Water Pollution and Its Correlation to Mineral Water Consumption Expenditure

Water is a basic need for human life. However, challenges of access to clean and healthy water are increasingly being by pollution. This condition forces households to pay for clean and healthy mineral water. This study examines the distribution of water pollution levels and household mineral water consumption in Indonesia. It examines the relationship between water pollution and the spending the household mineral water consumption. The data used in this study are water pollution level data for 2021 from the raw data of PODES 2021 and spending of consumption the household mineral water data from the raw data of the SUSENAS 2021. Both data were analyzed using correlation analysis to calculate the r value. Then the data is presented in a map of the distribution of water pollution and mineral water consumption spending by districts in Indonesia. The results showed that the correlation of the two variables had a positive value of 0.026. Even though the relationship is not very strong, this proves that the higher the water pollution, the greater the spending for household consumption of mineral water.. Kalimantan Island is an area with a high water pollution level. In the distribution of mineral water consumption expenditure for households, Indonesia is classified as having a low consumption level, while DKI Jakarta Province is an area that has high mineral water consumption expenditure of an average of IDR 183,396/month.


I. INTRODUCTION
Over the past few years, Indonesia has experienced many environmental problems and natural disasters.One of the critical problems today is related to water [1].Water is a basic need for human life [2].Water is used for drinking, bathing, washing, agricultural irrigation, fishing ponds, sanitation, and transportation both river and sea [3].The usefulness of this great water is something that needs to be considered if it has been polluted.Water pollution is a change (similar changes in odor, color, and water content) in the state of hydraulic forces, similar to lakes, gutters, sinkholes, and groundwater, due to deadly force [4].Water is polluted if it cannot be used for its proper function.This pollution can be caused by artificial, domestic, agricultural, household, man-made, and fishing wastes.Artificial include organic adulterants (liquid wastes), inorganic adulterants (solids, heavy gasoline), energy residues, petroleum scraps, and oil paints.The primary pollution source is water, especially groundwater [5].Environmental pollution in the form of water and soil pollution can affect 1313 (2024) 012012 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1313/1/012012 2 society's social aspects and profitability [6].World Health Organization (WHO) notes that at least 2 billion people on this planet consume water contaminated with polluted water [7].
The main problems encountered regarding water resources relate to the quantity and quality of water that can meet the community's needs [8].Global water demand has proliferated over the last few decades due to population growth, which has increased per capita water needs [9].It seems natural because water contains various mineral elements, although the amounts and contents vary, such as calcium, fluoride, magnesium, and sulfate [10].Drinking appropriate and adequate mineral water for the body can support digestion, regulate metabolism, regulate nutrients, and regulate body balance [11].Unfortunately, developing countries face a shortage of safe and accessible drinking water.Growing concerns about the health effects associated with toxic constituents in urban drinking water supplies have led to high consumption of bottled water.Consumers mainly rely on taste to evaluate drinking water quality because bottled water is considered pure, safe, and good for health.Therefore, their consumption increases even when the price is very high compared to tap water.Countries with good tap water, such as Singapore, also consume the most bottled water [12].
Access to drinking water is essential for human development.It follows the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of Goal 6 to ensure access to safe and affordable drinking water and sanitation for all by 2030.. Consumption of bottled drinking water in Indonesia in recent years has increased.This condition is supported by the deteriorating condition of groundwater in several big cities in Indonesia.Community dependence on drinking water is increasing because this drink has become a primary need for the community.In 2013 consumption of bottled water in Indonesia reached 15.3 billion liters.This figure is more significant than in 2012, which reached 13.8 billion liters [13].The increase in bottled water consumption is happening in Indonesia and various other countries, like Tiongkok and Singapore [14].
Around 13 percent of Indonesia's population consumed bottled water in 2009.This figure increased in 2018 to more than 36 percent [15].Household customers are the largest drinking water users, followed by commercial customers [16].Consumption is all activities that are used to take advantage of a product.Keynesian consumption theory states that the amount of consumption expenditure is closely related to one has income.
This study investigates the distribution of water pollution, the distribution of mineral water consumption expenditure, and the relationship between water pollution and the level of mineral water consumption expenditure in Indonesia.

II. METHODS
This study uses the quantitative approach.The quantitative research method is one of the methods carried out systematically, planned, and structured from creating the research design..The unit of analysis in this research is districts throughout Indonesia.The value of water pollution in all districts in Indonesia is used as the dependent variable.Calculate the pollution value for each district from the number of villages experiencing water pollution divided by the total number of villages in each district.This pollution data is taken from raw data by referring to the PODES (village potential data collection) 2021 questionnaire Block 5 No 513 (table 1).The water pollution data from the PODES data collection results are not the result of measurements but the results of the perceptions of PODES respondents.The primary sources for PODES data collection are village officials and other sources such as village midwives and related agencies.Data on spending on household consumption of mineral water in all districts in Indonesia is used as an independent variable.The spending level for household mineral water consumption is taken from the avarge household spending for mineral water consumption per month per district.This data is calculated from raw data from the consumption module questionnaire questions Block IV.1 No 175-176 SUSENAS (National Socio-economic Survey) 2021 (table 1).These data are then mapped onto a map of the distribution of water pollution and spending on consumption of household mineral water using spatial analysis methods.Use correlation analysis to determine the relationship between pollution levels (X) and spending on mineral water consumption (Y).The purpose is to investigate whether there is an association between two or more variables.This relationship is expressed as a correlation coefficient (r), which simultaneously indicates the magnitude and direction of the relationship [17].The correlation value (r) is between -1 and 1.A value closer to 1 or -1 means a stronger relationship between the two variables, and a value closer to 0 means a weaker relationship between the two variables.A positive value indicates a unidirectional relationship (X increases, then Y increases), and a negative value indicates an inverse relationship (X increases, then Y decreases) [18].

3.a. Water pollution in Indonesia
Based on research results, almost all areas in Indonesia are polluted by water.The distribution of water pollution in each region in Indonesia is shown in The quality deteriorates, and it no longer functions as its name suggests [20].Based on this definition, several essential things related to water pollution can be noted, namely: (i) human activities are the cause of water pollution; (ii) a decrease in water quality indicates water pollution; and (iii) quality standards and water use functions are the basis for determining the level of water pollution.
Water is very susceptible to contamination.Many of the community's natural water sources, such as rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, have been polluted due to garbage, chemical waste, and changing functions.Meanwhile, the need for clean water never decreases; it tends to increase along with the increase in population and activity.Water is essential for the human body.It is because 70% of our body is water [21].
The description of the level of water pollution in Indonesia at the district level based on the 2021 PODES data.Data analysis divides the level of pollution into five levels from low pollution to high pollution, namely 0-20% , 21-40% , 41-60% , 61-80% and 81-100%.Based on the results of data analysis, the lowest percentage of water pollution is 0% -20%, as much as 67.90%.It means that some villages in each district have a low pollution level.Meanwhile, the highest percentage of water pollution is only 0.19% (Figure 1).The average percentage of water pollution in Indonesia is 16.96%.It means that around 16.96% of all villages in the district state that their village is experiencing water pollution.
Data analysis shows a low level of pollution (0-20%) is spread from Sumatra Island to Papua Island, amounting to 67.9%.While the pollution class is moderate to high, most are concentrated on the island of Kalimantan.Gunung Mas Regency, Central Kalimantan Province, is the region that has the highest level of water pollution in Indonesia.

3.b Household Mineral Water Consumption in Indonesia
Water pollution has a direct impact on the consumption of mineral water.The water in the body reaches about 70% of body weight and is a vital part of the body.Lack of water can cause dehydration and can cause death.So, sacrifices are needed in the form of expenses to purchase mineral water that is clean and safe for the body [22].

Figure 2. Distribution of Spending Avarege of Household Consumption on Mineral Water (IDR/Month) in Indonesia
The level of drinking water consumption in Indonesia has increased in the last ten years, with the highest average being 157 liters/person/day in 2020 [13].Previous research stated that the increase in consumption of bottled water was due to a need for consumer confidence in tap water quality.Based on the results of the Ministry of Health's Household Drinking Water Quality Survey (SKAMRT) in 2020, 7 out of 10 households in Indonesia were found to be consuming drinking water contaminated with Escherichia coli (E.coli) bacteria.Since water is also a significant component of the human body, the threat of a clean and drinkable water crisis is concerning.However, according to the Ministry of National Development Planning, there is still a need for improvement in achieving a safe sanitation environment in Indonesia.Indonesia's safe sanitation rate reached just 7% in 2020.This achievement rate is lower than Thailand, which reached 26%, and India, which reached 46% [23].The spending of households to buy mineral water in Indonesia is between IDR 0-to IDR 250,000/month (Figure 2).Households in Lanny Jaya and Nduga Districts in Papua Province have yet to spend their budget on buying mineral water.The highest expenditure for household mineral water was in Denpasar City, Bali Province, IDR 246,677/ month The average household expenditure in Indonesia for mineral water is IDR 47,649/ month.
Based on the analysis of the data presented in Figure 2, the majority (67.5%) of households in districts in Indonesia spend a budget for low consumption of mineral water (IDR 0.-to IDR.50,000.-/month).Meanwhile, households in Regencies/Cities in DKI Jakarta Province have the highest spending on the consumption of mineral water which is between IDR 100,000 to IDR 240,000 / month.

3.c. The Relationship between Water Pollution and Household Mineral Water Expenditures
in Indonesia It is assumed that water pollution and household clean water consumption have a relationship and influence.The higher the water pollution, the higher the household expenditure for water consumption.This study examines the correlation between the percentage of water pollution and the percentage of household mineral water expenditure.Data on water pollution and expenditure on household mineral water were taken using district analysis units throughout Indonesia.3).It can be interpreted that even though there is a correlation, it is not strong enough.Nonetheless, a positive correlation indicates that water pollution impacts household mineral water expenditure.The higher the water pollution that occurs in each district in Indonesia, the greater the spending incurred by households in Indonesia to buy mineral water.Vice versa, the smaller the water pollution, the smaller the spending for the consumption of mineral water.Furthermore, based on the data that has been processed, a  Regulation No. 47 of the Minister of Industry of 2020 on Mineral Water is a drinking water product that is processed and packaged without food or other food additives and is safe to drink [22].The research results are presented in Table 1; the high spending incurred by households for consuming mineral water has increased due to water pollution, which is also increasing in several regions in Indonesia.People who are increasingly aware of the importance of health do not want to take risks with the drinking water they consume daily.Previous studies have also investigated how household socioeconomic conditions influence avoidance behavior in response to perceived risks about water quality differently [23].Furthermore, the literature states a positive correlation between temperature and bottled water consumption.Those directly exposed to climatic conditions (such as those living in rural areas or engaged in agriculture) also state that they consume bottled water.
A more detailed description can be seen in Table 1.At a low level of pollution (0-20%), households' spending on mineral water per month is also low (Rp 0 -Rp 50,000).However, at a high level of pollution (81-90%), household spending on mineral water per month in households in Indonesia is only IDR 50,000 -IDR 100,000.In other words, it is classified as a moderate level of expenditure.The correlation between the two variables is then mapped on the distribution of water pollution and the level of mineral water expenditure in various regions in Indonesia (Figure 4).It can be seen that there is a positive relationship between water pollution and spending on household consumption of mineral water in Indonesia (Figure 3).It is more evident that overlay the distribution of level water pollution and spending on household consumption of water minerals is shown in Figure 4.The results show that most areas in Indonesia have low levels of pollution with high levels of spending on mineral water is also low.Only a tiny part of the islands of Kalimantan and Papua have low pollution levels with moderate to high costs of producing mineral water.The distribution of high water pollution is found on the island of Borneo, with levels of consumption of mineral water ranging from low to high.In a small number of areas in the Provinces of West Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan Provinces, there is a contradiction from the high correlation of pollution.However, the level of consumption of mineral water is low.Meanwhile, in Lanny Jaya and Nduga Regencies, where there is no water pollution in these two areas, it is noted that these two regions also do not spend budgets for mineral water consumption.
This study shows a not strong relationship between pollution levels and household expenditure.This low relationship may be due to other influencing factors, such as income and access to clean water.Some areas in Kalimantan and Papua have high pollution levels, but household spending on mineral water consumption is relatively small.It is allegedly due to limited household income.

IV. CONCLUSION
The research shows a positive correlation between the two variables tested: the percentage of water pollution and household consumption spending on mineral water.However, the level of correlation is low.These findings indicate that the higher the water pollution, the greater the spending on mineral water consumption by households in Indonesia.The distribution of the spread of water pollution by the level of water pollution is spread throughout Indonesia.Most of the high pollution levels are on the island of Borneo.Meanwhile, most household expenditure distribution for Indonesian mineral water consumption is low.Household expenditure for mineral water consumption is highest in districts/cities in DKI Province.

Figure 1 . 4 Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Distribution of the Percentage of villages experiencing water pollution Per District in Indonesia

Figure 3 .
Source: Raw Data Processing PODES 2021 and SUSENAS 2021, 2023 Correlation of the Percentage of Water Pollution with Spending on Household Mineral Water Consumption in Indonesia R2 value of 0.0263 (figure made to see the distribution of water pollution throughout Indonesia with the spending level on household mineral water consumption in Indonesia (Figure4).

Figure 4 .
Figure 4. Comparison of the Distribution of Water Pollution with Spending of Household Consumption on Mineral Water in Indonesia

Table 2 .
Cross Table Level of Water Pollution and Spending of Consumption Household on Mineral Water in Indonesia