Resonance of Local News Media Regarding Water Pollution Management In Yogyakarta Regency: A Review

Yogyakarta faces challenges in maintaining water quality due to the presence of pollutants E.coli as a resulting dominant bacteria. The information provided by the media is easily understood when it is based on the needs of the community. The emergence of various local news media outlets becomes a solution to address the existing issues in society. The local news media in Yogyakarta has not yet made a significant impact on the environment, particularly in water resource management, as evidenced by the numerous complaints from the community regarding water quality. Primary data of this research is gained through qualitative content analysis and in-depth interviews with journalists of local news media outlets in Yogyakarta, namely harianjogja.com, krjogja.com, and tribunjogja.com, and twelve journal articles in the period from 2019 to 2023. The findings are Harian Jogja, Tribun Jogja, and Kedaulatan Rakyat, demonstrate insufficient resonance in their coverage of water source pollution management. This is evident through several factors: limited frequency of news coverage, absence of dedicated desks within the editorial teams, lack of specific sections dedicated to environmental topics, low traffic generated by related news articles, and a lack of specific attention from editors regarding water pollution management in terms of assignment and environmental education for journalists. The majority of news articles written by journalists in this context predominantly fall into the informative category, accounting for 71% of the coverage. In contrast, articles categorized as educational or solution-oriented are minimal. The findings of this research endeavor aim to contribute academically to the field of water pollution management by emphasizing the need to optimize the utilization of local news media in Yogyakarta.


Introduction
Yogyakarta possesses a substantial water supply ranging from 1.0 billion m3/year (32,000L/second) to 2.1 billion m3/year (67,000L/second), with a total water consumption of approximately 0.04 billion m3/year.This indicates a significant potential for water resources in Yogyakarta Special Region [1].
Yogyakarta, being a volcanic region situated near Mount Merapi, is influenced by various substances and materials from volcanic eruptions, which impact the surrounding area and its natural resources.Water is a natural resource that constitutes a basic necessity for living organisms, and a large portion of the water originates from the slopes of Mount Merapi, resulting in potential changes in water quality.Altered water quality can affect the livelihood of the population, particularly considering that Yogyakarta is a densely populated city.
In 2020, the Special Region of Yogyakarta province occupied the lowest position in the water quality index among 38 provinces in Indonesia, with a score of 35.37, categorized as very low [2].This indicates that the water quality index in Yogyakarta is the worst in Indonesia.Various activities contributing to Yogyakarta's low position include industrial activities, settlements, agriculture, and mining [3].Moreover, Yogyakarta, being an agrarian region, has a significant amount of agricultural and plantation land, which is also another contributing factor to water pollution due to the use of nitrates, phosphorus, pesticides, soil sediments, salts, and pathogens [4].
The increasing population growth and density have implications for the rising demand for water resources.According to the projected population data from the 2015 Inter-Census Population Survey, it is estimated that the population of Yogyakarta will reach 4,179,333 individuals by 2025.One of the factors contributing to population growth in Yogyakarta is the influx of migrants from various regions who come for education and employment opportunities in various industries in Yogyakarta [5].
Yogyakarta faces challenges in maintaining water quality due to the presence of pollutants.These pollutants can originate from households, factories, laundry services, waste, and too little water sources.The dominant bacteria resulting from these pollutants is E.coli [6].In order to preserve the quality of water resources, the regional government of Yogyakarta issued Governor Regulation No. 42/2014 concerning policies and strategies for groundwater management.Article 6 of the regulation emphasizes the need for preventive measures, including the dissemination of information about areas vulnerable to water contamination.Disseminating information is the duty, function, and responsibility of the media, which serves as a tool to provide information to the public [7].
The information provided by the media is easily understood when it is based on the needs of the community.The characteristics of communities in each region differ, ranging from individual characteristics such as the level of understanding and knowledge about specific information to characteristics in obtaining information.Understanding information needs must take into account the needs of the audience [8].
The current digital era provides ease in the dissemination of information, including through local media that provide updated information on issues happening in the region where the news media is located.New media plays a significant role and contributes significantly to reducing environmental threats; therefore, a lack of information about the environment can worsen environmental knowledge and environmental sustainability awareness [9].
The emergence of various local news media outlets becomes a solution to address the existing issues in society.In the context of environmental communication, such as water resources management, local news media plays a crucial role in helping to understand the complexities within society, including the environment [10].
Niklas Luhmann [11], in his book "Ecological Communication," argues that media operates based on a binary code of "to inform" and "not to inform."The media has the authority to select which news will be disseminated to the audience and which will not.Furthermore, the media not only determines the categories but also the perspective of the news.From the perspective of ecological communication, the term "resonance" is used, which is similar to a vibration that can resonate with other aspects.Academician Luhman explains the concept of divided resonance into two categories, namely too much resonance, and too little resonance.A society with too little resonance will face environmental dangers.Meanwhile, the situation within a society where communication takes place will be different.The interdependence of communication and a strong functional social system may sometimes result in too much resonance within certain communities.
The local news media in Yogyakarta has not yet made a significant impact on the environment, particularly in water resource management, as evidenced by the numerous complaints from the community regarding water quality.Therefore, this paper will present the reality of how local news media in Yogyakarta actually informs about water resource management.It will explore whether they 1313 (2024) 012010 IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1313/1/0120103 merely provide information or attempt to amplify the issues, thereby making other stakeholders and the public more aware of water resource management concerns.

Method
The research utilized a case study method with a qualitative approach.The research data sources consisted of primary and secondary data.The primary sources were obtained through qualitative content analysis of local news media outlets in Yogyakarta, namely harianjogja.com,krjogja.com,and tribunjogja.com,and twelve journal articles in the period from 2019 to 2023.To strengthen the analysis findings, the researcher conducted in-depth interviews with journalists from the aforementioned local news media outlets.Journalists were selected using purposive sampling based on their work in environmental coverage and their extensive reporting on environmental issues.
The secondary data sources included books, journals, articles, and relevant documents related to the research object.The data were then analyzed using Luhmann's ecological communication perspective.During the data analysis process, the researcher read news articles using keywords such as "water," "pollution," and "environment."These news articles were categorized into informative, solution-oriented, and educational categories.Subsequently, the dataset was analyzed and presented in the form of charts using Microsoft Excel.

Resonance in Local News
Based on a content analysis conducted on 61 news articles from Kedaulatan Rakyat, Harian Jogja, and Tribun Jogja, it can be deduced that the predominant news coverage is characterized by an informative framing.The coverage of water conditions in Jogja, along with informative pollutionrelated issues, accounts for 43 out of 61 articles (71%), whereas 13 out of 61 articles (21%) have an educational nature.Furthermore, a minor portion of 5 articles (8%) offers a solution-oriented perspective in their reporting.The informative framing signifies that the news articles written by reporters primarily serve the purpose of informing or providing information.For instance, they address issues such as water pollution conditions in Jogja, water resource policies of the Yogyakarta City Government, water testing awareness campaigns, and the like.A journalist from Harian Jogja (T) stated (transcripted) "As the information about water pollution increases, the hope is to raise public awareness that water is a fundamental human necessity and should be preserved.There should also be an increased awareness from the Yogyakarta City Government to develop policies and programs that can address water pollution." The journalists demonstrate awareness of the urgency to report on water-related matters, seeking to create resonance and stimulate public discourse.Tribun Jogja emphasizes the importance of preventive measures, while Harian Jogja advocates for an environmental section within their publication, encouraging policies that are environmentally sustainable.Furthermore, T from Harian Jogja emphasizes the significance of self-awareness in recognizing and addressing environmental issues.Kedaulatan Rakyat acknowledges water as a basic need and highlights the limited water supply in the city, emphasizing the potential magnitude of the problem if not adequately addressed.
It is noteworthy that there is a lack of specialized education or training for journalists regarding water and environmental pollution, resulting in too little awareness and resonance.Studies of digital environmental journalism at the BBC and the Guardian [12] found that within a 15-year period, BBC and Guardian have evidence to support a framework in digital environmental journalism.The findings are Guardian appeared more nimble and adaptive to change the interface of their platform.This is different from our findings that local news media institutions tend to exhibit too little level of resonance.This is evident in the absence of dedicated environmental desks within their editorial structures.Editors do not specifically assign reporters to cover water or environmental pollution topics.The online news portals similarly lack dedicated environmental sections.The too little resonance observed in these three local news media outlets is further evidenced by their working practices.Kedaulatan Rakyat, Harian Jogja, and Tribun Jogja share the commonality of lacking dedicated environmental desks, thereby hindering the routine inclusion and scheduling of environmental-themed or water management news.Moreover, the relatively too little traffic generated by environmental and water management news contributes to the overall lack of resonance.This traffic issue is specifically observed in Kedaulatan Rakyat and Harian Jogja, but not in Tribun Jogja.
The news production process is intricately connected to the collaborative dynamics between media institutions and policy stakeholders.In the context of water resource management news in Jogja, according to an informant, the Yogyakarta City Government exhibits openness by providing data, being receptive to criticism, and accepting regular requests for free water testing.However, inconsistencies exist with this openness, such as the practice of converting Green Open Space (Ruang Terbuka Hijau -RTH) into commercial buildings and instances where buildings are not compliant with Environmental Impact Assessment (AMDAL) permits.As mentioned in the earlier study [13], somehow overlapping political and economic resonance has blocked finding the best possible solutions to the crisis.
On the other hand, society is becoming aware of water pollution issues.Among the initiatives undertaken is sharing news about water issues through social media platforms like WhatsApp groups.For instance, people share news about water resources contaminated by E. coli bacteria, making them unfit for consumption.People warn each other to avoid consuming well water carelessly.Also, some residents living near the river have created WhatsApp groups to inform each other about water conditions.For example, during the Code River flood caused by cold lava, they share updates to alert people around the Code River about rising water levels.This helps the community stay vigilant and prepared.In addition to forming WhatsApp groups, residents have established river communities that regularly monitor and clean.Generally, these communities are predominantly formed within the confines of the Yogyakarta City region, where three major rivers traverse the area.Among them are the Gajah Wong River with Forum Silaturahim Daerah Sungai Gadjah Wong community, Winongo River with Forum Komunikasi Winongo Asri, and Code River with Pamerti Code.The formation of these communities is also influenced by the role of the Yogyakarta City Government in its efforts to reorganize settlements along the riverbanks in the Yogyakarta City area.Moreover, residents actively request water testing at designated government-provided facilities.One of the reference points for water quality testing is the Environmental Agency in each district within the Province of Yogyakarta Special Region.Residents seek to have the water near their homes tested for its suitability for consumption.This signifies that the water issue has begun to capture the public's attention and has become a topic of too much resonance.
Based on the interview results with the reporters who served as respondents in the study, it was revealed that academics around Yogyakarta are also actively involved in creating too much resonance regarding water pollution issues.They are part of several local WhatsApp groups that focus on river monitoring.These academics have an influential voice in the community due to their academic background, which specializes in water-related topics.As reported by A from Kedaulatan Rakyat, one of the lecturers from Gadjah Mada University, Agus Maryanto, actively participates in discussions within river communities and provides an academic perspective.Agus Maryanto's background as a lecturer specializing in water-related issues adds depth and expertise to these discussions.In news production, all respondents explained that local news media reporters in Yogyakarta engage in collaborative efforts.They exchange information related to news data that is currently capturing public attention.They utilize a WhatsApp group as a platform for exchanging ideas and data.However, for news articles that require extensive data and in-depth analysis, their production only involves the internal team within each local news media editorial department.
Thus far, news coverage, in general, has been infrequent in addressing water management issues.The same applies to special coverage by local news media in Yogyakarta, which rarely focuses on environmental issues and water sources.This can be attributed to the too little interest of local news media readers in environmental matters.From a perspective of news ratings, the news articles that attract significant public interest are those related to political and governmental issues rather than environmental issues.
The interviews also explored the journalists' expectations regarding news coverage on water resource management.Among the four interviewed journalists, all expressed their hope that reporting on water-related issues would prompt the government to pay greater attention to water management policies in the Special Region of Yogyakarta.This, in turn, would enable the broader community to access quality water resources.Additionally, the journalists aspired for such reporting to raise public awareness about the fundamental importance of water as a basic human need, emphasizing the necessity to preserve its existence by refraining from polluting it with domestic or industrial waste.
One of the journalists, T from Harian Jogja further emphasized the need for an increased emphasis on environmental issues, including water-related concerns in Yogyakarta, through the media's concerted efforts.Even on a national scale, environmental issues continue to receive minimal attention in the media, let alone within local news coverage [14].There are studies indicating that certain water sources originating from rivers and ground have been contaminated by waste materials [15], [16].Consequently, it is ideal for local news media to assign dedicated reporters specifically focusing on environmental matters, particularly water sources in Yogyakarta [16].Furthermore, journalists have the capacity to modify their environmental news reporting style to be more captivating.A notable instance of this is the incorporation of storytelling techniques, which have the potential to deeply resonate with the audience [17].This is driven by the realization that the environment directly affects the community and is experiencing a crisis due to the lack of adequate attention.

Resonance in Academic Research
This study delves deeper into the concept of resonance within academic research.An analysis and review were conducted on twelve research studies related to water pollution in the Yogyakarta Province, spanning from 2019 to 2023.The literature on environmental water pollution in Yogyakarta over the last five years was classified into three categories: causes of pollution, pollution measurement, and pollution mitigation.
Research [18] highlighted that urban areas, particularly the Belik River in Yogyakarta, face pollution primarily caused by household waste and activities of local residents.Household waste significantly impacts water pollution in Yogyakarta, as emphasized by a study conducted in the southern slopes of Mount Merapi, Yogyakarta [19].This research found that all water sources in the studied area were highly prone to water pollution, with population density positively correlating with pollution potential.The higher the population density, the greater the potential for water pollution, as dense populations generate more domestic waste that can contaminate water sources.Previous research on water pollution in the Tambakbayan River, highlights pollution from local activities, particularly household waste [20].The research aimed to compare water quality status calculations using three methods, with the Storet method indicating heavy pollution, the IP method indicating mild pollution, and the CCME method indicating relatively good conditions.Based on the best method determination criteria, the CCME method was deemed the most suitable for determining water quality status in the Tambakbayan River.
Apart from household waste, water pollution can also result from natural factors.As explained in the study in the Winongo River, Yogyakarta, wind speed and water temperature were found to influence water quality.They used parameters such as Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) in their research, with DO indicating water health and BOD serving as a key variable for evaluating river water quality.Higher wind speeds correlated with increased DO concentration and decreased BOD concentration, suggesting improved water quality [21].Conversely, higher water temperatures were associated with poorer water quality.To address these findings, they proposed strategies such as riverside vegetation planting, communal wastewater treatment facilities in areas along the Winongo River, and stricter wastewater discharge standards for industrial and household activities.
Industrial activities play a role in water pollution in the Yogyakarta region.For instance, there was an incident of diesel oil pollution in groundwater in the Gedongtengen District, Yogyakarta, resulting from a leaking fuel storage tank at the Tugu Yogyakarta Station [22].Solar oil pollution led to health issues due to the consumption of contaminated groundwater.Similarly, microplastic pollution was discovered in the Serang River, Kulon Progo, particularly downstream [23].This river is used by local communities for drinking water, fishing, and agriculture.The pollution stemmed from tourism sites, residential areas, and industries, including two major factories near the river, a cigarette factory, and a wig factory, both of which had the potential to generate microplastic waste.Earlier studies had also noted the presence of microplastics in rivers in urban areas surrounding Yogyakarta, such as the Winongo River, Gadjahwong River, River River, and Progo River [24], [25].
Another category of research focused on pollution measurement indexes in the Winongo River [26].Due to the riverbanks being densely populated, impacting water quality, there was a need to assess water quality using the Pollution Index method, as this river is widely used by communities along its banks.The measurements showed that the Pollution Index in the Winongo River ranged from 9.13 to 9.48, indicating moderate pollution.A researcher measured water pollution levels in Yogyakarta City and its surroundings, linking it to urinary tract infections in pregnant women through E.coli bacteria found in groundwater [27].Different studies also measured water quality vulnerability in the Purbayan Village and its surroundings to assess water vulnerability due to the presence of metal industries in the area.The findings indicated that the presence of metal industries significantly impacted water vulnerability.Shallow groundwater levels, combined with metal industries, posed a potential source of water pollution [28].
Apart from pollution causes and measurement indexes, another theme in scientific research relates to pollution mitigation.Hartanto [29] illustrated that pollution mitigation efforts were undertaken by the government, represented by the Environmental Agency (DLH) of Kulon Progo District.The study focused on this location due to the presence of tofu industries affecting local water pollution conditions.One significant finding was that mitigation efforts were not optimal due to the lack of awareness among residents and industrial players in the Sentolo Sub District of Kulon Progo.In contrast, Siska [30] conducted a similar study in the Gajahwong River, finding that mitigation efforts came from civil society living in polluted water areas.Mitigation involved monitoring events to ensure compliance with Environmental Impact Analysis (AMDAL) guidelines, waste management, monthly community service activities, and river cleansing to preserve the ecosystem.
Based on the review of this scientific research, it can be concluded that the issue of water pollution falls under the category of "too little resonance."This is evident from the limited number of studies and the focus on water pollution testing and measurement.Some studies on water pollution in Yogyakarta attempted to emphasize mitigation efforts that could be undertaken.However, science and social scholars need to be more aligned in conducting academic research to cover water pollution studies related to how to raise awareness and communication with society.

Conclusion
Local news media in Yogyakarta, namely Harian Jogja, Tribun Jogja, and Kedaulatan Rakyat, demonstrate insufficient resonance in their coverage of water source pollution management.This is evident through several factors: limited frequency of news coverage, absence of dedicated desks within the editorial teams, lack of specific sections dedicated to environmental topics, low traffic generated by related news articles, and a lack of specific attention from editors regarding water pollution management in terms of assignment and environmental education for journalists.However, journalists working for these local news media outlets in Yogyakarta exhibit a high level of awareness regarding the urgency of reporting on water pollution management as a pressing environmental issue.They engage in collaborations with fellow journalists and the Yogyakarta City Government to share information and data related to water pollution management in the Yogyakarta region.Nevertheless, these collaborative efforts are constrained by the factors mentioned above.
Furthermore, the majority of news articles written by journalists in this context predominantly fall into the informative category, accounting for 71% of the coverage, while articles categorized as educational or solution-oriented are minimal.The findings of this research endeavor aim to contribute academically to the field of water pollution management by emphasizing the need to optimize the utilization of local news media in Yogyakarta.