Analysis of carrageenan quality of Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum seaweed from Bantaeng Regency and its export permit regulations in Indonesia

One of the valuable compounds contained in seaweed is carrageenan, which is found in Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum, the most common species found in Bantaeng Regency, Indonesia. This study aims to measure the quality of carrageenan in those Eucheuma and elaborate on seaweed export regulations in Indonesia. The method used is KCl precipitation, where analysis is carried out on the yield value, moisture and ash content, and pH of carrageenan with reference to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) standards. While the rules for export permits will be explained qualitatively using a statutory approach. The findings showed that the amount of moisture and ash content that met FAO standards was found in Eucheuma cottonii, and it also had the highest yield value. Furthermore, in terms of export permits, exporters need a certificate of origin for seaweed, which is regulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries No. 7/PERMEN-KP/2013, which aims to provide legal certainty regarding product quality for both exporters and importers. This study recommends that it is required to vary the concentration of the KOH solution used to soak the seaweed in order to obtain a pH of carrageenan that meets FAO standards.


Introduction
Indonesia is a country that has a larger ocean area than its land area, namely 77.11%, or 6,400,000 km 2 , of its total area, with a coastline of 108,000 km.With an ocean area of this size, Indonesia cultivates seaweed to produce an alternative food ingredient from nutrient-rich waters to meet the needs of 270.20 million Indonesians by 2020.98% of Indonesia's seaweed production comes from cultivation activities, and only 2% is taken from nature [1].Seaweed production in Indonesia is spread across 23 provinces.In 2020, Indonesia produced 5,011,856 wet tons of seaweed, consisting of 92.99% of seaweed production in the sea and 7.01% of seaweed production in ponds.This makes Indonesia ranked first in the world as a country that exports seaweed in the form of raw materials in 2018, according to International Trade Center data, with an export value of 205,760 tons.1314 (2024) 012002 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012002 2 South Sulawesi Province is ranked first as a seaweed producer in Indonesia with a contribution of 32.57%, or 1,632,302 wet tons of seaweed in 2020, followed by the provinces of East Nusa Tenggara, North Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, and West Nusa Tenggara [2].This is because the water area throughout the province is quite extensive and has good water quality, thus supporting seaweed cultivation in the area [3].Bantaeng Regency, one of the districts in South Sulawesi Province, is one of the districts contributing to the largest seaweed production in South Sulawesi Province.According to the Bantaeng Regency Central Statistics Agency, in 2022, Bantaeng Regency will produce 89,166 wet tons of seaweed [4].
There are two types of seaweed cultivated in Bantaeng Regency, namely Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum [5].Both types of seaweed are types of seaweed that are cultivated in the sea to produce carrageenan [6].Carrageenan is widely used as a thickener, stabilizer, emulsifier, adhesive, and suspending agent in non-food products such as cosmetics, textiles, paints, and medicines.In food products, carrageenan is used in making milk, jelly, candy, syrup, and pudding.There are three types of carrageenan products that can be produced either in the form of chips or flour based on their level of purity: Alkali-Treated Carrageenan (ATC), Semi-Refined Carrageenan (SRC), and Refined Carrageenan (RC).From an economic perspective, the selling price of seaweed that has been processed into carrageenan is more expensive than raw seaweed.Where for 1 kg of seaweed, the raw material is priced at IDR 11,600/kg.Meanwhile, ATC processed products are priced at IDR 19,500/0.3kg; SRC processed products are priced at IDR 22,750/0.25kg;and RC processed products are priced at IDR 33,000/0.2kg [7].The higher the level of purity of the carrageenan obtained, the more expensive the selling price.
In 2017, the number of ATC, SRC, and RC carrageenan processing industries in Indonesia was 23 with a total installed capacity of 25,992 tons of processed carrageenan products and an industry average utility of only 49.15% [7].This value is still relatively small when compared to the amount of wet seaweed produced by Indonesia.Indonesia is currently more focused on raw seaweed export activities.In fact, if utilized optimally, it will increase the added value of the country's foreign exchange by boosting the production and export of processed seaweed into ATC, SRC, and RC types.Seaweed commodities can also develop from upstream to downstream, which will have an impact on increasing the welfare of seaweed farmers and communities in coastal areas.
In addition, the high potential for carrageenan management also needs to be accommodated with supporting regulations [8].The potential of carrageenan can be seen from the aspects of its type (Kappa, Iota, and Lambda), its function (thickener, stabilizer, gelling agent, and others) [9], and its use (food industry, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, and others).One example of the potential for export abroad is the European continent, where in 2020 the economic value was USD 255.4 million and in 2021 it was USD 273 million, and this is projected to continue to increase every year [10].Seeing this fact, it is not wrong to say that carrageenan has a bright future for the country's foreign exchange.
Indonesia has had a fluctuating export value over the last decade; in 2010, Indonesia had an export value of 157 USD billion, then experienced ups and downs, and in 2019, it had an export value of 167 USD billion [11].However, there is no data detailing the export value of carrageenan itself because carrageenan is still in the form of seaweed and is also not included in the top 10 export goods from Indonesia.Indonesia has actually exported carrageenan to various countries, such as Turkey, Singapore, Australia, Japan, Russia, England, and others, in the form of seaweed [11].The largest seaweed producer in Indonesia is South Sulawesi Province, with production of 1.63 million tons in 2020, and Bantaeng Regency is one of the top contributors [12].
In the regulatory context, carrageenan export regulations have not been specifically regulated [13], [14].The existing regulation only touches on seaweed commodities as the main source of carrageenan through the Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia No. 7/PERMEN-KP/2013 concerning Seaweed Certificate of Origin [15].Under that legal regulation, seaweed can be sent outside Indonesia after fulfilling the specifications and procedures that have been regulated [16].This is aimed at ensuring that the economic climate for the seaweed commodity, including carrageenan in it, becomes conducive so that carrageenan will have its own attention and will increase its export value.
RC carrageenan type product is the carrageenan that has the highest selling price because it has the highest level of purity when compared to ATC and SRC.RC products can be obtained via the KCl precipitation method [17] [18].The filtrates of the seaweed species Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum containing carrageenan were precipitated by adding KCl solution.Various studies have been carried out; for example, Hakim et sal.[19] studied the concentration of 1 and 1.5% KCl solutions with optimum carrageenan extraction results obtained at 1% KCl concentration, and the quality of carrageenan met the standards of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Federal Communication Committee (FCC), and European Economic Community (EEC).Gerung et al. [20] examined the use of 1.5% KCl solution with the results that the quality of carrageenan met FAO standards as RC, and Nosa et al. [21] used a 2% KCl solution concentration and obtained the results of the chemical-physical characteristics of carrageenan that were in accordance with FAO standards.Therefore, the quality of carrageenan from seaweed types Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum, which are cultivated in Bantaeng Regency, needs to be investigated to determine whether they are also able to meet one of the quality standards, namely FAO, and how carrageenan export regulations in Indonesia are implemented.

Methods
The type of research used is a combination of quantitative and qualitative research.The location of research conducted in Bantaeng Regency, Indonesia.Geographically, Bantaeng Regency is located at" 5021'13"-5035'26" South Latitude and"119051'42"-120005'27" East Longitude, a distance of 120 km to the south from Makassar City (the capital of South Sulawesi Province) [22].
The population in this case is the seaweed species, both Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum, which are cultivated in Bantaeng Regency [23].Meanwhile, the sample is part of the population, namely the seaweed species Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum.The sampling technique used is the random sampling method, which is a type of probability sampling where every person or thing throughout the target population has the same chance of being selected [24].
Quantitative research was carried out in the laboratory of the Chemical Analysis study program at Akademi Komunitas Industri Manufaktur Bantaeng to extract carrageenan found in the seaweeds Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum obtained in Bantaeng Regency using the KCl precipitation method [21].The quality of the extracted carrageenan is analyzed by measuring the yield parameters, water content, ash content, and pH of the carrageenan [25] and then comparing them with the standards of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) [26].Meanwhile, qualitative data is carried out using a statutory approach to regulations governing Seaweed and Carragenan industry, namely Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries No. 7/PERMEN-KP/2013 concerning Seaweed Origin Certificate [27][28] [29].Exploration of potential export permit regulations will be done by elaborating the requirements and procedure of its export mechanism [30].Hence, the values of carrageenan potential would bring beneficial relationship between exporters and importers [31].

Extraction of carrageenan from seaweed by KCl precipitation method
A total of 200 g of dried seaweed, Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum, was washed under running water until clean, then drained.Soak both types of dried seaweed in 0.15% KOH solution for 24 hours while covering them with aluminum foil.Wash with running water until the washing water reaches pH 7 (neutral).Cut the two types of seaweed into small pieces measuring ± 1 cm.Extract seaweed with 4000 mL of distilled water (1:20) at a temperature of 70-90 °C for 2 hours while stirring.Filter while it is hot to obtain the filtrate.
The precipitation process is carried out by adding 1.25% KCl solution to the filtrate with a ratio of 1:2 between the filtrate and KCl solution [21].Stir and let sit for 30 minutes.Filter the precipitate that forms.Dry in the oven at 60-80 o C for 48 hours (Eucheuma spinosum) and 60 hours (Eucheuma cottonii).The carrageenan formed is blended to obtain carrageenan flour.

Testing carrageenan quality parameters
2.3.1.Yield.Carrageenan yield testing was carried out in accordance with SNI 2354.12:2013concerning Chemical Test Methods -Part 12: Determination of Yield (Yield) of Seaweed Carrageenan [32].Weigh each carrageenan powder for the types of Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum produced, then compare it with the weight of the dried seaweed for each type to determine the percentage yield value.The formula for calculating the yield can be observed in formula 1.

Yield (%) = Mass of carrageenan flour
Dried seaweed mass × 100 (1) 2.3.2.Moisture content.Carrageenan moisture content testing was carried out in accordance with SNI 01-2354.2-2006concerning Chemical Test Methods -Part 2: Determination of Water Content in Fishery Products.[33].Heat the empty cup in the oven for at least 2 hours.Move the empty cup into a desiccator for about 30 minutes until it reaches room temperature, and weigh it as an empty mass (a gram).Weigh a sample of crushed carrageenan of ± 2 grams into a cup of known weight (B grams).
Place the cup containing the sample in a non-vacuum oven at 105 o C for 16-24 hours.Move the cup containing the dry sample using tongs into a desiccator for ± 30 minutes, then weigh (C grams).Do a minimal duplo test.The formula for calculating the moisture content can be seen in formula 2.
where A is the mass of the empty cup (g), B is the mass of the cup + initial sample (g), and C is the mass of the cup + dry sample (g).

Ash content.
Carrageenan ash content testing was carried out in accordance with SNI 01-2354.1-2006concerning Chemical Test Methods -Part 1: Determination of Ash Content in Fishery Products [34].Place the empty porcelain ash dish into the furnace.The temperature is increased gradually until it reaches 500 o C. Maintain at 550 ± 5 o C for 1 night.Lower the oven temperature to 40 o C. Remove the porcelain ash cup and cool it in a desiccator for 30 minutes, then weigh the weight of the empty porcelain ash cup (a gram).Put the homogenized 2 grams sample into a porcelain ash cup, and then put it in the oven at 100 o C for 24 hours.Transfer the porcelain ash cup to the furnace and increase the temperature gradually until it reaches 550 °C.Keep it for 8 hours or overnight until white ash is obtained.After completion, the furnace temperature was lowered to 40 o C. Remove the porcelain ash cup using tongs and place it in the desiccator for 30 minutes.If the ash is not white yet, it must be reashed.Wet (moisten) the ash with distilled water slowly, dry on a hot plate, and ash again at a temperature of 550 o C until a constant weight is obtained.Lower the furnace temperature to 40 o C, then move the porcelain ash cup into a desiccator for 30 minutes, then weigh the weight (in B grams) as soon as it cools.Do a minimal duplo test.The formula for calculating the ash content can be found in formula 3.

Ash content (%) =
B−A Sample mass (g) × 100 (3) where A is the mass of the empty porcelain cup (g), and B is the mass of the cup with ashes (g).

pH (degree of acidity).
Carrageenan pH measurements were carried out in accordance with SNI 06-6989.11-2004concerning Water and Wastewater, Part 11: How to Test the Degree of Acidity (pH) Using a pH Meter [35].Weigh a 5 g sample of carrageenan flour.Add as much as 50 mL of distilled water, then homogenize.First, calibrate the pH meter with buffer solutions 4, 7, and 10.If it has been calibrated, dry it with tissue paper, and then rinse the electrodes with distilled water.Rinse the electrode with the test sample.Dip the electrode into the sample until the pH meter shows a steady reading.Record the scale or number reading on the display of the pH meter.

Method of Export Permit Regulations
Analysis and elaboration regarding regulations governing the seaweed and Carragenan industries used qualitative data that is carried out using a statutory approach, especially the Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries No. 7/PERMEN-KP/2013 concerning the Seaweed Origin Certificate [27][28] [29].The analysis focused on the requirements and procedures of the export mechanism of carrageenan in order to optimally gain potential exports [30].Thus, exporters and importers will attain the highest values of carrageenan while remaining safe from legal aspects [31].

Carrageenan quality analysis
Based on its morphology, Eucheuma cottonii seaweed has a large, long talus and a smooth surface [36].Meanwhile, Eucheuma spinosum has a cylindrical thallus, the thallus branches have sharp or blunt ends, and it is covered with nodules (protrusions) in the form of soft spines arranged in regular rotation around the branches, more numerous than those found in Eucheuma cottonii.The color of the two seaweeds is sometimes green, yellow green, or red.Discoloration often occurs due to environmental factors.
Carrageenan is a hydrocolloid compound consisting mainly of galactose and 3,6-anhydro-Dgalactose and containing sodium sulfate esters, ammonium, calcium, magnesium, and potassium that can be extracted from seaweeds of the class Rodhophyceae, one of which is Eucheuma.There are three known types of carrageenan: iota carrageenan, known as the spinosum type; kappa carrageenan, known as the cottonii type; and lambda carrageenan.Iota carrageenan is in the form of a soft and flexible jelly.Kappa carrageenan in the form of jelly is stiff and hard.Meanwhile, lambda carrageenan cannot form jelly but is in liquid form [18].The carrageenan extracted from Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum seaweed in this study is a refined carrageenan (RC) type because it uses the KCl precipitation method [17] [18].The carrageenan flour produced can be observed in Figure 1.The results of the analysis of the quality of carrageenan flour produced from the seaweeds Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum cultivated in Bantaeng Regency can be seen in Table 1.There are four parameters of carrageenan quality analyzed: yield, moisture content, ash content, and pH of carrageenan flour.The quality of the carrageenan produced was compared with the standards of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) [37] to determine the export quality of the extracted carrageenan.• Exports can be carried out by individuals or legal entities (companies); • The applicants complete the application documents; • The certificate is required by export destination countries; • Seaweed can be formed in processed seaweed or formula; • Seaweed passed inspection by quarantine agency.

Process of carragenan export permit.
There are several steps that must be passed to gain a permit for carrageenan export.All of these processes are included in Regulation No.  From the Figure 2, it can be seen that there are five crucial phases to obtain the export permit.Currently, this regulation is still applying in Indonesia and urgent to updated to give an approriate space for caragenan commodity.

Parameters of carrageenan quality
4.1.1.Yield.Yield is the ratio between the weight of the extract produced and the weight of the sample simplicia as raw material.The higher the yield value, the greater the carrageenan extract produced [38].In this study, the highest yield of carrageenan flour was found in Eucheuma cottonii seaweed, namely 7.73%, followed by Eucheuma spinosum carrageenan yield of 5.61%.The yield value on the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) standard is not determined.However, the higher the yield value produced, the greater the success of the extraction method used.
The yield value obtained in this study was quite low when compared with research by Gerung et al. [20], which used the same method but with different KOH and KCl concentrations, namely 5% KOH and 1.5% KCl/1000 mL filtrate.The yield of carrageenan from Kappahycus alvarezii seaweed was 14.62%, with an extraction time of 7 hours.According to Panggabean et al. [39], one of the factors that influences carrageenan extraction is the alkali concentration, where the higher the alkali concentration, the higher the ability to extract carrageenan from seaweed, so that the yield produced is also greater.This is because alkaline solvents can increase the solubility of carrageenan in water and prevent the hydrolysis reaction of glycosidic bonds in the carrageenan molecule [40].Apart from that, the extraction time will also affect the yield of carrageenan.The results of research by Gerung et al. [20] and Hudha et al. [40] show that the yield of carrageenan increases with each additional reaction time at the concentration of KOH solvent treatment.This is because the longer the extraction time, the more carrageenan will dissolve in water and the greater the yield obtained.Where the yield of carrageenan extracted with a 5% KOH solution increased from 14.62% (7 hours of extraction) to 17.17% (10 hours of extraction) [20].

Moisture content.
Referring to the SNI 01-2354.2-2006document, moisture content is the number of free water molecules contained in a product.The principle of testing moisture content is to remove water molecules through heating in an oven, then determine the weight of the water gravimetrically based on the difference in weight of the sample before and after it is dried [33].Determining the moisture content of carrageenan products is crucial because it is related to microbiological activity, which will affect the quality and shelf life of the carrageenan [41].The higher the moisture content in a product, the faster it will experience damage (downgrade).
The moisture content of carrageenan flour produced from Eucheuma cottonii seaweed is 9.84%, while that of Eucheuma spinosum is 6.59%.Based on the standards set by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the maximum moisture content of carrageenan is 12% [37], so carrageenan from Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum from this research has met FAO quality standards.Relevant research results were found by Gerung et al. [20], where the moisture content of carrageenan extracted with 5% KOH and an extraction time of 7 hours was 3.28%.Panggabean et al. [39] found a moisture content of 5% carrageenan extracted with 4% KOH for 5 hours.
According to Ega [26], the moisture content can be affected by the concentration of alkali (KOH) and extraction time.The higher the concentration of alkali, the lower the moisture content of the carrageenan produced.This is caused by the ability of alkaline solutions (KOH) to extract and inhibit the increase in water in seaweed molecules so that the water content is reduced [20].Erjanan et al. [42] reported that the addition of KCl as a precipitator resulted in more carrageenan fibers forming and forming a gel, so the water content was reduced.Apart from that, several factors that can influence water content come from the type of seaweed, the age at which the seaweed is harvested, the extraction technique used, and the drying technique used to dry wet seaweed [20] [43].

Ash content.
Referring to the SNI 01-2354.1-2006document, ash content is the amount of inorganic residue produced from ashing or igniting a product.The principle of testing ash content is to oxidize the sample at a temperature of 550 o C in a furnace until the sample turns into white ash, then determine the weight of the ash gravimetrically [34].Ash content analysis was carried out to quantitatively determine the mineral content contained in carrageenan.This is because seaweed is a food that contains quite a lot of minerals because it has the ability to absorb minerals from the environment [44].
The ash content of carrageenan flour produced from Eucheuma cottonii seaweed is 37.03%, while that of Eucheuma spinosum is 52.65%.Based on the standards set by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the ash content of carrageenan is 15-40% [37].The carrageenan from Eucheuma cottonii fulfills the FAO standard, but the carrageenan from Eucheuma spinosum does not.Relevant research results were found by Gerung et al. [20], where the ash content of carrageenan obtained with various variations ranged from 14.31 to 18.46%.Hakim et al. [19] extracted carrageenan with an average ash content of 27.88-38.89%.
Ega et al. [26] reported that the high content of carrageenan ash could be caused by the high concentration of KOH because it contains potassium.The K + cation in the KOH solution will react with carrageenan, resulting in a high ash content [19].Apart from that, Erjanan et al. [42] stated that the high content of carrageenan ash is influenced by the presence of salt and other minerals attached to seaweed, such as Na, Ca, Li, K, and Mg.Panggabean et al. [39] stated that the longer seaweed is in water, the more salt and mineral content is absorbed by the seaweed, which can cause carrageenan ash levels to increase.

pH (degree of acidity).
The research results regarding the pH of carrageenan in both carrageenan flour from Eucheuma cottonii and carrageenan from Eucheuma spinosum were 7.02 and 7.01, respectively.Meanwhile, according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), a good carrageenan pH standard is between 8 and 11 [37].The pH value of carrageenan obtained in this study did not meet FAO standards.However, the pH value of carrageenan in this study is in accordance with several previous studies.Erjanan et al. [42] obtained the best pH of carrageenan at 7.40.Gerung et al. [20] obtained a carrageenan pH of 7.58.According to Gerung et al. [20], carrageenan will be stable at pH 7 or higher, but at a lower pH, the stability of carrageenan will decrease if the temperature increases.To increase the pH value, the concentration of KOH used must also be greater [45].Panggabean et al. [39] found that the KCl concentration can also affect the pH value; the higher the KCl concentration, the lower the pH value.

Requirements of export permit
The Requirements of Seaweed Origin Certificate based on Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia No. 7/PERMEN-KP/2013.The requirements are:

Exports can be carried out by individuals or legal entities (companies).
The legal subject of export activities is very important, including the export of seaweed.Exporters can be classified into two categories: individuals and legal entities, such as corporations.In the regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia No. 7/PERMEN-KP/2013 concerning seaweed origin certificates.Therefore, not everyone can become an exporter.Individuals or several individuals can form a joint business to export.
Why is the subject of law important?The legal subject determines whether an agreement is valid or not [46].In contract law, a contract can apply if it fulfills the subjective and objective elements.Subjectively, an entity that can enter into an agreement is someone who is mature and old enough to carry out legal actions, and objectively, there must be an object in the agreement as well as a lawful reason [47].Therefore, the entity exporting seaweed and karegano must be clear, be it an individual or a legal entity, such as a company.

The applicants complete the application documents.
Complementing the documents are formal provisions in the process of exporting carrageenan and seaweed.Even though the exporter has met the requirements, if the exporter has not filled out the form from the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, then the process of sending seaweed commodities cannot be carried out.This is more towards administrative provisions that must be carried out for the sake of legal certainty for exporters and importers [48].Documents that must be prepared by exporters are the Fishery Business License (IUP), Healthcare Certificate (HC), Processing Feasibility (SKH), and Seaweed Origin Certification [49].Meanwhile, some of the data that needs to be completed for the certification of seaweed origin is the name of the applicant, address of the applicant, taxpayer identification number (NPWP), country of export destination, trade name or local name, scientific name, product name (HS code 10 digits), method of obtaining, how to process, and the amount or volume of goods.

The certificate is required by export destination countries.
Arrangements for seaweed origin certification can be carried out as long as they are required by the destination country.This is stated in Article 2, paragraph (1), of Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia Regulation No. 7/PERMEN-KP/2013 concerning Seaweed Origin Certificate.Please note that not all importing countries require certification of seaweed origin.Countries that require certification of seaweed origin are the USA and European countries [50].SKA contains information about the producer or exporter, product type, net weight, production date, and destination country.With this document, it is hoped that Indonesian seaweed products can be more easily accepted on the international market.4.2.4.Seaweed can be formed in processed seaweed or formula.Seaweed containing carrageenan can be sent abroad in processed forms and formulas according to Article 2 paragraph (2) of Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia Regulation No. 7/PERMEN-KP/2013 concerning Seaweed Origin Certificate.The processed form is a follow-up of processed raw seaweed and carrageenan, which can be consumed by humans.Examples of processed forms are flour, which can be processed into snacks and is rich in fiber, such as nori and dimsum [51] [52].While the formula form is a processed form of seaweed carrageenan in the form of a chemical substance that can be used as an advanced ingredient for a product, such as carrageenan powder, which can be used as an ingredient for making liquid bath soap and cosmetics [53] [54].

Seaweed passed inspection by quarantine agency.
The most crucial thing in certifying the origin of seaweed is passing supervision of the quality of seaweed by the Fish Quarantine Agency, which has been given the task by the head of the agency as the authority holder.This authority has been granted by the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of the Republic of Indonesia in accordance with Article 3 of the regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia No. 7/PERMEN-KP/2013 concerning the Seaweed Origin Certificate.
In the case of following up on the findings of supervision results, the fish quarantine agency can issue results in the form of an export pass or not.If it passes the test, the certificate of origin of the seaweed can be issued.Therefore, the fish quarantine agency can also coordinate communication with related authorities overseas related to seaweed origin certificates and convey information on various developments, regulations, and information from related authorities overseas related to seaweed origin certificates.

Process of carragenan export permit
There are several steps that must be passed to gain a permit for carrageenan export.All of the processes are free and included in Regulation No.All processes are online-based, so the process is very easy, and the processing time since submitting the export application is 7 working days.4.3.2.The applications submitted to the head of the fish quarantine agency, quality control, and fishery product safety.The next stage is submitting the export application to the Quarantine Agency for Quality Control and Safety of Fishery Products, which in this case is carried out by the Fish Quarantine Agency.This process is also carried out online, although in some remote areas of Indonesia, some are still offline due to internet network limitations.This process does not take long, and exporters can immediately check whether their application has been successfully sent or not.

4.3.3.
The head of agency assigns fish quarantine officers to check compliance with seaweed standards and do the inspection.An examination/inspection by the fish quarantine agency is carried out, which focuses on: • Fish Quarantine Officer to check the conformity of the application with the seaweed to be exported no later than 2 (two) working days after the application is received; • The Fish Quarantine Officer issues a Certificate of Seaweed Origin no later than 2 (two) working days after the inspection of the seaweed is carried out; • The form and format of the seaweed certificate of origin are as attached to the Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries No. 7/PERMEN-KP/2013 concerning the seaweed origin certificate.

4.3.4.
The certificate issued.The final step is for the Head of the Fish Quarantine Agency, Quality Control, and Fishery Product Safety to issue a Seaweed Origin Certification, which is only valid for one shipment.In addition, the Head of the Agency, as the Competent Authority, provides guidance on the implementation of the issuance of seaweed origin certificates, and the Head of Agency also submits reports on the implementation of the issuance of seaweed origin certificates to the Competent Authority every three months, with a copy to the Director General of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries.

Conclusions
Carrageenan from the seaweeds Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum has been successfully extracted using the KCl precipitation method, producing Refined Carragenan (RC).The largest yield was obtained from Eucheuma cottonii at 7.73%, while carrageenan from Eucheuma spinosum was only 5.61%.When compared with Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) standards, the quality of carrageenan from Eucheuma cottonii only meets the parameters, namely moisture content (9.84%) and ash content (37.03%).Meanwhile, the quality of Eucheuma spinosum carrageenan only meets one parameter, namely moisture content (6.59%).Furthermore, regarding the pH parameter, the quality of both carrageenans, Eucheuma cottonii and Eucheuma spinosum, is still below standard (less than 8), so it is necessary to vary the concentration of the KOH solution used to increase the pH of the carrageenan that will be produced.
In terms of export permits, current regulations based on Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries No. 7/PERMEN-KP/2013 concerning Seaweed Origin Certificates are needed to accommodate the carrageenan in specific regulations.It also applied to other substances in seaweed.So, legal certainty relating to product quality for both exporters and importers can be attained.

Table 1 .
Results of carrageenan flour quality analysis 3.2.1.Requirements of export permit.Export activities of seaweed (including carrageenan) abroad must meet certain requirements and appropriate processes.The requirements for a seaweed origin certificate are based on Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries of Indonesia No. 7/PERMEN-KP/2013.These are the requirements: 7/PERMEN-KP/2013 of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries concerning Seaweed Origin Certificates.The applicant prepares the documents.Administrative documents are provided by the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, which are spread across all fisheries and marine offices in 38 provinces in Indonesia.Documents can be accessed via the link https://kkp.go.id/ on the service menu.