tawangmangu Sub-District have the potential to threaten school facilities and activities therein.The threat of disasters in schools will disrupt teaching and learning activities so that children's rights to safety and survival to receive quality and sustainable basic education will not be fulfilled [13].has established 3 pillars of the Disaster Safe Education Unit (SPAB), namely: 1) Safe learning facilities; 2) Disaster management in schools; 3) Prevention and reduction of disaster risk [14].The Ministry of Education and Culture emphasizes the first pillar in the Disaster Safe Education Unit (SPAB) program to provide extensive knowledge through teachers and facilitators in the context of reducing disaster risk [15].
Evaluation of the readiness of schools to be safe from landslides in elementary schools in Tawangmangu Sub-District shows that the level of school safety is still in the medium category [16].Disaster-safe school readiness needs to be improved considering that Tawangmangu Sub-District is in an area that is highly prone to landslides.Landslides threaten various levels of schools from kindergarten to high school.Further studies are needed to map all schools located in areas prone to landslides as an effort to minimize losses in line with reducing disaster risk in schools.
Mapping schools in disaster-prone areas is used as a basis for implementing the SPAB program.The implementation of the SPAB program encourages improvements in the quality of facilities and infrastructure so that educational units are safe from disasters [17].The importance of the SPAB program in creating school security and readiness needs to be implemented comprehensively.Based on the crucial need to create safe schools, this research aims to explore disaster-prone schools at all levels and analyze the school community's knowledge of SPAB towards school resilience in the future.

Description of the study area
Tawangmangu Sub-District is one of the sub-districts in Karanganyar Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, which consists of 10 villages, 30 hamlets, 11 hamlets, 101 RW and 347 RT.Tawangmangu Sub-District has an area of 70.03 km 2 with a total population of 47,591 people [18].The administrative location of the eastern part of Karanganyar Regency is directly adjacent to East Java Province.Geographically, Tawangmangu Sub-District is located on the upper slopes of Mount Lawu with an average height of 1000 meters above sea level.This geographical location causes Tawangmangu Sub-District to have varying slope characteristics.Most of the areas in Tawangmangu Sub-District fall into the very steep slope class.

Data collection and data analysis
This research is qualitative research based on field data collection and literature study.Observations and interviews were carried out to compile a landslide disaster vulnerability map in Tawangmangu Sub-District.Disaster vulnerability maps involve public participation because they better understand the condition of the surrounding environment which will be useful for diagnosis and evacuation planning [19].Literature studies were obtained through books, government policy documents, journal articles, news, ministry data reports, institutional websites, and laws and regulations related to disaster risk reduction education in schools.All interview data, observations and literature studies were analyzed to explore the school community's knowledge of SPAB.

Landslide Vulnerability in Tawangmangu Sub-District
Each region has diverse topographic characteristics.Tawangmangu Sub-District generally has a slightly steep to steep topography.This is because Tawangmangu Sub-District is on the upper slopes of Mount Lawu.The topography has a significant influence on the potential for landslides in Tawangmangu Sub-District.The higher the topographic class of an area, the greater the risk of landslides [20].The topographic classification of the Tawangmangu Sub-District area can be seen in Figure 2.

Distribution of schools in areas prone to landslides in Tawangmangu Sub-District
Based on data and maps of school distribution, there are 48 schools in Tawangmangu Sub-District consisting of 14 kindergartens, 28 elementary schools, 5 junior high schools and 1 high school (Figure 4).The school location is near the fault with an average distance of 100-1000m.The characteristics of this location make the school vulnerable to landslides.Natural disasters often cause damage to public services, including schools, thus having a negative impact on teachers, students and school residents [21].The first step in reducing disaster risk in schools is carried out by mapping schools based on classification of landslide disaster vulnerability so that they focus on schools that have high vulnerability.

Figure 5. Distribution of School and Vulnerability Landslide in Tawangmangu Sub-District
Based on the map in Figure 5, it can be seen the distribution of schools in each landslide disaster vulnerability classification in Tawangmangu Sub-District.There are 10 (21%) schools in areas with a high level of vulnerability, 16 (33%) schools in areas with a medium level of vulnerability, and 22 (46%) schools in areas with a low level of vulnerability.In more detail, data on schools in landslide-prone areas based on education unit level can be seen in Table 2 The condition of schools in Tawangmangu Sub-District, most of which are located in areas prone to landslides, is something that needs to be anticipated.When learning activities take place, when teachers and students are at school, they become a group that is vulnerable to landslides [16].Students will become more vulnerable as the frequency and severity of disaster risk increases [22].This can also be seen from historical data regarding disasters that have occurred, children are one of the most vulnerable groups in society and are more vulnerable to becoming victims of natural disasters, especially when they are at school [14].These conditions should be taken into consideration in terms of the importance of implementing disaster education in schools.
The Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) as a pioneer urges all countries for the government to set a disaster resilience education agenda [23].introduces disaster risk reduction through school location security, education implementation, and access to educational content [24], [25].These activities are based on the idea that schools are effective institutions in changing people's thought patterns and behavior by providing education related to disaster mitigation [26].
Disaster education instilled in students from an early age will increase knowledge related to disaster mitigation, perspective on disasters and build a nation that is resilient to disasters [27].Efforts to reduce disaster risk in schools can be carried out by strengthening knowledge, attitudes and actions among all school members [28].A resilient and safe educational environment will make a significant contribution to children's mental wellbeing and provide a foundation for them to become active agents in society [29].

Individual knowledge about SPAB landslides in Tawangmangu Sub-District
SPAB is a program whose aim is to increase understanding of disaster mitigation education in schools.According to the Regulation of the Minister of Education and Culture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 33 of 2019, SPAB is an effort to prevent or manage the impact of disasters in educational units [30].Education is one of the best ways to form a disaster-resilient society [31].This can start from educating the younger generation and extend to their families as a larger community [19].Indonesian society's knowledge of disasters is generally still low because disaster education has not been included in the education curriculum in Indonesia [27], [32].Disaster mitigation knowledge is very necessary to increase individual capacity in dealing with disasters so as to minimize vulnerability.Disaster education programs have become one of the world's main issues.This is reinforced by the inclusion of discussions related to the Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) program on the agenda of UNESCO and UNICEF [23].
Based on the results of interviews with 64 respondents in Tawangmangu Sub-District (29 students, 21 teachers and 14 members of the general public) it was found that 91% of respondents did not know about SPAB and 9% knew about SPAB.Disaster education has been carried out in Tawangmangu Sub-District, but is mostly aimed at the general public.In August 2022, education and disaster mitigation development will be carried out for the Ngledoksari Village community and in June 2023, socialization will be carried out to increase community capacity in Sepanjang Village.In general, the implementation of disaster mitigation education in educational units in Tawangmangu Sub-District is still minimal.This is reinforced by the results of interviews with 30 students in Tawangamangu Sub-District which showed that 80% of students stated that they had never received disaster mitigation training and 20% of students had received disaster mitigation education training.
Students, teachers and school residents who are in areas prone to landslides are vulnerable groups.The SPAB program needs to be implemented, especially in schools located in areas with moderate and high levels of landslide vulnerability.It is hoped that the implementation of SPAB in schools can overcome students' low knowledge so that they become better prepared to face disasters.The role of teachers and education personnel in schools is the most important component in creating safe schools [33], [34].In practice, the government has the authority to regulate the implementation of SPAB in schools [23].The technical implementation of SPAB in schools requires commitment between various stakeholders to create disaster safe schools in Tawangmangu Sub-District.

Conclusions
The research results show that 54% of schools in Tawangmangu Sub-District are in landslide-prone areas.On the other hand, teachers' and students' knowledge about SPAB is still low.Various disaster education policies launched on a regional, national or global scale have made a significant contribution to realizing the goal of reducing disaster risk in the education sector [23], [35].Disaster education has a significant impact in increasing children's awareness in dealing with disasters [34], [36].Disaster education programs have been proven to contribute to reducing disaster risk in the education sector.One of the disaster risk reduction programs in the education sector is the Disaster Safe Education Unit (SPAB) program.Several studies show that SPAB has succeeded in raising students' awareness of selfprotection against disaster exposure.The successful implementation of disaster safe schools in various regions is the basis that SPAB is very important to implement in schools that are prone to landslides.The urgency of implementing the SPAB program in Tawangmangu Sub-District is motivated by the large number of schools located in areas prone to landslides and the low level of individual knowledge of disasters.The SPAB program can be integrated into the educational curriculum, extracurricular activities and local content at schools.One of the main obstacles in implementing SPAB is the need for competent education staff and teachers.Apart from that, funding is needed to carry out activities so there is a need for a policy regarding the operational costs of SPAB activities.In order to create disaster safe schools, clear regulations and the commitment of various elements are needed to implement SPAB in schools in Tawangmangu Sub-District.

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. The Map of Topography in Tawangmangu Sub-District Most of the areas in Tawangmangu Sub-District fall into the moderately steep (15-25%) to steep (25-40%) slope class.Tawangmangu Sub-District has soil types of Brown Andosol, Yellowish Brown

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Distribution of School in Tawangmangu Sub-District Several schools in Tawangmangu Sub-District are located in areas with slightly steep to steep topography.The distribution of the number of schools based on topography includes 2 schools in steep topography, 11 schools in slightly steep topography, 19 schools in flat topography, and 16 schools in sloping topography.The school location is near the fault with an average distance of 100-1000m.The characteristics of this location make the school vulnerable to landslides.Natural disasters often cause damage to public services, including schools, thus having a negative impact on teachers, students and school residents[21].The first step in reducing disaster risk in schools is carried out by mapping schools based on classification of landslide disaster vulnerability so that they focus on schools that have high vulnerability.