Knowledge about earthquake evacuation: A survey to high-rise buildings employee in Jakarta

The earthquake that occurred in Cianjur Regency on December 21, 2022 had a wide impact on the city of Jakarta and its surroundings. The shocks caused by the Cianjur earthquake were also felt by workers who were in high-rise buildings in the city of Jakarta and its surroundings. Evacuating employees in high-rise buildings has its own challenges, employee knowledge in earthquake evacuation is an interesting thing to study. This study aims to examine the level of knowledge of employees in earthquake evacuation and the factors that influence it. The survey was conducted on 79 worker respondents who have offices in high-rise buildings in Jakarta and its surroundings. The sampling was done randomly. Data collection was carried out using a questionnaire designed to measure the variables of knowledge, experience and training. The results showed that 63.3% of the respondents had never experienced a destructive earthquake, 30.4% rarely experienced a destructive earthquake, and 6.3% often experienced a destructive earthquake. Respondents had never participated in earthquake preparedness training 34.2%, 50.6% rarely attended, and 15,2% often attended earthquake preparedness training. Respondents’ level of knowledge in earthquake preparedness was 91.1% in the high category and 8,9% in the moderate category. Training has a significant effect on earthquake preparedness knowledge.


Introduction
Earthquakes are one of the most severe and unpredictable forms of natural disasters This often leads to severe injuries and large losses in the economy [1].Due to its location near the meeting point of the Pacific, Eurasia, and Indo-Australian megaplates, Indonesia is extremely vulnerable to the effects of natural disasters, particularly earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis.The earthquake that occurred in Cianjur Regency on December 21, 2022 had a wide impact on the city of Jakarta and its surroundings.The shocks caused by the Cianjur earthquake were also felt by workers who were in highrise buildings in the city of Jakarta and its surroundings.
In today's modern cities, high-rise buildings have become a symbol of high modernisation, and they are usually considered to be representative landscapes.However, with large-scale crowds, multiple floors and limited evacuation channels, the emergency evacuation from high-rise buildings is a huge problem especially when earthquake occur, which may cause lots of casualties [2].Increased concentrations of people in crowded areas such as high-rise buildings pose increased risks to human lives.In addition, rescuing human lives remains the main priority in cases of emergency due to natural disasters, terrorism, mechanical accidents or deliberate and accidental action [3].There is often a lack 1314 (2024) 012001 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1314/1/012001 2 of awareness of the emergency evacuation plan system in tall buildings.If there were no adequate evacuation planning system, the occupants would not be able to escape in all cases of emergency that might arise from earthquakes [4], [5].Evacuating employees in high-rise buildings has its own challenges, vertical evacuations in emergency situations have also become more difficult, because the number of skyscrapers is increasing each year.Vertical evacuation is even more difficult to achieve due to the adverse climatic conditions and scattered fallen objects in an earthquake [6].Individuals' behaviour may be irrational and complicated in case of an emergency [7].Therefore, employee knowledge in earthquake evacuation is an interesting thing to study.
Based on the background described above, this study aims to examine the knowledge of earthquake preparedness possessed by employee in high-rise buildings in Jakarta and its surroundings, as well as the factors that influence it.The results of this study can provide recommendations for increasing earthquake disaster preparedness, especially for employees who have offices in high-rise buildings.

Literature Review
The most crucial element of disaster risk mitigation is knowledge.Earthquake preparedness can be effective in reducing casualties and economic losses caused by earthquakes.The existing literature confirms that the knowledge and experience of earthquakes can have a huge influence on people attitudes toward earthquake preparedness [1].When catastrophic events strike, having thorough understanding of the circumstances could help in making the appropriate measures [8].Measures of earthquake response knowledge include knowing where to seek shelter during an earthquake both inside and outside of the building, where vital facilities are located, and where the area has an evacuation route [9].An improved understanding of emergency protocols in a community leads to risk reduction [10].Knowledge is required to improve their preparedness behaviors towards earthquake disaster [11].The best way to mitigate negative impacts of disasters is to provide the public with an essential understanding of disaster response methods, such as 'disaster management knowledge' [12].
Study on earthquake preparedness knowledge has been conducted by several researchers.Among the studies conducted aim to examine the factors that affect knowledge of earthquake preparedness.Peoples who have participated in the training know what they should do when earthquake occurs irrespective of being outside or inside of the building [9].Residents who lived in peri-urban/urban regions or with less education had insufficient disaster response knowledge.The findings of [13]study implicate encourage wellbeing education on disaster preparedness and response ought to be implemented, moreover inhabitants who lived in peri-urban and urban areas or with less education ought to be given more attention.The results of [13] study indicate that residents' knowledge of disaster response is strongest correlated to the level of education.It could be because people who receive higher education are easier to deal with, receive or feel interested in disaster response knowledge.Huang [2] study showed that older participants are shown to be more efficient in evacuating the population, such as being able to get out quicker.Method In January 2023, we carried out a survey of the Jakarta and its surrounding areas.The participants were chosen randomly that is 79 employees from Jakarta and its surrounding.Based on the research experience in preparing for earthquakes, and taking into account relevant literature, a structured questionnaire was developed by our team.Three separate sections have been included in the questionnaire.Demographic information such as age, gender, levels of education and workplace building were included in the first section.The second sections, together with a discussion of experience, and A 10 Multiple Choice question to assess knowledge on preparedness for earthquakes is given in the third section.In order to guarantee consistency, reliability and validation of the questionnaire have been complied with prior to the survey.The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression on SPSS 26.00.
To measure the validity and reliability of research instruments, the questionnaire was tested using SPSS 26.00 software.Validity and reliability tests were carried out on 20 questions containing knowledge items on earthquake preparedness and evacuation.The results of the validity and reliability tests showed that there were 10 valid questions, and the reliability of the research instrument was stated to be fulfilled because it had a Cronbach Alpha> 0.6.

Results and Discussions
The first part of the questionnaire consists of questions regarding the demographics of the respondents such as age, education level, and occupation.The second part of the questionnaire asked about the respondent's experience in dealing with earthquakes, preparedness training and the preparedness application that the respondent installed on his smartphone.Respondents' descriptions are presented in the table 1 Out of 79 employees, majority (62%) were between the age of 25-40 years, 26 respondents (32,9%) >40 years, and 4 respondents (5,1%) respondents under 25 years old.Forty respondents (50.6%) were female, and 39 (49,4%) were male.Respondent's education 57(72,2 %) were Bachelor's degree, 18 (22,8%) respondents were Master's degree, 3 (3,8%) high school level, and 1(1,3%) were Diploma's degree.The majority of respondents (58.2%) have a workplace between floors 1-6, 21.5% are above the 10th floor, and 20.3% are between floors 6-10.Respondents' experiences in dealing with earthquakes were also asked in this study, the results showed that 63.3% of respondents had never experienced destructive earthquakes, 30.4% rarely, and 15.2% often experienced destructive earthquakes.
Respondents in this study were also asked about their experience in participating in earthquake preparedness training, 50.6% of respondents rarely attended earthquake preparedness training, 34.2% had never attended earthquake preparedness training, and 15.2% often attended earthquake preparedness training.The majority of respondents (84.8%) have not installed a disaster preparedness application on their smartphone, while 15.2% of respondents have installed it.Installed disaster preparedness applications such as InfoBMKG and InaRISK personal.
The third part of the questionnaire contains 10 valid questions regarding knowledge of earthquake preparedness and evacuation.The distribution of respondents' knowledge scores is presented in the following table.The majority of respondents (91.1%) had a high level of knowledge about earthquake preparedness and evacuation, and 8.9% had a moderate level of knowledge.The description of knowledge items is presented in the following table.Table 3 shows that the majority of respondents agreed on statement regarding knowledge of earthquake preparedness and evacuation.This shows that respondents already have knowledge about earthquake preparedness and evacuation actions in tall buildings.The item that most respondents agreed with was the statement that they know the location of doors, elevators, and emergency stairs to evacuate yourself in the event of an earthquake (97.47%).The least agreed item by respondents (56,96%) was the strongest construction statement for buildings that can be used as temporary shelters.This shows that workers need to be given knowledge about the parts of the building that are safe for temporary shelter during an earthquake.
Similar research was also conducted by [15], Life safety considerations for super high-rise building evacuations have spurred numerous advancements, including the implementation of novel strategies like refuge floors and the lifeboat concept utilizing protected elevators.While full evacuations are infrequent, in the event that a super high-rise building must execute a complete evacuation, the building's specific characteristics can significantly impact the evacuation duration.Extended travel distances within super high-rise structures may result in prolonged evacuation times.This research using multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to determine the effect of education, earthquake drill, age, and earthquake experiences on knowledge variables.The results of multiple linear regression analysis are presented in Figure 1.  4 shows that the adjusted r square value is 0.076.This shows that the knowledge variable is influenced by the variables of education, earthquake drill, age, and earthquake experiences by 7,6 % while 27.1% is influenced by other variables outside the model studied.In order to determine the simultaneous effect of education, earthquake drill, age, and earthquake experiences on knowledge variables, the study looks at the significance of each variable.5 Indicates that the significance by the model is 0.043.This shows that variables of education, earthquake drill, age, and earthquake experiences have a significant effect on the knowledge variable.The employee educations and attitude in dealing with disasters, who has sufficient education, training, age and knowledge have difficulty when disasters occur.Therefore, there is a need to increase community capacity to reduce disaster risk.To determine the effect of the independent variables partially on the knowledge variable, it can be seen from the significance of each variable presented in Table 6.

Table 3 .
Earthquake Evacuation Knowledge Items.

Table 4 .
Results of Multiple Linear Regression 1

Table 5 .
Results of Multiple Linear Regression 2