Impact of Rice Field Conversion on the Availability of Rice in Banyumas Regency, Central Java Province

The availability of agricultural land plays a critical role in addressing the food needs of the population. Population growth has led to the conversion of agricultural land, posing a significant threat to regional food security. Banyumas Regency, strategically located at the intersection of economic growth centers, has experienced substantial land conversion. This study aims to analyze the factors influencing the conversion of rice fields and its impact on rice availability in Banyumas Regency. The data utilized in this research comprises secondary data spanning the period from 2012 to 2021. The analytical methods employed include assessing the rate of rice field conversion, evaluating food self-sufficiency levels, and conducting a multiple linear regression analysis to determine the combined influence of population and built-up area on rice field conversion. The results of the analysis reveal that when population and built-up land area are considered together, they account for 28% of land conversion. The conversion of agricultural land into non-rice fields results in a reduction of rice fields, negatively affecting rice availability and the food security of the population.

2 However, as the population continues to grow, the demand for land is on the rise, while land availability remains limited.This increased demand for land often leads to land conversion, which can come at the expense of valuable agricultural land.The macro-level consequences of such conversions, particularly those involving rice fields, include a decline in rice production.This, in turn, has implications for reducing the region's capacity to ensure food security.Java Island has been the primary source of national rice production to date, with rice fields playing a paramount role as the primary supplier of rice.Nevertheless, the conversion of rice fields into built-up areas, such as settlements and industrial zones in Java, has surged at an alarming annual rate of 4.2% [3].The issue becomes even more pressing when such conversions affect fertile and highly productive rice fields, endangering rice production [4].
The Indonesian population's preference for rice as a staple food remains unwavering and cannot be easily replaced by other food types [5].As a result, rice retains its status as an essential commodity and a strategic basic necessity for the Indonesian populace.In Indonesia, rice fields, as the primary source of rice, play a pivotal role in meeting the country's food needs.The achievement of rice selfsufficiency remains a central objective in ensuring food security [6].As one of the pillars of food security, the provision of rice must be consistently met to fulfill the nation's rice consumption requirements.Therefore, it is imperative to examine rice availability.
The availability of agricultural land plays a pivotal role in meeting our food needs.When such land is indiscriminately converted for non-agricultural purposes, it poses a grave threat to food security.This conversion ultimately leads to a decline in food production.Therefore, it's crucial that we prioritize safeguarding agricultural land and regulating its conversion.Maintaining the sustainability of agricultural land is a key element in ensuring a stable food supply and long-term food security.The protection of agricultural land against conversion is governed by Government Regulation Number 41 of 2009 in Indonesia, which focuses on establishing sustainable food agricultural land that must be consistently preserved and developed to ensure national food security.
Banyumas Regency is experiencing a significant shift in land use, primarily due to its strategic location at the intersection of economic growth hubs [7].The rising demand for non-agricultural land, including housing, industrial, and infrastructure development, has led to a notable conversion of agricultural land into non-agricultural purposes.In Banyumas Regency, agricultural land, especially rice fields, has seen a consistent decline in land area from 2012 to 2021.This reduction in rice field area has the potential to affect rice availability in Banyumas Regency.Consequently, this study aims to comprehensively analyze the factors influencing the conversion of rice fields and its subsequent impact on rice availability in Banyumas Regency.

2.1.Description of the Study Area
Banyumas Regency is located in the Central Java Province, with its urban center in Purwokerto District.It shares borders with Brebes Regency to the north, Purbalingga Regency, Banjarnegara Regency, and Kebumen Regency to the east, and Cilacap Regency to the south and west.The total area of Banyumas Regency is approximately 1,327.60 km² or 132,759.56hectares.The study area is presented in Figure 1 below.

2.3.Data Collection and Presentation
The collection of secondary data involved cataloging information from the Central Bureau of Statistics publication, "Banyumas Regency in Figures" (Kabupaten Banyumas Dalam Angka) for the years 2013 to 2022.Utilizing time series data aimed to discern trends in each indicator.Subsequently, the processed data were presented in the form of tables, graphs, and maps.

2.4.Data Analysis and Calculation 2.4.1
Calculation of Conversion Rate of Rice Fields.The conversion rate of rice fields was calculated in a segmented manner to ascertain the percentage of the conversion rate.The formula used for calculating the land conversion rate is consistent with the research conducted by Dewinta and Warlina [8]  The results of the rice availability calculation are then subtracted from the results of the rice demand calculation to determine areas falling into the rice surplus and deficit categories.

Multiple linear regression analysis.
Multiple linear regression analysis describes the relationship between several independent variables and one dependent variable [10].In this study, multiple linear regression analysis was employed to assess the level of influence of population and built-up land area (as independent variables) on the conversion of rice fields (the dependent variable).The calculations for multiple linear analysis are based on previous research by Dewinta and Warlina [8].The equation used for this analysis is as follows: Furthermore, hypothesis testing is conducted to determine whether variable X influences variable Y. Hypothesis testing includes various tests, such as the determination test, simultaneous test (F test), and partial test (t test).The equations used for these tests are as follows: Rice field area growth rate.The a availability of rice is intricately linked to the extent of rice fields within a given area.A larger land area typically results in higher production, and vice versa.Figure 2 illustrates that the growth rate of rice field area in Banyumas Regency as a whole has experienced negative growth, equivalent to -0.001.Over the past decade (2012-2021), Banyumas Regency consistently witnessed a decrease in rice field area, as indicated by this negative growth rate.This decline implies a reduction in rice field acreage during this period.Various sub-districts within Banyumas Regency also exhibited negative growth in rice field area over the same ten-year span.Notably, West Purwokerto Sub-District shows the most significant decrease in rice field area at -0.027, while the highest growth in rice field area is observed in another sub-district at 0.005.When analyzing the distribution in Figure 3, it becomes evident that land conversion tends to cluster around certain sub-districts.West Purwokerto, East Purwokerto, South Purwokerto, West Purwokerto, Baturraden, Karanglewas, Kembaran, Sokaraja, Kalibagor, and Banyumas collectively form one area, while Ajibarang and Pekuncen Districts constitute another.These sub-districts are interconnected and have a propensity to be bustling urban zones with concentrated development.This concentrated development has both positive and negative impacts.On one hand, it increases employment opportunities in the non-agricultural sector; on the other hand, it negatively affects rice field areas, resulting in decreased rice production.This disruption can compromise food selfsufficiency, potentially leading to food insecurity and a shift in employment from agriculture to nonagricultural sectors [11].Furthermore, the presence of a national road traversing this area makes it ideal for industrial and commercial land use.Consequently, many rice fields in several sub-districts have been converted into industrial and commercial zones.Economic development in the nonagricultural sector, often perceived as more financially promising than the agricultural sector, is supported by the community, which views non-agricultural work as more lucrative [12].This heightened demand for land is reflected in the increasing economic growth rate of Banyumas Regency, with the non-agricultural sector making the largest contribution [13].hectares.Sub-districts with a consistently negative conversion rate during this period include Tambak, Somagede, Kalibagor, Banyumas, Ajibarang, Pekuncen, Cilongok, Karanglewas, Kedungbanteng, Baturraden, Kembaran, Sokaraja, East Purwokerto, West Purwokerto, South Purwokerto, and North Purwokerto.Among these, West Purwokerto District had the highest conversion rate at 3.71%, which equates to approximately 2.96 hectares lost each year.Notably, North Purwokerto District contributed significantly to Banyumas Regency's average rice field conversion, accounting for approximately 6.7%.Sub-districts that either maintained their rice fields or observed growth in their area include Lumbir, Rawalo, Wangon, Jatilawang, Kebasen, Kemranjen, Sumpiuh, Patikraja, Purwojati, and Sumbang.
The high rate land conversion in Banyumas Regency can be attributed to demographic and economic improvements [14].Land conversion is a consequence of increased activity, population growth, and various other developmental processes.Over the past decade, Banyumas District has consistently experienced negative land conversion.The rapid population growth in Banyumas Regency from 2012 to 2021, increasing from 1,603,037 individuals to 1,801,574, has also increased the demand for housing.The number of housing units in Banyumas Regency has seen significant growth, with only 18 units recorded in 2015, rising to 29 units in 2021.According to Banyumas Data and Information [15], the sub-districts experiencing significant housing growth are mainly Kalibagor, Banyumas, and Patikraja Districts, including Karanglewas, Kedungbanteng, Baturraden, Sumbang, Twins, Sokaraja, South Purwokerto, North Purwokerto, West Purwokerto, and East Purwokerto.This aligns with the calculated land conversion rate, which indicates an average negative land conversion rate for these sub-districts.

3.2.1.Availability of Rice (Supply).
Rice availability in Banyumas Regency has exhibited fluctuations over the past decade.In general, there has been a decrease in rice availability, amounting to 2,952.7 tons or 1.31%.Sub-districts like Lumbir and Rawalo witnessed minimal changes in rice availability, remaining relatively stable.This stability results from the consistent rice field area over the same tenyear period, leading to relatively stable rice production.These sub-districts are located on the outskirts of Banyumas and border Cilacap, characterizing them as rural areas with no significant field conversions.In contrast, sub-districts in the Purwokerto area displayed substantial fluctuations in rice availability, with lower values compared to other sub-districts in Banyumas.These fluctuations indicate temporal changes in rice production, which can be attributed to factors such as planting indices, alterations in land area, rice prices, and the number of workers engaged in rice cultivation [16].

Rice Demand.
The demand for rice in Banyumas Regency from 2012 to 2021 has generally shown an increasing trend.The overall need for rice increased by 15,285.1 tons, equivalent to 11.6% of the initial demand for rice.The most significant increase in rice demand occurred in 2019, at 10%.This increase can be attributed to the high population growth rate in Banyumas from 2018 to 2019, which stood at 2.69% [17].However, rice demand in Banyumas declined in 2020, with nearly all districts experiencing a reduction.This decrease was mainly due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to a 3.4% decrease in the population.According to the Central Java Tribune, Banyumas was categorized as a red zone for the spread of COVID-19 due to a high number of deaths in 2020 [18].Additionally, based on the average demand for rice over ten years, Cilongok Sub-District had the highest demand at 9,753.2 tons per year, while Purwojati Sub-District had the lowest demand at 2,749.2 tons per year.

3.2.3.Rice Supply and Demand
Balance.The balance between rice supply and demand is determined by comparing the amount of rice supplied with the amount demanded in Banyumas Regency.When there is a surplus, it means the region produces more rice than it needs, achieving equilibrium in the rice balance.On the other hand, a deficit occurs when rice production is insufficient to meet the population's demand, signaling an imbalance in the rice balance.The classification of the average rice balance calculation for each sub-district in Banyumas Regency from 2012 to 2021 is presented in Figure 7 below.The rice balance in Banyumas Regency generally indicates a surplus, with an average surplus of 72,521.1 tons per year.This surplus condition dominates the rice balance in the region when analyzed by district.The highest surplus values were found in Pekuncen, Tambak, and Jatilawang Districts.The lower demand for rice in these districts is influenced by various factors related to both supply and demand, including production factors and population [19].These areas have relatively low population densities, resulting in lower rice demand.On the other hand, the rice balance shows a deficit in five sub-districts out of 27 in Banyumas Regency: Banyumas, South Purwokerto, West Purwokerto, East Purwokerto, and North Purwokerto.The highest deficit was observed in South Purwokerto District, totaling 4,909.9tons.
The Purwokerto area and the Banyumas sub-district are crucial central hubs, with functions governed by the Banyumas Regency RTRW, encompassing trade, government, education, health, transportation, and banking activities.These districts play pivotal roles in managing internal affairs, including administration, social trade, and education within Banyumas Regency [20].This prioritization of land use for these developed areas, providing these essential facilities, has led to extensive conversion of rice fields.Furthermore, these regions have witnessed significant population growth, directly impacting the demand for rice.The surge in population growth has driven an increased need for residential land, resulting in a reduction in agricultural land, particularly in the form of rice fields.

3.3.Factors Affecting Land Conversion.
Land conversion in Banyumas was analyzed using multiple linear regression tests with SPSS software, and the results are presented in Table 1.Based on the results of the regression analysis, the determination coefficient (R2) is 0.283, or 28%.This means that the variables of population and built-up land area collectively influence land conversion to the extent of 28%, while the remaining 72% is influenced by unexamined variables.The F-test within the multiple linear regression model assesses the combined impact of independent variables (stimulants) on the dependent variable.The significance level (α) used is 5%, or 0.05.The test outcomes presented in Table 1 indicate a significant F value below α, leading to the rejection of the null hypothesis (H0).In other words, all independent variables (population and built land area) significantly affect the dependent variable of land conversion in Banyumas Regency.The individual analysis through the T-test in the regression model is employed to determine the partial effect of each independent variable on the dependent variable.
The total population in Banyumas plays a significant role in land conversion, with a noteworthy value of 0.031.This value suggests that changes in the population have a positive and significant impact on land conversion in the region.Specifically, a 1% increase in the population results in a 0.03% increase in the conversion rate of agricultural land into non-agricultural land.This observation is in line with data from BPS, which shows a consistent population growth year after year.For example, in 2012, the population was 1,603,037, and it steadily increased to 1,826,572 by 2022.This rapid population growth in Banyumas leads to a higher demand for residential land, ultimately reducing the availability of agricultural land, especially rice fields.Octaviany [21] notes that significant factors contributing to rice field conversion include the population growth rate, the contribution of agricultural GRDP, and the growth rate of residential land area.Field surveys report that certain areas in Purwokerto have seen extensive housing development due to an annual increase in per capita PDRB.Consequently, this expansion has led to a decrease in agricultural land.The GDP per capita is a key indicator of social well-being, and as living standards improve, people tend to seek better housing, which requires more land [22].Additionally, infrastructure development, such as shops and offices, also contributes to increased land requirements, often encroaching on wilderness areas.The built-up land area has a significant value of 0.010, indicating a partial but significant impact on the conversion of rice fields in Banyumas Regency.Specifically, a 1% change in the built-up land area results in a 0.01% change in the rice field area.
These changes can be classified into three types: the conversion of agricultural land into settlements, commercial areas, and service establishments [23].The proliferation of buildings requires more land, which affects the availability of rice fields.According to BPS data, Banyumas Regency averaged a total yard and building area of 21,017.8hectares from 2012 to 2021.The conversion of rice fields in Banyumas Regency is further influenced by the rapid growth of industries, with 24 large industries, 69 medium industries, and 51,524 micro-industries recorded in 2020 [24].Consequently, urban development, particularly in Purwokerto, has seen substantial growth in the economic sector and serves as the dominant factor driving rice field conversion. .

3.4.Impact of Land Conversion on Rice Availability
Land conversion, defined as a shift in land use driven by factors like population growth, infrastructure development, and industrialization, plays a pivotal role in the availability of rice.According to Irawan and Friyatno [25], at the micro level, agricultural land conversion can be initiated either by farmers themselves or external entities.When external parties initiate land conversion, it often results in a significant reduction in food production capacity, frequently involving extensive land conversion for housing development.This, in turn, leads to a decrease in available agricultural land [26].Land conversion also has the potential to adversely affect farmers' well-being and food security, especially regarding rice availability.Accurate information about rice availability is crucial for assessing the region's rice production at a specific time [27].
In the past decade, Banyumas Regency has experienced fluctuations in the conversion of rice fields, with an average land conversion rate of -0.14, indicating a decline in rice field area.During this period, rice availability in Banyumas Regency has also varied, resulting in a decrease of 2952.7 tons or 1.31%.Conversely, rice demand in Banyumas Regency from 2012 to 2021 exhibited an upward trend, reaching 15285.1 tons, equivalent to approximately 11.6% of the initial rice demand.The most significant increase in rice demand occurred in 2019, reaching 10%.This increase can be attributed to Banyumas' relatively high population growth in 2018-2019, which reached 2.69% [15].The continuous population growth in Banyumas Regency has translated into an escalating demand for rice.If rice production growth fails to align with population growth, it can result in an imbalance between rice supply and demand.
The conversion of rice fields into non-agricultural land, such as settlements, urban areas, and infrastructure, has the potential to reduce rice field areas, diminish agricultural production, especially for rice crops, and exacerbate poverty levels, among other socio-economic consequences.Agricultural land typically occupies a larger area compared to other sectors, making it susceptible to conversion for non-agricultural purposes [28].In Banyumas Regency, the conversion of rice fields is further fueled by the rapid development of industries, as evidenced by the presence of 24 large industries, 69 medium industries, and 51,524 micro-industries in 2020.This shift of labor from the agricultural sector to the industrial sector can impact rice production and availability.Irawan [29] argues that land conversion leads to a loss of income for farmers, including landowners, tenants, farmworkers, and laborers dependent on agricultural activities.The higher the rate of rice field conversion, the greater the loss in rice production value due to land use changes.Persistent conversion of agricultural land has the potential to increase rice imports, posing challenges to the maintenance and assurance of rice availability.Nevertheless, food security for the population remains secure if rice availability adequately meets the community's needs.

4.Conclusion
The regression analysis has unveiled that population size and built-up land area collectively contribute to 28% of the influence on land conversion in Banyumas Regency, leaving the remaining 72% subject to unexamined factors.The F-test emphasizes the significant role of these independent variables in land conversion in the region.The t-test reveals that population size has a positive and substantial partial effect on land conversion, with each 1% increase in the population size leading to a 0.03% 1313 (2024) 012033 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1313/1/01203313 increase in the conversion of agricultural land into non-agricultural land.The growing demand for residential land, fueled by rapid population growth, has consequently reduced agricultural land, especially rice fields.
Furthermore, the built-up land area also exerts a notable partial effect on the conversion of rice fields, with each 1% change in built-up land area resulting in a 0.01% alteration in rice field area.The conversion of agricultural land in Banyumas Regency is further complicated by the swift expansion of industries in 2020, leading to a shift of labor from the agricultural sector to the industrial sector.In summary, land conversion is a complex process influenced by a variety of factors, including population growth, infrastructure development, and industrialization.The conversion of rice fields into non-agricultural land can decrease the overall agricultural land area, particularly rice fields, and subsequently reduce agricultural production, especially for rice crops.Its consequences extend to poverty rates and other socio-economic dimensions.Land conversion has a significant impact on the availability of rice and the food security of the population.Therefore, efforts aimed at preserving and maintaining rice food security must consider the ongoing effects of land conversion, emphasizing the importance of ensuring an ample rice supply to meet the population's needs.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Map of Study Area 2.2.Type and Source of Data This study relies on secondary data obtained from the Banyumas Central Bureau of Statistics publication, specifically "Banyumas Regency in Figures 2013-2022" (Kabupaten Banyumas Dalam Angka 2013-2022).The dataset includes information related to rice field area, built-up land area, rice production, and population.

Table 1 .
Regression Analysis of Factors Affecting Land Conversion in Banyumas Regency