Typology of rural transformation in Grogol, Sukoharjo 2009-2022

Peri-urban growth and development in Grogol District can trigger changes in physical, social, and economic characteristics that were previously rural to become more urban. Therefore, this research is aimed at identifying the physical, social, and economic characteristics of the peri-urban urban area of Grogol Sub-District that occur as a result of the growth and development of the core city, namely Surakarta City. This study was also structured to find out how the peri-urban typology formed in the Grogol sub-district, which is directly adjacent to Surakarta City, when viewed based on the characteristics of the peri-urban area according to its physical, social, and economic aspects. The analytical method used in this research is descriptive statistical analysis by combining the results of the scores for each physical, social, and economic aspect variable. The results showed the development of regional typology zones in 2009–2022, namely: Madegondo Village from 2009–2022, Gedangan Village became the primary peri-urban zone starting in 2018, Cemani Village became the primary peri-urban zone in 2022, Pondok, Pandeyan, Telukan, Kadokan, Grogol, Kwarasan, Parangjoro, Manang, Sanggrahan, and Banaran Villages in 2009–2022, Langenharjo Village in 2012 was included in the primary peri-urban zone, changed in 2015 to become a secondary peri-urban zone. So in 2009–2022, in Grogol District, there will be two typologies, namely the primary peri-urban zone and the secondary peri-urban zone.


Introduction
A global phenomena observed in many emerging nations is the transformation of rural areas brought about by developments in the agriculture business.Due to population growth and technological advancements, agricultural employees frequently rely on supplementary off-farm income [1].Urbanization initiatives and structural changes toward the industrial and service sectors are preferred developments in Asia's developing nations.Urbanization, or the spatial alteration that results from people moving from villages to cities, typically occurs concurrently with the structural transformation of a nation.As livelihood options become more diverse and agriculture frequently becomes more specialized and marketed, rural regions have deagrarianized.These changes are closely related to and have an impact on significant changes in the population, culture, and environment [2].The interactions between these processes of structural and spatial development are likewise very diverse [3].Rural transformation development is used to bring about changes in traditional rural industries, ways of working, and consumption structures, as well as to transform isolated urban and rural social structures towards unification and building harmonious social processes.Issues relating to agriculture, villages, and farmers are increasingly coming to the forefront as a result of the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization [4].As the economy shifts from being heavily dependent on agriculture to being

Data Analysis
The peri-urban area typology classification process in this study uses the Peri-Urban Area (WPU) zone type, where the peri-urban area can be categorized into: primary peri-urban zone, secondary peri-urban zone, and rural peri-urban zone.Analysis to identify village transformation based on typology is carried out using scoring analysis for the variables and indicators that have been determined.Scoring is done per village as a data unit using variables and transformation typology criteria.

Typology of village transformation in Grogol District
The peri-urban typology or village transformation was identified from the three aspects; in general, the villages in the peri-urban villages of the study area had almost the same typology.The peri-urban typology of the study area is more urban in nature, with more of two types of peri-urban, namely: secondary peri-urban and primary peri-urban.So that in the 2009-2022 period, more villages in Grogol District will have a type of peri urban, namely secondary urban peri.High levels of population density, changes in land use, and commuting distances brought on by economic, social, cultural, or environmental changes are present in connected suburbs to the city center [17].To promote balanced peri-urban development, collaborative solutions must be created that acknowledge the peri-urban character and strengthen the interactions between regional spatial, social, and economic elements and global processes [18].
Based on three aspects, namely physical, economic, and social, the typology in Grogol District consists of two dominant zones, namely the primary peri-urban zone and the secondary peri-urban zone, while the rural peri-urban zone only appeared once in 2015 in Pandeyan District.Meanwhile, Madegondo Subdistrict from the beginning of 2009 until now is in the primary peri-urban zone.This is because Madegondo is a city service center or urban area as referred to in paragraph (1), letter A, and is located in Block A.25 (Madegondo Village) [19].

Physical Characteristics of the Peri-Urban Grogol District
Peri-urban physics is a transition zone between land in the city, which is urbanized as a whole, and areas dominated by agricultural functions [20] .Peri-urban areas have a range of areas, starting from areas where 100% of urban land is primarily built up to areas characterized by the appearance of 100% rural land use forms.Thus, the main characteristic that can be used as a guideline is the mixing of urban physical appearance on one side with rural physical appearance on the other in this region.Characteristics based on the characteristics of the physical aspect can be seen in Table 2 below.The construction of new facilities in ecologically vulnerable areas can lead to land use conflicts between those who support development and those who support nature [21].In 2009, in Grogol District the highest land use included in the secondary peri-urban zone, namely agricultural land between 25 and 50% of the total land, the highest type of road into the secondary periurban zone, namely roads only passed between arteries or collectors and local roads, the highest ratio of health facilities belongs to the primary peri-urban zone, with a ratio of >1. the highest ratio of primary school facilities belongs to the primary peri-urban zone, with a ratio of >1.The highest ratio of junior secondary school facilities belongs to the secondary peri-urban zone, with a ratio of 0.5-1.The highest ratio of junior high school facilities is included in the secondary peri-urban zone with a ratio of 0.5.The distance from the centre to the city is included in the peri-urban primary and peri-urban secondary zones.In 2012 in Grogol District, the physical characteristics included in the primary peri-urban zone typology were the ratio of health facilities, the ratio of elementary school education facilities, and the distance from the city center.For the typology of the secondary peri-urban zone, the characteristics that are among the highest are land use for agriculture, road type.For the rural peri-urban zonal typology, it is the ratio of school facilities, namely high schools and junior high schools.In 2015 in Grogol District, the physical characteristics included in the typology of the primary periurban zone were agricultural land use, the ratio of health facilities, the ratio of elementary school education facilities, and the distance from the city center.For the typology of the secondary peri-urban zone, the characteristic that is included in the highest is land use for agriculture.For the rural peri-urban zonal typology, it is the ratio of school facilities, namely high schools and junior high schools  In 2018 in Grogol District, the physical characteristics included in the primary peri-urban zone typology were agricultural land use, the ratio of health facilities, the ratio of elementary school education facilities, and the distance from the city center.For the typology of the secondary peri-urban zone, the characteristic that is included in the highest is the type of road.For the rural peri-urban zonal typology, it is the ratio of school facilities, namely high schools and junior high schools.In 2022 in Grogol District, the physical characteristics included in the typology of the primary periurban zone are the use of agricultural land, the ratio of health facilities, the ratio of elementary school education facilities, and the distance from the city center.For the typology of the secondary peri-urban zone, the characteristic that is included in the highest is the type of road.For the rural peri-urban zonal typology, it is the ratio of school facilities, namely high schools and junior high schools The description of the physical characteristics, namely: a. Agricultural Land Area Based on the data, it can be concluded that the area of agricultural land in Grogol District is decreasing from year to year, which is caused by the need for land for other functions.The smaller the area of agricultural land, the more it will affect the typology of the zonation because the primary peri-urban zone, when compared to the rural peri-urban zone, has the smallest area of agricultural land.The inner periphery is characterized by the conversion of agricultural land to non-agricultural cultural land, and the outer periphery is an area or sub-area dominated by rural land use.The other type of spatial area for this region, which was already indicated, is entirely rural with agricultural employment and land use [17].As a result, agricultural functions and urban and rural people' desires for recreation and leisure progressively converged in suburban regions [22].A designated suburban zone's agricultural land is gradually being converted to non-agricultural uses, is vulnerable to increasing fragmentation, and loses its ability to produce food as a result [23].Many aspects of rural and urban sustainability and resilience are influenced by the setting of peri-urban transition and peri-urban agriculture [24].If agricultural activities (including suburban farming) persist during urbanization, then they are a valuable asset for ensuring a balanced area.

b. Road Type
The types of roads in the criteria are divided into arterial, collector, and local roads.In Grogol subdistrict, these three roads exist as the main facilities, but they are still different for each sub-district.On the scoring criteria, the lowest score is for the rural peri-urban zone, which is only passed by local roads.
In the 2009-2022 period, road conditions did not improve due to limited areas (only improvements were made).Villages, which has three types of roads (arterial, collector, and local), namely Parangjoro, Pandeyan, Langenharjo, and Gedangan, Meanwhile, the urban village only has two types of roads, namely Pondok, Telukan, Grogol, Madegondo, Kwarasan, and Manang.Finally, for villages that are only passed by local roads (with the lowest score), namely Kadokan, Sanggrahan, Banaran, and Cemani.

c. Health facility ratio
The ratio of health facilities is obtained from Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 78 of 2007, which explains that the ratio is obtained from the number of health facilities divided by the population and multiplied by 10,000.Based on the data, it can be seen that the ratio of the availability of facilities increases every year and is directly proportional to the increase in population.

d. Educational Means Ratio
The ratio of primary education facilities is obtained from Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 78 of 2007, explaining that the ratio is obtained from the number of primary schools divided by the population aged 7-12 years.
• The ratio of elementary education facilities in Grogol sub-district is comprehensive in every village, so that every year almost all villages have a high ratio of availability of elementary school facilities.• The ratio of junior high school education facilities was obtained from Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 78 of 2007, explaining that the ratio is obtained from the number of junior high schools divided by the population aged 13-15 years.Based on data for the 2009-2022 period, the villages that have high ratios of availability of junior high schools are Parangjoro, Telukan, Sanggrahan, and Gedangan.Meanwhile, other villages areas did not have junior high schools from early 2009 to 2022.• The ratio of high school education facilities is obtained from Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 78 of 2007, explaining that the ratio is obtained from the number of high school schools divided by the population aged 16-18 years.Based on data for the 2009-2022 period, in early 2009 only the Madegondo villages had a ratio of high school education facilities; after that, in 2012, it was followed by Parangjoro and Langenharjo Villages; and finally, in 2022, it was attended by the Cemani villages.
e. Distance to center Accessibility is a criterion in the physical aspect, so how does the distance to the city determine the typology of the area's transformation zone.In Grogol District, the city center is in the Madegondo Villages (this can be seen from the growth of buildings in this villages).So that the distance or accessibility in each villages to the city center is not too far, because the farthest is Pandeyan Village with a distance of 6 km.However, this does not make accessibility less, because the types of roads in this villages have been passed by arterial, collector and local roads.So distance is no longer a big problem.

Social Characteristics of the Peri-Urban Grogol District
Peri-urban development involves rapid social change because in the peri-urban area there are centrifugal forces, namely the forces that attract and encourage residents to move outside the core city.The typology of study areas based on the characteristics of social aspects can be seen in Table 3 below.Most importantly, the population is moving.For Iaquinta and Drescher (2000), demographic components (increasing population size and density) are key to the formation of peri-urban areas [25].In comparison to rural areas, suburban areas typically have a higher population density and produce a higher GDP [26].Based on the typology scoring criteria, high population density will lead to the typology of the primary peri-urban zone, while a lower level, namely the secondary peri-urban zone and the rural periurban zone, In the table regarding population density in Grogol Sub-District, it fluctuates every year; some go up and some go down.The villages with an increase in each period of the year can be seen, namely Gedangan and Kwarasan.This is because the area is an area for residential development in the Grogol District area, and Madegondo Village has become the center of the area, or can be called the centre of the Solo Baru area.

Economic Characteristics of the Peri-Urban Grogol District
The peri-urban economic aspect is generally associated with an oriented economy with non-agrarian economic activities; rural economic activities become urban.A reduction in the number of workers in the primary sector, increased manufacturing, and other non-primary activities contributed to a concentration in economic activity.The typology of the study areas based on the characteristics of the economic aspect can be seen in Table 4 below  Based on the table it can be seen that underprivileged families in the 2009-2018 period have always been in the secondary peri-urban zone, while in 2022 they will only be in the primary peri-urban zone.

Conclusion
The typology of regional transformation in Grogol District is more dominant, namely in the secondary peri-urban zone, namely in Manang, Banaran, Sanggrahan, Grogol, Langenharjo, Pondok, Telukan, Parangjoro, Pandeyan, and Kadokan.For the entire period of 2009-2022, the typology of these areas has not changed.Whereas Madegondo from 2009 was already in the typology of the primary peri-urban zone, Gedangan became the primary peri-urban zone in 2009 but was then replaced with Langenharjo in 2012.Finally, in 2018, Gedangan became the primary peri-urban area again and was added in 2012.2018: Cemani became a primary peri-urban too.These villages have urban and rural characteristics that influence each other.There are several factors that support the idea that the area also has urban characteristics, such as the existence of an urban center located in Madegondo Village, especially Jalan Ir.Soekarno.Apart from that, there are also elite housing estates by the developer PT.Solo Permai, such as Brentwood Residence Housing located in Telukan Village, San Marino Residence Housing located in Langenharjo Village, and Naira Residence 5 Manang in Manang Village, which shows how the physical form shows more urban characteristics.In the economic sector, there are also many restaurants, hotels, wholesale shops, and factories, as can be found in the villages in Grogol District.So this shows that in Grogol District, no one has a typology of rural peri-urban zones (except for Pandeyan Village in 2015) because of the interrelationships of the regions with one another.The physical, social, and economic transformations that occurred in Grogol District as a result of external developments from urban core Surakarta City actually provide a different classification if you only look at them from one aspect.Limits of bias related to the influence of urban characteristics by the core city and the preservation of rural characteristics due to rural areas On the other hand, in villages Grogol District, they become firmer through an analysis of three aspects, which include factors such as land use, health facilities, educational facilities, population density, accessibility, and family welfare.

Figure 5 .
Figure 5. Graph of Physical Aspects of Grogol District in 2009

Figure 6 .
Figure 6.Graph Physical Aspects of Grogol District in 2012

Figure 7 .
Figure 7. Graph Physical Aspects of Grogol District in 2015

Figure 8 .
Figure 8. Graph Physical Aspects of Grogol District in 2018

Figure 9 .
Figure 9. Graph Physical Aspects of Grogol District in 2022

14 Figure 10 .
Figure 10.Graph of Population Density in Grogol . The economic characteristics of Grogol District are based on the number of pre-prosperous families.Pre-Prosperous Families (KPS) Namely families that do not fulfill one of the 6 (six) indicators of the Prosperous Family I (KS I) or the indicator of "basic needs of the family" (basic needs).-In general, family members eat two meals a day or more.-Family members have different clothes for home, work/school and traveling.-The house the family lives in has a good roof, floor and walls.-If a family member is sick, they are taken to a health facility.-If a couple of childbearing age wants to have family planning, go to a contraceptive service facility.-All children aged 7-15 years in the family go to school.

Table 1 .
Criteria for Classification and Scoring Typology of Area Zones

Table 2 .
Classification Typology Zone Results

Table 3 .
Physical Aspects of Grogol District in 2009 7

Table 4 .
Physical Aspects of Grogol District in 2012

Table 5 .
Physical Aspects of Grogol District in 2015

Table 6 .
Physical Aspects of Grogol District in 2018

Table 7 .
Physical Aspects of Grogol District in 2022

Table 9 .
Number of Pre-Prosperous Families in Grogol 15 Figure 11.Graph of Number of Pre-Prosperous Families in Grogol [1]Mahmoud M and Vogt J 2021 Socio-economic transformation in rural areas: From agriculture to limestone in a coptic village in middle Egypt Extractive Industries and Society 8